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AntibioticCephalosporinsIsolatesTetracycline resistancePlasmidsAntibioticsPathogensPlasmidEnzymesCarbapenemasesGenesStrainsPrevalenceOuter membranePPNGChromosomal1940sNeisseriaCarbapenemsFosfomycinGeneAztreonamGram-negativeMediatorPiperacillinPatternsSusceptibilityGonorrheaHighOccursSignificantSpecificStudyGeneralMainGlobalYears
Antibiotic18
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the bacterium that causes the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea, has developed antibiotic resistance to many antibiotics. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are three general mechanisms that may allow bacteria to become resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics: inability to access/target penicillin-binding protein (PBP) enzyme inhibition of binding to PBP via modification of the enzyme hydrolysis/inactivation of the antibiotic by beta-lactamases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gonococci develop their antibiotic resistance through plasmidmediated and chromosomal mechanisms. (pediagenosis.com)
  • The WHO has sought to establish a global surveillance network to monitor antibiotic resistance in the gonococcus - the Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (GASP). (health.gov.au)
  • The spread of antibiotic resistance is currently a major threat to health that humanity is facing today. (frontiersin.org)
  • Focus to limit the spread of antibiotic resistance by reducing the usage of antibiotics in health care, veterinary applications, and meat production, have been implemented, limiting the exposure of pathogens to antibiotics, thus lowering the selection of resistant strains. (frontiersin.org)
  • Here we examine the current literature in the role of WWTPs as reservoirs and hotspots of antibiotic resistance with a specific focus on bacteriophages as mediators of genetic exchange. (frontiersin.org)
  • In this review, we will focus on horizontal gene-transfer of antibiotic resistance. (frontiersin.org)
  • Since then, conjugation has been demonstrated in many environments, and between many different bacteria, stressing its relevance in the spread of antibiotic resistance ( Davies, 1994 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Phenotypic tests confirmed the array-based typing results and corroborate that the selected probes allowed correct typing and prediction of major antibiotic resistances of clinically relevant Enterobacteriaceae , including the subspecies level, e.g. the reliable distinction of different E. coli pathotypes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As a result of antibiotic resistance, there are now limited options for treating patients. (peerj.com)
  • Approximately half (52â %, 99/192) of the pneumococcal isolates were resistant to the first-line antibiotic penicillin and 44â % (85/192) were multidrug-resistant. (bvsalud.org)
  • There was no significant difference in clinical manifestation, serotype prevalence or antibiotic resistance between children with and without traits of or confirmed sickle cell disease. (bvsalud.org)
  • The mechanisms and pattern of antibiotic resistance differ from patterns previously described with isolates harbouring a wide range of AMRGs. (bvsalud.org)
  • Enterobacterales isolates that are concomitant ESBL producers and are carbapenem resistant have been increasingly reported and demonstrate alarmingly increased antibiotic resistance patterns compared with ESBL Enterobacterales . (frontiersin.org)
  • This extraordinary resilience may help explain how substerilizing exposure to one antibiotic in a regimen can induce resistance to others and invites development of drugs targeting the mediator of multiform resistance, WhiB7. (opensourcebiology.eu)
  • Antibiotic resistance on the part of Mtb and other major human pathogens can manifest in at least three different ways ( Fig. 1 ). (opensourcebiology.eu)
  • First, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)-shifted resistance occurs when the minimum concentration of antibiotic required to stop growth of a clonal bacterial population is increased. (opensourcebiology.eu)
Cephalosporins5
Isolates3
  • Overall, 29.0% of isolates collected in 1996 by the Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) were resistant to penicillin, tetracycline, or both ( Table_21 ). (cdc.gov)
  • In contrast, isolates with chromosomally mediated resistance to penicillin increased from 6.4% in 1991 to 9.1% in 1996 ( Figure_20 ). (cdc.gov)
  • With direct and indirect costs for treating these conditions annually exceeding $33 billion in the United States alone, and nearly ubiquitous resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics among M. catarrhalis clinical isolates, a greater understanding of this pathogen's genome and its variability among isolates is needed. (biomedcentral.com)
