Measurement visual acuity. Medical search. Frequent questions

Automated Refraction and Visual Acuity Measurements. (cdc.gov)
Additionally, all SPs will be administered two other tests which require automated vision equipment: a Visual Acuity test, which tests for distance vision, and an Objective Refraction/Keratometric evaluation, which measures the SP's refractive error and corneal curvature. (cdc.gov)
Intra-ocular pressure, Refraction, and Visual Acuity, are important data points to record patient eye health and treatment, as well quality measurement. (healthit.gov)

AIMS: To evaluate the relationship between best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), age, type of diabetes, sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy (STDR) and ocular co-morbidity. (glos.ac.uk)
METHODS: 1549 randomly selected people with diabetes mellitus (DM) from a countywide digital photographic screening programme had standardised logarithm of minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) BCVA measurement, followed by slit-lamp biomicroscopy examination by an experienced ophthalmologist. (glos.ac.uk)
Background/aims To investigate the yearly change of real-world outcomes for best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) after 2-year clinical intervention for treatment-naïve diabetic macular oedema (DMO). (bmj.com)
Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was measured in photopic (BCVAphotopic) and mesopic (BCVAmesopic) conditions and under glare (BCVAglare). (journalofoptometry.org)

HVFDs can occur even in the presence of good visual acuity and may remain undiagnosed because the good visual acuity does not prompt further investigation. (frontiersin.org)
However, HVFDs, in presence of good visual acuity, often remain undiagnosed because good visual acuity precludes further investigation leading to a lack of understanding of the child's visual perceptual difficulties. (frontiersin.org)

The parameters evaluated in this study included diagnosis, comorbidity, preoperative and postoperative visual acuity (VA), complications, KPro retention, histological and immunohistochemical results of retroprosthetic membrane (RPM) and mucous membrane over the optic cylinder. (springer.com)
The area under the MTF was calculated at each defocus position, which served as a parameter in a non-linear formula applied to predict postoperative visual acuity (VA). The optically-derived VA prediction was then compared to clinically-reported values in the literature to link laboratory evaluation and reported patients' outcomes. (egms.de)

This initial eye examination should include a history of visual symptoms, a measurement of visual acuity and intraocular pressure, and an ophthalmoscopic examination through dilated pupils. (cdc.gov)
Patients should be referred to an ophthalmologist promptly for unexplained visual symptoms, reduced corrected visual acuity, increased intraocular pressure, any retinal abnormalities, or any other ocular pathology that threatens vision. (cdc.gov)
Participants underwent on-site vision screening (visual acuity with correction, intraocular pressure measurements, and fundus photography). (cdc.gov)

Another visual acuity is near acuity, which describes someone's ability to recognize small details at a near distance. (wikipedia.org)
The distance between the person's eyes and the testing chart is set so as to approximate "optical infinity" in the way the lens attempts to focus (far acuity), or at a defined reading distance (near acuity). (wikipedia.org)

To investigate the relationship between optical coherence tomography (OCT)-derived measurements of retinal morphology and visual acuity in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). (nih.gov)
OCT-derived measurements of retinal morphology and visual acuity. (nih.gov)
For occult lesions, 20% of the variation in visual acuity could be predicted by a multiple regression model that incorporated age and SRT volume, whereas, for minimally classic lesions, 62% of the variation in visual acuity could be predicted by a multiple regression model that incorporated age, total neurosensory retinal volume, and total SRT volume. (nih.gov)
The presence of increased SRT thickness and volume on OCT, and to a lesser extent increased neurosensory retinal thickness and volume, is associated with decreased visual acuity in neovascular AMD. (nih.gov)
The detection of stronger correlations between retinal anatomy and visual acuity is likely to require the use of more advanced imaging modalities. (nih.gov)
Defects in the peripheral visual field may be an indication of internal eye conditions, including retinal detachment and glaucoma, or may be the result of problems with the brain or vascular system. (vision-surgery.com)
Hence, we have identified a circadian clock mechanism in a subset of RGCs that modulates an important aspect of retinal physiology and visual processing. (jneurosci.org)
The specific causes of visual impairment vary greatly with age, however, unavoidable retinal pathologies were the predominant causes at all ages. (who.int)

