Mechanism of dna synthesis. Medical search. Frequent questions

DNA polymerase eta is a eukaryotic DNA polymerase involved in the DNA repair by translesion synthesis. (wikipedia.org)
Polymerase eta is particularly important for allowing accurate translesion synthesis of DNA damage resulting from ultraviolet radiation or UV. (wikipedia.org)
During DNA replication of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome, the oxidative DNA damage 8-oxoguanine triggers a switch to translesion synthesis by DNA polymerase eta. (wikipedia.org)
DNA polymerase eta, a key protein in translesion synthesis in human cells. (wikipedia.org)
As a key regulator of the DNA translesion synthesis (TLS) pathway, RAD18 is error-prone and contributes to the accumulation of DNA mutations. (nature.com)
The work presented here builds on the initial characterisation of the enzyme, which identified potential roles in the bypass of DNA damage through translesion synthesis (TLS) and repriming of replication. (figshare.com)

It undergoes DNA replication and synthesis of viral capsid proteins inside the cell. (medscape.com)
It was also recently shown that PARP-1 is a sensor of unligated Okazaki fragments during DNA replication 16 and cells deficient in ribonucleotide excision repair are sensitized to PARP inhibition 17 . (nature.com)
During DNA replication, a molecular machine called a replisome forms at the replication fork where the two strands of DNA are separating. (blogspot.com)
The complex has two sliding clamps that bind the complex to the strands of DNA so that DNA replication is highly processive. (blogspot.com)
The overall mechanism of DNA replication is called semidiscontinuous to emphasize the different mechanisms for replicating each strand. (blogspot.com)
As the replication fork progresses, the parental DNA is unwound, and more and more single-stranded DNA becomes exposed. (blogspot.com)
It thus can be used relatively easily and efficiently to label and track DNA, for example in studies of the DNA replication process during cell division. (newswise.com)
As we speak, hundreds and maybe thousands of researchers use EdU to study DNA replication and cell proliferation in lab experiments without knowing that human cells detect it as DNA damage," Sancar said. (newswise.com)
DNA replication is one of life's fundamental processes. (figshare.com)
In order to restart replication, DNA damage tolerance mechanisms are required. (figshare.com)
Using biophysical, biochemical, and cellular approaches, this paper identifies the mechanism by which PrimPol is recruited to reprime replication. (figshare.com)
Together, this work supports a role for PrimPol in repriming and restarting DNA replication following stalling at impediments, as well as identifying mechanisms involved in the recruitment and regulation of the enzyme. (figshare.com)
The targets of quinolone activity are the bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes essential for DNA replication and transcription. (cdc.gov)

Reference: Mechanism of bypass synthesis through an abasic site analog by DNA polymerase I. (neb.com)
Bypass synthesis by DNA polymerase I was studied using synthetic 40-nucleotide-long gapped duplex DNAs each containing a site-specific abasic site analog, as a model system for mutagenesis associated with DNA lesions. (neb.com)
5' proofreading exonuclease activity of the polymerase, by using a mutant DNA polymerase, caused a dramatic 10-60-fold increase in bypass synthesis. (neb.com)
DNA polymerase eta (Pol η), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the POLH gene. (wikipedia.org)
The gene encoding DNA polymerase eta is POLH, also known as XPV, because loss of this gene results in the disease xeroderma pigmentosum. (wikipedia.org)
when thymine dimers are present, this polymerase inserts the complementary nucleotides in the newly synthesized DNA, thereby bypassing the lesion and suppressing the mutagenic effect of UV-induced DNA damage. (wikipedia.org)
High resolution crystal structures of DNA polymerase intermediates are needed to study the mechanism of DNA synthesis in cells. (elifesciences.org)
Here we report five crystal structures of DNA polymerase I that capture new conformations for the polymerase translocation and nucleotide pre-insertion steps in the DNA synthesis pathway. (elifesciences.org)
Scientist often use a technique called X-ray crystallography to study intermediate structures of frozen polymerase crystals as the enzyme constructs DNA. (elifesciences.org)
The replisome contains activities that separate the strands and hold them apart for synthesis by the replisome version of DNA polymerase, called DNA polymerase III in bacteria. (blogspot.com)
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Recall that the replisome contains a DNA polymerase III holoenzyme dimer with two core complexes that can catalyze polymerization. (blogspot.com)
Each primer is extended from its 3′ end by DNA polymerase I to form an Okazaki fragment, as shown in the Figure. (blogspot.com)
The use of short RNA primers gets around the limitation imposed by the mechanism of DNA polymerase, namely, that it cannot initiate DNA synthesis de novo . (blogspot.com)
The primers are synthesized by a DNA dependent RNA polymerase enzyme called primase-the product of the dna G gene in E. coli . (blogspot.com)
The primosome, along with DNA polymerase III, is part of the replisome. (blogspot.com)
DNA polymerase III catalyzes synthesis of DNA in the 5′ → 3′ direction by extending each short RNA primer. (blogspot.com)
The steps are carried out by the combined action of DNA polymerase I and DNA ligase. (blogspot.com)
As poly adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose polymerase 1 (PARP-1) is overexpressed in various cancer types, and is localized to the nucleus, PARP-1 can be safely targeted with Auger emitters to induce DNA damage in tumors. (osti.gov)
This published article-format thesis focusses on a recently discovered primase-polymerase, and member of the archaeo-eukaryotic primase (AEP) superfamily, involved in DNA damage tolerance, known as PrimPol. (figshare.com)