Tetracycline resistance2
Plasmids1
  • Enzymes conferring resistance to fosfomycin have also been identified and are encoded both chromosomally and on plasmids . (mdwiki.org)
Antibiotics15
  • Efflux pumps mediate resistance to a variety of compounds including antibiotics, detergents, and dyes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The penB gene encodes the porins for N. gonorrhoeae and when this gene undergoes mutations, there is a decrease in permeability of the cell wall to hydrophilic antibiotics like penicillin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chromosomally mediated resistance is more general and involves mutations that alter cell wall permeability or the affinity of binding proteins to antibiotics. (pediagenosis.com)
  • Reduced susceptibility and resistance to ciprofloxacin correlate with reduced susceptibility and resistance to other fluoroquinolone antibiotics. (cdc.gov)
  • Resistance to antibiotics in clinical bacteria has been documented for several decades ( Davies and Davies, 2010 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • This rapid development of resistance even to newly developed antibiotics indicates that we are fighting a losing battle. (frontiersin.org)
  • While resistance genes for antibiotics exist in small environmental microbial populations even before the clinical usage of those antibiotics, the spread of resistance among human pathogens is not commenced until a selective pressure (e.g., usage of antibiotics) is added - triggering a development and selection for resistant bacteria ( Davies and Davies, 2010 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • We collected draft genome sequence data and associated metadata data on 76 N. gonorrhoeae strains from around the globe and searched for known determinants of antibiotics resistance within the strains. (peerj.com)
  • Strains with resistance phenotypes to more recent antibiotics ( azithromycin and cefixime ) were mostly found in two of the five population subgroups. (peerj.com)
  • Given the low prevalence of resistance, macrolide antibiotics, such as erythromycin, should be considered as an option to treat pneumococcal disease in Nigeria. (bvsalud.org)
  • However, appropriate use of macrolide antibiotics should be vigilantly monitored to prevent the potential increase in macrolide resistance. (bvsalud.org)
  • In Enterobacterales , the prime antimicrobial resistance mechanism against β-lactam antibiotics is mainly the production of β-lactamases, particularly extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs). (frontiersin.org)
  • We found that perturbation of an essential biosynthetic pathway (arginine biosynthesis) in a mycobacterium generated three distinct forms of resistance to diverse antibiotics, each mediated by induction of WhiB7: high persistence and tolerance to kanamycin, high survival upon exposure to rifampicin, and minimum inhibitory concentration-shifted resistance to clarithromycin. (opensourcebiology.eu)
  • As little as one base change in a gene that encodes, a metabolic pathway component conferred multiple forms of resistance to multiple antibiotics with different targets. (opensourcebiology.eu)
  • However, less than a century after the widespread adoption of antibiotics, these gains are threatened by antimicrobial resistance (AMR)-a term used here to refer to the ability of microbial pathogens to avoid or delay death upon exposure to antimicrobial compounds that were expected to kill them ( 1 ). (opensourcebiology.eu)
Pathogens5
  • The explosion of multidrug and pandrug resistant strains of a diversity of important bacterial pathogens, including ESBL (extended spectrum beta-lactamase), methicillin/vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA/VRSA), and pandrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ( Fair and Tor, 2014 ), seen over the last decade is a further indication that our current attempts to dampen the spread of resistance is not as efficient as needed. (frontiersin.org)
  • Because the detection of such "hidden" resistance is so critical, this Commentary focuses on its detection in gram-negative pathogens. (asm.org)
  • Infections secondary to these pathogens are widely common but multidrug resistance (MDR) in Enterobacterales has become a significant challenge with increased morbidity, mortality, and cost of management. (frontiersin.org)
  • These findings are in stark contrast with the reported heterogeneity of the species as a whole, as wells as to other bacterial pathogens mediating OM and COPD, providing important insight into M. catarrhalis pathogenesis that will aid in the development of novel therapeutic regimens. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Activity against extended-spectrum β-lactamase -producing pathogens, notably ESBL-producing E. coli , is good to excellent, because the drug is not affected by cross-resistance issues. (mdwiki.org)