Data from direct examination, testing, and measurement of national samples of the civilian noninstitutionalized population provide the basis for (1) estimates of the medically defined prevalence of specific diseases in the United States and the distribution of the population with respect to physical, physiological, and psychological characteristics and (2) analysis of relationships among the various measurements without reference to an explicit finite universe of persons. (cdc.gov)
This examination assesses your eye health, measures your visual acuity, and identifies any potential issues that may affect contact lens wear. (total-health-care.com)
It is located visual acuity testing, slit lamp examination with a dilated in the south-west of the country. (who.int)

Acuity was then assessed by an examiner with a standard chart-based near ETDRS acuity tests before the MAVERIC-C assessment was repeated. (hw.ac.uk)
An assessment of the quality of your vision is called the Visual Acuity test, or VA. This test determines how well your eye makes images and is measured for distance and near vision with standardized eye charts, at standardized testing distances, under specific lighting. (vision-surgery.com)
Finish the assessment if the participant meets the initial exclusion criteria There is, if they show a moderate disability in upper segments, a sensory disability, visual, or auditory, a diagnosis of intellectual disability and/or a serious mental disorder. (jove.com)
REAT measurements were augmented by use of the Hearing Loss Prevention Attitude-Belief (HLPAB) survey, a fieldtested self-assessment tool developed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (cdc.gov)

Results Experiment 1: The mean age of participants in the adult study was 28.47±7.93 yrs and their mean uncorrected logMAR acuity was 0.9±0.2. (uwaterloo.ca)
visual acuity, including use of distance and near logMAR charts. (college-optometrists.org)

Laser photocoagulation therapy is effective in reducing the risk of visual loss in patients with high-risk proliferative retinopathy and clinically significant macular edema. (cdc.gov)
Diabetic macular edema (DME) is one of the most significant causes of visual disturbance in patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
Macular degeneration is the deterioration of the center of the retina, which controls visual acuity. (lhsfna.org)

A common optical cause of low visual acuity is refractive error (ametropia): errors in how the light is refracted in the eye. (wikipedia.org)
The 4eyesVision kit: Training Community Health Workers in measurement of visual acuity and refractive error. (who.int)
The training content will address epidemiology of vision impairment and how to measure visual acuity and refractive error using the 4eyesVision Kit. (who.int)
At completion of each refractive error measurement task performed by Trainee community testers. (who.int)
A change in visual acuity secondary to induced hyperopia or reduction of the myopic refractive error can result from an anteriorly directed mass effect. (medscape.com)

Neural factors that limit acuity are located in the retina, in the pathways to the brain, or in the brain. (wikipedia.org)
Decreased visual acuity was also modestly correlated with increased thickness of the neurosensory retina at the foveal center point (r = 0.245, P = 0.0004). (nih.gov)
The association between visual acuity and both the neurosensory retina and the SRT was stronger for lesions classified as minimally classic or occult on fluorescein angiography. (nih.gov)
Below, leading Ophthalmologist and Retina Doctor, Tom S. Chang MD, Managing Partner of Acuity Eye Group, breaks down the facts about digital eye strain. (selfgrowth.com)
Because of the great interindividual variability of the projection abnormality, studies of the contribution of the abnormally projecting retina to visual perception must be preceded by the localization of the abnormality. (arvojournals.org)
This normal projection of visual fibers from the retina is severely disrupted in albinism, where the line of decussation is shifted into the temporal retina. (arvojournals.org)

ISO 10938:2016 applies to displays of optotypes generated by chart projectors and all other visual acuity measurement systems that use recognition of high-contrast optotypes and that are designed for general use, including optotypes printed on media (either opaque or intended for transillumination), those generated electronically, and those produced by optical projection. (iso.org)
Visual acuity charts only measure the eases, history of previous ocular surgery high frequency component of the contrast or photocoagulation and systemic diseases sensitivity function and are markedly af- other than diabetes. (who.int)
Afterwards, the best corrected ocular diseases, including optic neuritis and visual acuity was determined on a subjec- glaucoma, where contrast sensitivity can be tive basis. (who.int)
The chart luminance was regularly checked acuity and Cambridge low-contrast grating using a spot photometer. (who.int)
Some examples of these tests are contrast sensitivity tests, visual acuity tests, HRR color vision tests, and Amsler grids. (payscale.com)
In this paper, we first show how visual psychophysics and electrophysiology have been collaborating to the measurement and to the study of the development of three visual functions: visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and color vision. (bvsalud.org)
They also measured how the stimulus changed the speed with which the brain processed visual information and whether the stimulation also improved the subjects' contrast sensitivity-their ability to differentiate between multiple shades of gray. (labmanager.com)
The contrast experiment was notable because they found that the stimulation only improved contrast sensitivity at frequencies also associated with visual acuity, indicating that it was just the subjects' visual acuity that was being affected, not the contrast sensitivity. (labmanager.com)
Abnormal contrast sensitivity and color vision are present in almost all adults with ON even in the absence of a measurable decrease in visual acuity. (medscape.com)