Quinolones inhibit the bacterial DNA synthesis [ 2 ], and there are several hypotheses to explain their mechanism of action. (hindawi.com)
There are plenty of processes and enzymes involved that we can target and the quinolones and fluoroquinolones inhibit an enzyme called DNA topoisomerase. (osmosis.org)
These fermentation inhibitors damage cell growth, reduce enzymatic and biological activities, break down DNA, and inhibit protein and RNA synthesis. (usda.gov)
They discovered a new type of antibiotic called zoliflodacin that can inhibit the bacterium's DNA synthesis in a different way than current antibiotics. (veteranstoday.com)
Quinolones inhibit two enzymes that are required for bacterial DNA synthesis, i.e. (cdc.gov)

A protein kinase inhibitor of the m ammalian t arget o f r apamycin (mTOR), a protein that regulates cell growth, cell proliferation, cell motility, cell survival, protein synthesis and transcription. (ebi.ac.uk)
The mechanisms underlying the modulation of gene activity by cadmium are discussed in terms of interference with cellular signalling at the levels of cell surface receptors, cellular calcium and zinc homeostases, protein phosphorylation, and modification of transcription factors. (nih.gov)
This is a fast, easy, and direct approach for expression in cell-free protein synthesis systems using linear DNA templates. (jove.com)
Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) has recently become very popular in the field of synthetic biology due to its numerous advantages. (jove.com)
This method is able to achieve protein expression levels comparable to that from plasmid DNA in E. coli CFPS. (jove.com)
Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) systems are increasingly being used as a fast, simple, and efficient method for biosensor engineering, decentralized manufacturing, and prototyping of genetic circuits 1 . (jove.com)
There are solutions that address this problem, such as using the λ-phage GamS protein 5 or DNA containing Chi sites 6 as protective agents, or directly protecting the linear DNA by chemical modification of its ends 2 , 7 , 8 , 9 . (jove.com)
Cell ultrastructural events, cytoarchitecture and cell surface changes, and the role of lipid solvent s on DNA, protein and collagen synthesis are studied. (cdc.gov)

Anti‐DNA antibody synthesis in response to DNA was T‐dependent, and the experiments with reconstituted lymphocytes from identical twins discordant for SLE showed that B cells and T cells from SLE patients must cooperate to synthesize anti‐DNA antibody. (elsevierpure.com)
Anti‐DNA antibody synthesis by lymphocytes from patients with inactive SLE was enhanced by T4 cells and suppressed by T8 cells in response to DNA. (elsevierpure.com)
Inhibits purine synthesis and proliferation of human lymphocytes. (medscape.com)
The mechanism by which cladribine exerts its therapeutic effects in patients with multiple sclerosis has not been fully elucidated but is thought to involve cytotoxic effects on B and T lymphocytes through impairment of DNA synthesis, resulting in depletion of lymphocytes. (businesswire.com)