Plasmid7
  • Penicillinase-mediated resistance in N. gonorrhoeae is mediated by the plasmid borne TEM-1 type beta-lactamase which falls under the third general mechanism for beta-lactam resistance. (wikipedia.org)
  • These rare carbapenemases may be either plasmid-mediated metallo-β-lactamases (IMP- and VIM-type) or chromosomally encoded and clavulanate-inhibited enzymes (NmcA, IMI-1, Sme-1/Sme-2) ( 2 , 4 - 9 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Very recently, plasmid-mediated and clavulanate-inhibited carbapenemases have been reported as a source of nosocomial infections in U.S. hospitals ( 11 - 15 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Most plasmid-mediated resistance is to penicillin and tetracycline. (pediagenosis.com)
  • Tazobactam is a potent inhibitor of many beta-lactamases, including the plasmid and chromosomally mediated enzymes that commonly cause resistance to penicillins. (com.bd)
  • Researchers have elucidated several potential pathogenic properties, including chromosomally mediated effects (eg, attachment to tissue culture, production of enterotoxin) and plasmid-mediated mechanisms (eg, production of Vw antigens, calcium dependency for growth, autoagglutination). (diseasesdic.com)
  • In addition, the toxin does not appear to be produced at temperatures higher than 30°C. The plasmid-mediated outer membrane antigens are associated with bacterial resistance to opsonization and neutrophil phagocytosis. (diseasesdic.com)
Enzymes1
  • Three related fosfomycin resistance enzymes (named FosA, FosB, and FosX) are members of the glyoxalase superfamily. (mdwiki.org)
Carbapenemases2
  • The mechanisms include extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), AmpC β-lactamases, and carbapenemases of molecular classes A and B. (asm.org)
  • The detection of several chromosomally mediated carbapenemases in our study also represents a significant finding that warrants further investigation to better understand its' implications for clinical practice and public health. (bvsalud.org)
Genes7
  • Chromosomal mutations in the penA, mtr, and penB genes are the major mechanisms for CMRNG. (wikipedia.org)
  • the role of aquatic environment as a reservoir of antimicrobial-resistance genes is less established ( 16 - 21 ). (cdc.gov)
  • A recent area of focus has been to limit the spread of resistance through wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), serving as huge reservoirs of microbes and resistance genes. (frontiersin.org)
  • While being able to quite efficiently reduce the presence of resistant bacteria entering any of the final products of WWTPs (e.g., effluent water and sludge), the presence of resistance genes in other formats (mobile genetic elements, bacteriophages) has mainly been ignored. (frontiersin.org)
  • We developed a DNA microarray for strain typing and detection of major antimicrobial resistance genes of clinically relevant enterobacteria. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For Klebsiella species, the high-risk clones ST-476 (n = 8) and ST-147 (n = 3) predominated and had higher phenotypic resistance rates and higher number of AMR genes. (bvsalud.org)
  • The study of oncogenes or suppressor genes crossing with PTEN will facilitate drug discovery and interpretation of chemotherapy resistance mechanisms. (aging-us.com)
Strains3
  • In the 1940s effective treatment with penicillin became available, but by the 1970s resistant strains predominated. (wikipedia.org)
  • We identified the imipenem-resistant, gram-negative strains recovered from that study and analyzed the molecular mechanism involved in carbapenem resistance of the imipenem-resistant enterobacterial strains. (cdc.gov)
  • A programme-specific quality assurance programme is conducted annually and a series of reference strains pertinent to the regional patterns of resistance were made available. (health.gov.au)
Prevalence1
  • The escalating global prevalence of MDR in Enterobacterales has led to limited treatment options, raising an urgent need for novel antimicrobial therapy(s) and detailed studies exploring underlying resistance mechanisms. (frontiersin.org)
Outer membrane1
  • Resistance to carbapenems is rare in Enterobacteriaceae and may be mediated by 3 mechanisms: hyperproduction of an AmpC-type cephalosporinase combined with decreased drug permeability through the outer membrane, decreased affinity of penicillin-binding proteins that constitute target proteins for carbapenems, and carbapenem-hydrolyzing β-lactamases ( 1 - 3 ). (cdc.gov)
PPNG2
  • Resistance to penicillin has developed through two mechanisms: chromosomally mediated resistance (CMRNG) and penicillinase-mediated resistance (PPNG). (wikipedia.org)
  • Overuse of penicillin contributed to Neisseria gonorrhoeae developing high resistance to penicillin through two main mechanisms: chromosomally mediated resistance (CMRNG) and penicillinase-mediated resistance (PPNG). (wikipedia.org)