Conclusions This study demonstrates promising utility for software using a game design to enable automated testing of acuity in children with ophthalmic disease in an objective and accurate manner. (hw.ac.uk)
Objective GT VA was compared with VA measured with subjective responses using the same stimuli and with Teller Acuity Cards (TACs). (uwaterloo.ca)
The experimenter controlled the staircase method and an observer used the objective information of visual fixations using the software to judge if the grating was seen or not. (uwaterloo.ca)
There was no obvious difference among the mean acuities obtained by 6 objective GT protocols, the subjective GT protocol and the TACs. (uwaterloo.ca)
The refinement of VEP paradigms to detect the misrouting of visual projections in combination with objective analysis procedures has made the VEP a valuable tool to assist the detection of albinism in clinical routine. (arvojournals.org)
Objective measurements of a patient's visual acuity and quality are pivotal when assessing the visual significance of a cataract. (crstoday.com)

Main Outcome Measure: Reliability of MAVERIC-C near visual acuity score and agreement of MAVERIC-C score with near ETDRS chart for visual acuity. (hw.ac.uk)

Best-corrected Snellen visual acuity was recorded for each patient. (nih.gov)
Studies have shown that visual acuity measurements using a tumbling E chart are virtually the same as those obtained from testing with a standard Snellen eye chart. (allaboutvision.com)

However, recent surveys indicate that PSED are now responsible for up to one third of visual impairment and blindness in Africa. (fightforsight.org.uk)
The experiences of Canadians with vision outside the 20/20 ideal are far from uniform or consistent, especially in cases of visual impairment and blindness. (abilities.ca)

Visual acuity (VA) commonly refers to the clarity of vision, but technically rates a person's ability to recognize small details with precision. (wikipedia.org)
The most commonly referred-to visual acuity is distance acuity or far acuity (e.g., "20/20 vision"), which describes someone's ability to recognize small details at a far distance. (wikipedia.org)
Visual acuity is typically measured while fixating, i.e. as a measure of central (or foveal) vision, for the reason that it is highest in the very center. (wikipedia.org)
However, acuity in peripheral vision can be of equal importance in everyday life. (wikipedia.org)
A reference value above which visual acuity is considered normal is called 6/6 vision, the USC equivalent of which is 20/20 vision: At 6 metres or 20 feet, a human eye with that performance is able to separate contours that are approximately 1.75 mm apart. (wikipedia.org)
In the expression 6/x vision, the numerator (6) is the distance in metres between the subject and the chart and the denominator (x) the distance at which a person with 6/6 acuity would discern the same optotype. (wikipedia.org)
Cerebral Visual Impairment (CVI) is a heterogenous disorder of brain-based visual impairment resulting from brain injury or disruption of development of retrochiasmatic visual pathways and vision processing regions of brain, commonly occurring during gestation at or around birth. (frontiersin.org)
Coren began his research career studying vision and visual processes. (wikipedia.org)
Visual acuity measurements to determine whether vision has been affected. (aoa.org)
Central and peripheral vision is tested by using visual field tests. (mountsinai.org)
Visual acuity measurements can determine the extent to which vision is impacted by digital device usage. (selfgrowth.com)
All patients should be informed (a) that sight-threatening eye disease is a common complication of diabetes mellitus and can often be present even with good vision and (b) that early detection and appropriate treatment of diabetic eye disease greatly reduce the risk of visual loss. (cdc.gov)
You should encourage patients to access low vision services as soon as they feel they need them, rather than waiting for significant visual loss, as this can lead to better outcomes. (college-optometrists.org)
This is responsible for sending the visual signals from the eye to the vision centres in the brain. (spirehealthcare.com)
Stimulating the visual cortex of the brain for 20 minutes with a mild electrical current can improve vision for about two hours, and those with worse vision see the most improvement, according to a Vanderbilt University study published this week in Current Biology . (labmanager.com)
A visual acuity measurement of 20/20 is often associated with "perfect" vision, a kind of universal standard for unimpaired sight. (abilities.ca)
Although there is a potential link between visual impairment and age-related cognitive decline, and although those with vision loss face added barriers to employment and social inclusion, they overcome these barriers regularly, and their ability to do so demonstrates the opposite of cognitive impairment. (abilities.ca)
The major limitation by American Academy of Ophthalmology is that most vision screening tests are only for distance visual acuity. (uveitis.org)
Audience of J Optom includes optometrists, ophthalmologists and visual scientists, other professionals and researchers with interests in vision and the eye as well as undergraduate and post-graduate students in those fields. (journalofoptometry.org)
Decreased color vision, visual field deficits, and relative afferent pupillary defects warrant immediate imaging to rule out a compressive optic neuropathy. (medscape.com)