Antagonizes purine metabolism and inhibits synthesis of DNA, RNA, and proteins. (medscape.com)
Competitively binds to estrogen receptor, producing nuclear complex that decreases DNA synthesis and inhibits estrogen effects. (medscape.com)
It enters bacterial cell walls and disrupts DNA and inhibits DNA synthesis in certain microorganisms. (msdmanuals.com)

These agents bind to estrogen receptors, preventing stimulating effects of estrogen on nucleic acid synthesis. (medscape.com)
One of these targets is bacterial DNA, and we call these medications DNA inhibitors or nucleic acid inhibitors. (osmosis.org)

Although T4 cells from patients with active SLE could enhance anti‐DNA antibody synthesis by autologous B cells, their T8 cells could not suppress anti‐DNA antibody synthesis by autologous B cells. (elsevierpure.com)
These results indicate that elevated anti‐DNA antibody synthesis in response to DNA in patients with active SLE is due to abnormalities of both SLE B cells and SLE T cells. (elsevierpure.com)
They further indicate that dysfunction of T8 cells from patients with active SLE may, in part, be responsible for deficient regulation of anti‐DNA antibody synthesis. (elsevierpure.com)
However, the mechanism through which RAD18 influences triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), especially the interaction between tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment, remains elusive. (nature.com)
For example, RAD18 plays a vital role in regulating the DNA stability of embryonic stem cells and cellular homeostasis in highly prolific cells [ 6 ]. (nature.com)
In response to endogenous and exogenous insults, malignant cells mostly have an intensive DNA repair capacity that allows them to proliferate and survive. (nature.com)
The notion of controlling tumor growth through a naturally occurring biochemical mechanism in the body that directs cancer cells into normal channels of differentiation is one of the theoretical foundations of antineoplaston therapy. (cancer.gov)
The body must have a mechanism for dealing with these abnormal cells, or the organism will not live very long. (cancer.gov)
By using cell extracts from exonuclease-deficient knockout cells, linear DNA templates remain intact without requiring any end-modifications. (jove.com)
Recently, we showed that linear DNA can be much better protected in lysates from cells knocked out for exonuclease genes ( recBCD ) 10 . (jove.com)
Here, we investigated a radioiodinated PARP inhibitor, [ 125 I]KX1, and show drug target specific DNA damage and subsequent killing of BRCA1 and non-BRCA mutant ovarian cancer cells at sub-pharmacological concentrations several orders of magnitude lower than traditional PARP inhibitors. (osti.gov)
Newswise - CHAPEL HILL, NC - Scientists at the UNC School of Medicine have made the surprising discovery that a molecule called EdU, which is commonly used in laboratory experiments to label DNA, is in fact recognized by human cells as DNA damage, triggering a runaway process of DNA repair that is eventually fatal to affected cells, including cancer cells. (newswise.com)
EdU (5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine) is essentially a popular scientific tool first synthesized in 2008 as an analog, or chemical mimic, of the DNA building block thymidine - which represents the letter "T" in the DNA code of adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). Scientists add EdU to cells in lab experiments to replace the thymidine in DNA. (newswise.com)
It had been known that EdU is moderately toxic to cells, though the mechanism of its toxicity had been a mystery. (newswise.com)
Sancar and colleagues also realized that EdU's properties might make it the basis for an effective brain cancer drug because EdU becomes incorporated into DNA only in cells that are actively dividing, whereas, in the brain, most healthy cells are non-dividing. (newswise.com)
In humans, mitochondrial DNA spans about 16,500 DNA building blocks (base pairs), representing a small fraction of the total DNA in cells. (medlineplus.gov)
As a result, reactive oxygen species easily damage mitochondrial DNA, causing cells to malfunction and ultimately to die. (medlineplus.gov)
Cells that have high energy demands, such as those in the inner ear that are critical for hearing, are particularly sensitive to the effects of mitochondrial DNA damage. (medlineplus.gov)