Chromosomal1
  • The spread of the penicillinase resistance was much faster compared to the chromosomal-mediated resistance mechanisms. (wikipedia.org)
1940s1
Neisseria1
  • Such a GASP network is useful not only for the individual contributing countries and the Regions, but also has wider application as an indicator of emerging global resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae . (health.gov.au)
Carbapenems1
  • Carbapenems, such as imipenem and meropenem, are the most potent β-lactam antimicrobial drugs for avoiding resistance in gram-negative rods. (cdc.gov)
Fosfomycin1
  • Development of bacterial resistance under therapy is a frequent occurrence and makes fosfomycin unsuitable for sustained therapy of severe infections. (mdwiki.org)
Gene5
  • citation needed] Fluoroquinolones were a useful next-line treatment until resistance was achieved through efflux pumps and mutations to the gyrA gene, which encodes DNA gyrase. (wikipedia.org)
  • The penA gene encodes an alternative penicillin-binding protein, PBP-2. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] The mtr (multiple transferable resistance) gene encodes for an efflux pump. (wikipedia.org)
  • An analysis of the ftsI gene was further used to analyze beta-lactam resistance in H. influenzae. (fortuneonline.org)
  • A 103-kd protein, known as invasin and determined by the INV gene, mediates bacterial invasion. (diseasesdic.com)
Aztreonam1
  • ESBL producers are usually multiply drug resistant ( 5 , 30 ), but their cephalosporin and aztreonam resistance is not reliably detected by susceptibility tests ( 33 ). (asm.org)
Gram-negative1
  • Piperacillin, a broad spectrum, semi-synthetic penicillin active against many gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, exerts bactericidal activity by inhibition of both septum and cell wall synthesis. (com.bd)
Mediator1
  • Recent data stress the importance of transduction in WWTPs as a mediator of resistance spread. (frontiersin.org)
Piperacillin1
  • Intermediate resistance rates are observed against nitrofurantoin, piperacillin/tazobactam, and gentamicin, with increasing resistance observed against tigecycline. (frontiersin.org)
Patterns1
  • These studies implicate a potential mechanism suppressing the loss of genetic material after chromosome pulverization, although how distinct patterns of rearrangements arise in cancer and germline disorders remains unclear. (nature.com)
Susceptibility1
  • Because susceptibility tests may be unreliable, special tests are required to detect the resistance mechanisms involved. (asm.org)
Gonorrhea1
  • Antimicrobial resistance remains an important consideration in the treatment of gonorrhea. (cdc.gov)
High3
  • Higher resistance rates were found in E. coli ST-88 (n = 2) and the high-risk ST-692 (n = 2). (bvsalud.org)
  • Seeking mechanisms behind such high survival, we developed a forward-genetic method for efficient isolation of high-survival mutants in any culturable bacterial species. (opensourcebiology.eu)
  • Resistance relative to this basal level of persistence can therefore manifest as an increased proportion of persister cells, known as high persistence ( 13 ). (opensourcebiology.eu)
Occurs1
  • Epidemiologic studies provide strong evidence that gonococcal infections facilitate HIV transmission, and biological studies have begun to elucidate the specific mechanisms through which this facilitation occurs (1). (cdc.gov)
Significant1
  • Resistance to the penicillins was again widespread, and chromosomally mediated resistance was a significant factor. (health.gov.au)
Specific1
Study1
  • The study is designed to investigate the effect and molecular mechanism of KIF18A on the progression of colorectal cancer. (aging-us.com)
General2
Main2
  • Dissemination to extraintestinal sites, such as the spleen, is hypothesized to occur via 2 main mechanisms: (1) colonization of the Peyer patches, which can then be used as a staging ground for spread into the blood and/or lymph, ultimately resulting in the appearance of bacteria in other tissues, and (2) bypass of the Peyer patches, with Y enterocolitica going straight to systemic colonization. (diseasesdic.com)
  • Because colorectal cancer's migration and invasion are one of main factors to the severity of the disease, exploring the molecular mechanisms of proliferation, migration and invasion of CRC cells will contribute to the development of targeted therapy [ 5 ]. (aging-us.com)
Global1
  • [14] The global problem of advancing antimicrobial resistance has led to a renewed interest in its use more recently. (mdwiki.org)
Years2
  • Chromosomally mediated resistance occurred through step-wise changes over many years. (wikipedia.org)
  • The trend toward increased antimicrobial resistance noted in earlier years continued. (health.gov.au)