Other optical causes of low visual acuity include astigmatism, in which contours of a particular orientation are blurred, and more complex corneal irregularities. (wikipedia.org)
Visual rehabilitation in keratoconus patients depends on disease stage, for example in the early stages eyeglasses and/or soft contact lens with a toric (astigmatism) design could provide satisfactory visual acuity [5,6] . (lww.com)

At 2 degrees eccentricity, for example, acuity is half the foveal value. (wikipedia.org)

SCORE2 Report 20: Relationship of Treatment Discontinuation with Visual Acuity and Central Subfield Thickness Outcomes. (mdfoundation.com.au)
Outcomes included visual acuity (VA) and central subfield thickness (CST). (mdfoundation.com.au)

Measurement onset of symptoms). (cdc.gov)
For me, however, what distinguishes a visually significant cataract is the presence of visual symptoms. (crstoday.com)

Purpose Early detection of abnormal visual acuity (VA) is crucial in the identification and management of ocular and visual abnormalities in infants. (uwaterloo.ca)
This abnormal visual field representation makes albinism a promising model to examine cortical self-organization in humans, and it is important to understand how and to what extent visual function of the abnormal cortical visual field representation is preserved. (arvojournals.org)

Examples of conditions affecting the brain include amblyopia (caused by the visual brain not having developed properly in early childhood) and by brain damage, such as from traumatic brain injury or stroke. (wikipedia.org)

However, there are no reliable data on either the baseline causative disorders of visual impairment or the burden of these disorders on the population in Izmir region. (who.int)
20/20, it was retested with the autorefraction result in a The purpose of this study was to define the baseline trial frame to obtain the best-corrected visual acuity. (who.int)
Shade measurements of the mandibular anterior teeth were carried out with a spectrophotometer and Vita Classical shade guide (VITA) at the following moments: baseline, 14 days, after patients' satisfaction, and after 90 days. (bvsalud.org)

Using visual acuity criterion alone is likely to miss a large proportion of children with HVFDs and a diagnosis of CVI should be based on the combined presence of multiple factors with reduced visual acuity being a contributory but not the defining criteria. (frontiersin.org)

Visual loss secondary to optic nerve drusen. (aetna.com)
The fact that these preferential losses occur in the absence of significant acuity loss indicates that they are not secondary to reduced visual acuity, but rather are an independent vulnerability in CVI. (ski.org)

Visual disorders in older adults frequently lead to trauma from falls, automobile crashes, and other types of unintentional injuries. (cdc.gov)

No statistically significant association was detected between visual acuity and the total volume of subretinal fluid or pigment epithelial detachment. (nih.gov)

Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) can be considered in patients in whom a diagnosis of ON is suspected. (medscape.com)
Visual evoked potentials may be abnormal even when visual acuity is normal and when MRI of the optic nerve reveals no abnormalities. (medscape.com)
Visual evoked potentials often show a loss of P100 response in the acute phase. (medscape.com)

Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science October 2005, Vol.46, 3892-3898. (arvojournals.org)

Ten percent had elevated blood pressures, 13% had far visual acuity worse than 20/30 in one or both eyes, and 38% had abnormal audiometry. (cdc.gov)
So 20/200 visual acuity is very poor - roughly 10 times worse than normal eyesight. (allaboutvision.com)