One of these hypothesis suggests the inhibition of subunit A of DNA-gyrase in presence of ATP [ 5 - 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
Remarkably, inhibition of PARP-1 leads to hyperresected DNA DSBs. (nature.com)
It is also possible that this chemical may act through indirect mechanism(s) of carcinogenicity or genotoxicity (e.g. induction of aneuploidy, oxidative stress, inhibition of DNA synthesis or cytotoxicity) for which a threshold level may exist. (gc.ca)
Moreover, l -citrulline inhibition of serum-stimulated DNA synthesis was abolished by HS-142-1 (10 −5 M), an ANP receptor antagonist. (aspetjournals.org)

Several PAR-binding modules orchestrate the relocation of DDR-associated factors in addition to the accumulation of intrinsically disordered proteins through an intracellular liquid demixing mechanism 11 , 12 . (nature.com)
It stimulates the expression of immediate early genes (c-fos, c-jun, and c-myc), of the tumor suppressor gene p53, and of genes coding for the syntheses of protective molecules, including metallothioneins, glutathione, and stress (heat shock) proteins. (nih.gov)
The fluoroquinolone susceptibility profile for each clinical isolate is determined by the number and location of mutational changes in specific enzyme target sites, porin proteins, and efflux mechanisms. (cdc.gov)

A vast amount of research exists on the possible molecular mechanisms through which vitamin D affects cancer cell proliferation, cancer progression, angiogenesis, and inflammation. (mdpi.com)
Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis (1989) 211 (1): 31. (biologists.com)
Using yeast as a model system, we study the molecular mechanisms of telomere length regulation. (lu.se)
This group studies the function of telomeres and the basic molecular mechanisms of telomerase, the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of telomeric DNA. (lu.se)

Furthermore, PARP-1 abrogation leads to increased DNA resection tracks and an increase of homologous recombination in cellulo. (nature.com)
The E3 ubiquitin ligase RAD18 is well known for the maintenance of genome stability and cell survival through many DNA damage response (DDR) pathways such as translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) and homologous recombination repair (HRR) [ 4 , 5 ]. (nature.com)

About once every second, primase catalyzes the synthesis of a short RNA primer using this single-stranded DNA as a template. (blogspot.com)
Crystal structure of the Pyrococcus horikoshii DNA primase-UTP complex: implications for the mechanism of primer synthesis. (expasy.org)
Chapter 4 focusses on the development and use of a gel-based fluorescent primase assay to assess PrimPol's ability to reprime downstream of DNA damage lesions and secondary structures. (figshare.com)

As people age, mitochondrial DNA accumulates damaging mutations, including deletions and other changes. (medlineplus.gov)

DNA molecules consist of two separate strands that spiral around each other to form a structure called the double helix. (elifesciences.org)
Since the two strands of DNA are antiparallel, synthesis using one template strand occurs in the same direction as fork movement, but synthesis using the other template strand occurs in the direction opposite fork movement. (blogspot.com)
At the heart of the replisome lie the replicative DNA polymerases which catalyse synthesis of daughter DNA strands with astonishing accuracy and efficiency. (figshare.com)

Ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs) are essential enzymes for all life by virtue of their central role in the de novo synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides, the building blocks for DNA synthesis. (lu.se)

Mitochondrial DNA contains 37 genes, all of which are essential for normal mitochondrial function. (medlineplus.gov)
The remaining genes provide instructions for making molecules called transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which are chemical cousins of DNA. (medlineplus.gov)
Our research also focuses on the synthesis mechanisms of telomerase, and aims for the identification and functional analysis of the genes that regulate telomerase. (lu.se)

Nongenotoxic mechanisms upregulating intracellular signalling pathways leading to increased mitogenesis are discussed as major mechanisms for the interpretation of the carcinogenic activity by chronic cadmium exposure. (nih.gov)
In considering the available evidence, the carcinogenic properties of cadmium are interpreted using a multifactorial approach involving indirect genotoxicity (interference with DNA repair) and the upregulation of mitogenic signalling pathways. (nih.gov)

The cellular mechanism of anti‐DNA antibody synthesis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was studied by DNA‐specific solid‐phase radioimmunoassay. (elsevierpure.com)
The cellular response to DNA damage involves an intricate network of enzymes responsible for sensing, signaling, and repairing damaged DNA, as well as the regulation of cell cycle checkpoints that collectively maintain genomic integrity 2 . (nature.com)
However, linear DNA is rapidly degraded by exonucleases naturally present in cellular extracts 4 . (jove.com)