CONCLUSION: The majority of visual loss in a population with diabetes is due to causes other than diabetic retinopathy. (glos.ac.uk)
Diamox, Lasix, corticosteroids), and disc swelling with visual field loss progresses, direct fenestration of the optic nerve sheaths via medial or lateral orbitotomy has been shown to be an effective and relatively simple procedure for relief of papilledema. (aetna.com)
Initial results of uncontrolled studies suggested that optic nerve sheath decompression was a promising treatment of progressive visual loss in patients with NAION. (aetna.com)
The investigators concluded that optic nerve decompression surgery is not an effective treatment for NAION, and in fact, may increase the risk of progressive visual loss in NAION patients. (aetna.com)
Furthermore, people with diabetes are at increased risk for visual loss due to diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and cataracts. (cdc.gov)
Imagine a school eye health programme with the following goal: "Less visual impairment from uncorrected refractive errors and other eye conditions in children, better near visual functioning among teachers and a lower risk of visual loss from diabetic retinopathy among teachers with diabetes. (cehjournal.org)
All data were reported as mean and standard visual loss. (who.int)

The mean TAC acuity over two visits for all the infants was 0.7±0.23 log cycles per degree, while the mean log GT acuity over two visits was 0.86±0.30. (uwaterloo.ca)

In clinical practice Cerebral Visual Impairment (CVI) is typically diagnosed by observation of abnormal visually guided behaviors which indicate higher visual function deficits (HVFDs) suggesting abnormal brain development or brain damage in a child with a suitable clinical history. (frontiersin.org)
In clinical practice, CVI is typically diagnosed in a child with a suitable clinical history by observation of abnormal visually guided behaviors (i.e., behaviors that rely on normal visual function) that suggest abnormal brain development or brain damage. (frontiersin.org)
Visual and audiometric testing and measurement of resting blood pressure all have significant clinical yields. (cdc.gov)
Currently, the Teller Acuity Cards (TACs) are considered the gold standard for clinical testing and are effective in obtaining a quick estimate of an infant's VA, but they have certain drawbacks. (uwaterloo.ca)

The benefits of living more years with adequate study protocol was reviewed and approved visual performance, there is a substantial by the ethics committee of the Research As- cost saving by early detection of significant sembly of Mashhad University of Medical retinopathy using effective screening and Sciences. (who.int)
Different stimulus conditions were compared to assess the sensitivity and specificity of the procedure for the detection of the misrouting of visual projections in albinism. (arvojournals.org)

When patients exhibit early lens changes but retain full visual function, the conversation typically veers away from cataract surgery toward refractive lensectomy. (crstoday.com)

This VEP procedure allowed the authors to identify, with high sensitivity and specificity, visual field locations that are affected by the projection abnormality. (arvojournals.org)
Before these questions can be addressed, it is vital to determine whether a distinct visual field location is actually affected by the projection abnormality. (arvojournals.org)
visual field. (college-optometrists.org)
At the earlier end of the spectrum, this tends to show itself through visible changes when looking at the optic nerve, or through damage to your visual field (which is how much you can see). (spirehealthcare.com)
Because the brain is very good at covering up such visual field damage up to a point, a person may have no idea how badly their visual field is affected until it is formally tested (or until the damage is quite advanced). (spirehealthcare.com)
In some cases, a compressive optic neuropathy can be the etiological basis for the visual acuity or field disturbance. (medscape.com)

Vernier acuity, in keeping with good recognition acuity in both groups, was not different, nor were contour-related form responses. (ski.org)

Postoperatively, 17 patients (89.4%) achieved at least 20/200 once, and 7 patients (36.8%) achieved at least 20/200 and maintained this acuity until the last follow-up. (springer.com)
The application elicited touch screen responses using a game design to encourage compliance and automatically acquire visual acuity scores of participating patients. (hw.ac.uk)
However, because of the complex pathophysiology of neovascular AMD and, in part, the limitations of StratusOCT, these factors only account for a small degree of the variation in visual acuity that these patients exhibit. (nih.gov)
Simply put, patients who report a progressive decline in visual function are candidates for cataract surgery. (crstoday.com)
Around the fourth to fifth decades of life, the visual acuity of untreated patients is less than 20/200 due to disciform scar formation and concomitant atrophy [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
Fitting rigid gas permeable contact lenses (RGP CLs) in keratoconic patients is the most common visual rehabilitation option to improve patients' quality of life, but require long patient and practitioner chair time. (lww.com)
RGP CLs are the most common visual rehabilitation option to improve keratoconic patients' quality of life. (lww.com)
Dès le début de la pandémie, l'établissement hospitalier et universitaire d'Oran (EHUO), centre de soins de première ligne, d'une capacité 780 lits desservant environ 2 millions d'habitants s'est complètement réorganisé, en aménageant principalement des circuits pour le tri des patients « suspects Covid 19 ¼. (bvsalud.org)