Linear DNA can be rapidly and easily amplified by PCR to obtain high concentrations of the template, avoiding potential in vivo expression toxicity. (jove.com)

The increase in adherence of S. pneumoniae could be inhibited by the DNA synthesis inhibitor cytosine arabinofuranoside, which is known to block the late phase of the adenovirus infection. (lu.se)

Both types of topoisomerases cause double strand breaks in DNA, but at different points during mitosis . (osmosis.org)
PARP-1 is rapidly recruited and activated by DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). (nature.com)

Since Lescher and col. prepared the nalidixic acid in 1962 [ 1 ], the synthesis of new quinolones continues (Figure 1 ). (hindawi.com)

This limitation presents no difficulty for leading-strand synthesis since once DNA synthesis is under way nucleotides are continuously added to a growing chain. (blogspot.com)
Some of the genetic changes alter single DNA building blocks (nucleotides), whereas others rearrange larger segments of mitochondrial DNA. (medlineplus.gov)

Another hypothesis supports the existence of a cooperative bond between the quinolone-DNA-DNA-gyrase [ 8 - 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
So there are many different types of topoisomerases but we'll be looking at topoisomerase II, also called DNA gyrase, and topoisomerase IV. (osmosis.org)
DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. (cdc.gov)

About 1 microM cadmium stimulates DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in various cell lines, whereas more elevated concentrations are inhibitory. (nih.gov)
These findings suggest that l -citrulline decreases vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation in the A10 cell line by acting on DNA synthesis by mechanisms that involve the ANP receptor. (aspetjournals.org)

Our results, therefore, place PARP-1 activation as a critical early event for DNA DSB repair activation and regulation of resection. (nature.com)
We are also determining the structure of other class III RNRs which have overall activity regulation (the T4 enzyme does not), as well as of mutants of the T4 RNR which affect the catalytic mechanism and the allosteric regulation. (lu.se)

Nevertheless, these enzymes are prone to stalling upon encountering DNA damage lesions and secondary structures. (figshare.com)

Few yeast strains tolerant to inhibitors are available due to a lack of understanding of mechanisms involved in the stress tolerance for bioethanol fermentation. (usda.gov)

Results from circular dichroism and denaturation of calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) suggested that increased amounts of copper complex were able to stabilize the double helix of DNA in vitro mainly by formation of hydrogen bonds between chn and the sugars of DNA minor groove. (hindawi.com)

PARP-1 acts as a highly sensitive sensor for DNA damage and rapidly produces PAR at newly generated DNA DSBs. (nature.com)
The dynamic turnover of PAR within seconds to minutes is executed by poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase, the main PAR-degrading enzyme, which possesses both endoglycosidic and exoglycosidic activities, thereby enabling a new round of DNA damage signaling 14 . (nature.com)
This is the mechanism that repairs most damage from ultraviolet light, cigarette smoke, and DNA-altering chemo drugs. (newswise.com)

Topoisomerase IV plays a role later on, after the chromosome has been replicated, where it causes a double strand break in the DNA so the new DNA strand can be disentangled from the original. (osmosis.org)

Bypass synthesis proceeded in two general stages: a fast polymerization stage that terminated opposite the abasic site analog, followed by a slow bypass stage and polymerization down to the end of the template. (neb.com)
The position of the 3'-terminus of the primer relative to the absic site analog did not affect bypass synthesis in the range of -1 to -5. (neb.com)
In contrast, bypass synthesis increased with the distance of the 5'-boundary of the gap from the lesion for up to 3-fold in the range of +1 to +9. (neb.com)

Topoisomerase II plays a role in condensing the chromosomes by making a double strand break in the DNA so that it can be more tightly wound, causing a supercoil. (osmosis.org)

Synthesis of the leading strand also begins with an RNA primer, but only one primer is required to initiate synthesis of the entire strand. (blogspot.com)
The reaction proceeds in three steps: removal of the RNA primer, synthesis of replacement DNA, and sealing of the adjacent DNA fragments. (blogspot.com)

It copies undamaged DNA with a lower fidelity than other DNA-directed polymerases. (wikipedia.org)
On the fidelity of DNA synthesis. (wikigenes.org)

Following up on the strange observation, the team discovered that EdU, for reasons that are still unclear, alters DNA in a way that provokes a repair response called nucleotide excision repair. (newswise.com)

Additionally, RAD18 functions beyond DNA repair and may regulate many other key biological processes, such as chromatin strengthening, cell survival/death, stemness, and differentiation. (nature.com)

DNA polymerases catalyze chain elongation exclusively in the 5′ → 3′ direction. (blogspot.com)

However, cadmium at noncytotoxic doses interferes with DNA repair processes and enhances the genotoxicity of directly acting mutagens. (nih.gov)

De Murcia and colleagues provided the first evidence implicating PARP-1 in DNA repair by demonstrating that PARP-1-deficient mice are highly sensitive to γ-irradiation 21 . (nature.com)

Upon activation, PARP-1 synthesizes a structurally complex polymer composed of ADP-ribose units that facilitates local chromatin relaxation and the recruitment of DNA repair factors. (nature.com)

The goal of this initiative is to give every DNA provider access to DNA synthesis screening tools, making it easier for them to screen DNA sequences and customers efficiently and at lower cost, resulting in improved global biosecurity and biosafety. (nti.org)
Telomerase is the enzyme synthesizing the specific DNA sequences found at the telomeres and is thus responsible for maintaining their lengths. (lu.se)

Understanding how polymerases modify their form while making DNA copies could lead to better therapies for diseases in which this process has become faulty, like cancer. (elifesciences.org)
The following chromosomal conditions are associated with changes in the structure or number of copies of mitochondrial dna. (medlineplus.gov)

We present the preparation steps of cell lysate from Escherichia coli BL21 Rosetta2 ΔrecBCD strain by sonication lysis and buffer calibration for Mg-glutamate (Mg-glu) and K-glutamate (K-glu) specifically for linear DNA. (jove.com)

That discovery was interesting in its own right, Sancar said, because it suggested that researchers using EdU to label DNA need to take into account its triggering of runaway excision repair. (newswise.com)

bio report describes the status of benchtop DNA synthesis devices, explains the risks for biosecurity, and recommends action and oversight by governments, industry, and the scientific community. (nti.org)
An agent that suppresses immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. (ebi.ac.uk)
The mechanism of action of daptomycin is distinct from that of any other antibiotic. (globalrph.com)
Tinidazole is a related nitroimidazole with similar mechanism of action but more limited clinical use. (msdmanuals.com)

Yet, to fully understand the mechanisms of DNA synthesis all intermediate structures need to be identified. (elifesciences.org)
Together, these structures provide new insight into the mechanism of DNA synthesis and highlight the dynamic nature of the finger subdomain in the enzyme active site. (elifesciences.org)

Although most DNA is packaged in chromosomes within the nucleus, mitochondria also have a small amount of their own DNA. (medlineplus.gov)

Mechanism whereby azathioprine affects autoimmune diseases unknown. (medscape.com)

In addition, we discuss the possible mechanisms involved in improving the growth of plants cultivated in soils with acid pH, as well as mechanisms of tolerance to the toxic effect of Al. (frontiersin.org)

Anatomy19

Organisms20

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs128

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment19

Phenomena and Processes69

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science3

Health Care4

Translesion synthesis6

Replication13

Polymerase19

Inhibit5

Protein8

Lymphocytes4

Inhibits3

Nucleic acid2

Cells18

Inhibition4

Proteins3

Molecular mechanisms4

Homologous recombination2

Primase3

Mutations1

Strands3

Novo1

Genes3

Pathways2

Cellular3

Toxicity1

Cytosine1

Strand breaks2

Quinolones1

Nucleotides2

Gyrase3

Proliferation2

Regulation2

Lesions1

Yeast1

Vitro1

Damage3

Chromosome1

Bypass3

Topoisomerase1

Primer2

Fidelity2

Nucleotide1

Cell survival1

Elongation1

Genotoxicity1

Deficient1

Chromatin1

Sequences2

Copies2

Coli1

Excision repair1

Action4

Structures2

Chromosomes1

Affects1

Tolerance1