Normal individuals have an acuity of 6/4 or better (depending on age and other factors). (wikipedia.org)
Visual acuity can be normal in some cylinder). (who.int)
In such cases, the normal testing distance is 6 meters, and a visual acuity result of 6/6 is comparable to visula acuity of 20/20 measured in feet. (allaboutvision.com)
Normal distance visual acuity is 20/20. (aoa.org)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Because of this projection abnormality, the primary visual cortex receives-in addition to the normal input from the contralateral hemifield-abnormal input from the ipsilateral hemifield. (arvojournals.org)

Many adults are unaware of decreases in their visual acuity, and up to 25 percent may have incorrect corrective lens prescriptions. (cdc.gov)
Based on these measurements, the eye care professional can determine the correct lens size, shape, and design. (total-health-care.com)
These measurements help in determining the correct lens size, shape, and design. (total-health-care.com)

These measurements include the curvature of the cornea, the size of the pupil, and the diameter of the iris. (total-health-care.com)

When optical factors are corrected for, acuity can be considered a measure of neural functioning. (wikipedia.org)
Visual acuity is a measure of the spatial resolution of the visual processing system. (wikipedia.org)

Visual acuity alone thus cannot determine the overall quality of visual function. (wikipedia.org)
Visual and color acuities, as well as visual fields, should be assessed, followed by testing of pupillary and extraocular muscle function. (medscape.com)
Participants were also administered the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire-8 (NEI-VFQ-8) and Stopping Elderly Accidents, Deaths, and Injuries (STEADI) test by community health workers. (cdc.gov)
Visual function begins to improve 1 to several weeks after onset, even without any treatment. (medscape.com)

The current study investigates a new method to objectively assess visual acuity in infants, which is uses a video gaze tracker (GT) and computer-generated stimuli, developed in the lab of M. Eizenman at the University of Toronto. (uwaterloo.ca)

Visual acuity depends on optical and neural factors. (wikipedia.org)

All tests must be conducted properly with accurate measurements recorded. (payscale.com)
Some of these tests require the ability of COTs to operate specialized equipment, such as an autorefractor or a potential acuity meter (PAM). (payscale.com)

Visual acuity is given as a fraction (for example, 20/40). (aoa.org)

HVFDs in our study group could mostly be attributed to dorsal stream visual processing dysfunction though the spectrum varied between children. (frontiersin.org)
AbstractPurpose To report on the utility of a computer tablet based method for automated testing of visual acuity in children based upon the principles of game design. (hw.ac.uk)
Using measurements made at the appropriate response harmonics of the stimulation frequency, we found significant deficits in cerebral processing of relative and rotary motion but not of absolute motion in children with CVI compared with healthy controls. (ski.org)
Deficits for complex motion but relative sparing of elementary motion and form-related signals suggests preferential damage to extra-striate visual motion areas in children with CVI. (ski.org)
The number of children who failed an initial hearing and visual test was 435 (5.4%) and 170 (2.1%), respectively. (bvsalud.org)

This is called distance visual acuity testing. (allaboutvision.com)
When you read letters on a distance chart, you are measuring your visual acuity. (aoa.org)

Anatomy28

Organisms3

Diseases83

Chemicals and Drugs12

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment76

Psychiatry and Psychology27

Phenomena and Processes28

Disciplines and Occupations2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Humanities1

Information Science5

Named Groups2

Health Care21

Geographicals1

Refraction3

BCVA4

Good visual acuity2

Postoperative visual acuity2

Intraocular3

Near acuity2

Retinal8

Examination3

Assessment4

LogMAR2

Macular3

Refractive error5

Retina6

Contrast9

Objective6

ETDRS1

Snellen2

Blindness2

Vision20

Astigmatism2

Foveal1

Outcomes2

Symptoms2

Abnormal visual2

Amblyopia1

Baseline3

Contributory1

Secondary2

Disorders1

Statistically significant1

Evoked Potentials3

Investigative Ophthal1

Worse2

Loss7

Visits1

Clinical4

Detection2

Typically1

Field6

Recognition1

Patients8

Normal5

Lens3

Pupil1

Measure2

Function4

Infants1

Depends1

Tests2

Fraction1

Children5

Distance2