• A young male survived hyperpyrexia (42.9 degrees C) following MDMA ('Ecstasy') ingestion. (erowid.org)
  • 3,4-methylenedyoxymethamphetamine (MDMA or "ecstasy"), a recreational drug of abuse, can induce glia activation and dopaminergic neurotoxicity. (unica.it)
  • Molly is the crystalline form of MDMA, also going by the name Ecstasy. (stonegatecenter.com)
  • The early 80s saw an explosion in the sale of MDMA as a street drug in the form of Ecstasy primarily. (stonegatecenter.com)
  • Now widely available in different forms such as Ecstasy and Molly, MDMA underwent clinical trials in the early 90s. (stonegatecenter.com)
  • Its rise in popularity was partly due to its easy availability online and its purported effects that were similar to those of MDMA (Ecstasy) and cocaine . (mephedrone.com)
  • In the 1980s, MDMA was synonymous with the drug ecstasy - also known as E for short - and it is so in the perception of many consumers and in media coverage to this day. (zxc.wiki)
  • In fact, since the 1990s, pills with the name "Ecstasy" have been increasingly traded that have little or no MDMA but also other ingredients, even though more than half of the "Ecstasy" pills, according to various studies, continue to be MDMA contain. (zxc.wiki)
  • Some drug users are therefore no longer consuming MDMA in pill form (as "ecstasy") or powdered (as "molly"), but in the form of crystals, in the hope of being able to avoid the undesired stretching of the active ingredient. (zxc.wiki)
  • Dr Ricaurte on putative MDMA ( Ecstasy )-induced damage to dopamine cells and the risk of Parkinson's disease? (mdma.net)
  • The prevailing view is that the popular recreational drug (±)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, or "ecstasy") is a selective serotonin neurotoxin in animals and possibly in humans. (mdma.net)
  • MDMA ("ecstasy") has become a popular recreational drug internationally ( 1 , 2 ). (mdma.net)
  • An acute and potentially life-threatening complication associated with the recreational use of the 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) is hyperthermia. (aspetjournals.org)
  • While 3,4-methylenedioxy- N -methylamphetamine (MDMA [eg, ecstasy]) is likely the most common of the phenylethylamine derivatives, some others include such newer novel synthetics as cathinones ("bath salts"), the 2C family of drugs, as well as their N-o-methoxybenzyl analogs (NBOMe). (medscape.com)
  • For example, MDMA (Molly, Ecstasy) has properties that induce both stimulating effects and hallucinations/altered perceptions. (midwoodaddictiontreatment.com)
  • Due to its chemical makeup, Ecstasy alters both mood and perception - distorting one's sense of reality and time, and inducing sensations of alertness, energy, ecstasy (hence its name), and increased closeness and emotional warmth. (avenuesrecovery.com)
  • Ecstasy was accidentally re-discovered in the 1970s by an eccentric psychopharmacologist named Alexander Shulgin, renowned for creating the psychedelic drug Pink 2C-B/ Pink Cocaine (Contrary to the wildly popular belief that it was Shulgin who fathered MDMA, he merely stumbled into it in the course of his research and introduced it to West Coast psychotherapists. (avenuesrecovery.com)
  • MDMA (Molly, Ecstasy) is also a stimulant, but it is often placed in its own category due to the hallucinations and altered sensory perceptions it is known to induce. (rbsrehab.com)
  • Ecstasy is the street name for methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), which was discovered in the first part of the 20th century. (addictionresource.net)
  • Like ecstasy, molly is a stimulant drug (hence the "methamphetamine" part of MDMA) that has a psychoactive component. (addictionresource.net)
  • It is not taken on its own but is instead found as an ingredient in tablets of "Ecstasy" as a false substitute for MDMA . (psychonautwiki.org)
  • Beck, J. and Rosenbaum, M. "Pursuit of Ecstasy: The MDMA Experience. (drugpolicyfacts.org)
  • The data we obtained about illicit drug use from the LTFU [Long Term Follow Up] Questionnaire supports the hypothesis that MDMA can be administered in a clinical setting with minimal risk that the subjects will subsequently seek out and self-administer 'street ecstasy,' or become dependent on the drug. (drugpolicyfacts.org)
  • One of the risks associated with Ecstasy is the possibility of obtaining adulterated drugs that may be more toxic than MDMA. (drugpolicyfacts.org)
  • MDMA, which is most often referred to by its street name ecstasy, is a psychoactive synthetic substance that has stimulant as well as hallucinogenic properties. (bhaishankar.com)
  • Ecstasy, or MDMA (3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine) is a synthetic drug that is chemically similar to the stimulant methamphetamine and the hallucinogen mescaline. (drugs-and-users.org)
  • Other drugs that are chemically similar to MDMA, such as MDA (methylenedioxyamphetamine, the parent drug of MDMA) and PMA (paramethoxyamphetamine, associated with fatalities in the United States and Australia), are sometimes sold as Ecstasy. (drugs-and-users.org)
  • I told him that I had read an article in Science that MDMA ("Ecstasy") "screws-up rats' brains" (see footnote below). (rgable.net)
  • Bit of a mouthful so most people just call it MDMA, Ecstasy, Molly, Mum and Dad, X, E, or XTC, Disco Biscuits, Thizz and all the other street names that can leave the uninitiated user a bit confused. (worldsbest.rehab)
  • Oxidative and/or bioenergetic stress is thought to contribute to the mechanism of neurotoxicity of amphetamine derivatives, e.g., 3,4- methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). (erowid.org)
  • Hyperthermia induced by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in unrestrai. (erowid.org)
  • The ambient temperature (T(A)) under which rodents are exposed to (+/-)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) affects the direction and magnitude of the body temperature response, and the degree of hypo/hyperthermia generated in subjects can modify the severity of lasting brain changes in 'neurotoxicity' models. (nih.gov)
  • D) Last year Motion Disorder Community(1)-Methamphetamine (Mum), (+/-)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), (+)-amphetamine (AMPH), as well as (+/-)-fenfluramine (FEN) are generally phenylethylamines using CNS effects. (srcsignaling.com)
  • The amphetamines, including amphetamine (AMPH), methamphetamine (METH) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), are among abused drugs in the US and throughout the world. (allaboutheaven.org)
  • Previous research showed that repeated adolescent ±3,4- methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) treatments diminished the temperature dysregulation, hypoactivity/"hangover" effect, and serotonin transporter reductions caused by a subsequent MDMA binge. (ashdin.com)
  • Additionally, 5-IT gave mice stimulant and locomotor effects comparable to those of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). (mephedrone.com)
  • 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder in military veterans, firefighters, and police officers: a randomised, double-blind, dose-response, phase 2 clinical trial. (drugpolicyfacts.org)
  • The uptake inhibitor fluoxetine (10 mg kg(-1)) markedly attenuated the MDMA-induced increase in hippocampal extracellular 5-HT, also without altering hyperthermia. (erowid.org)
  • LY-53,857 also attenuated the MDMA-induced increase in the extracellular concentration of glucose as well as MDMA-induced hyperthermia. (erowid.org)
  • Prazosin, an α 1 -antagonist (0.2 mg/kg i.p.), administered 30 min before MDMA significantly attenuated the MDMA-induced increase in rectal temperature, but had no effect on skeletal muscle temperature. (aspetjournals.org)
  • "MDMA induced hyperthermia: a survivor with an initial body temperature of 42.9 degrees C" J Accid Emerg Med . (erowid.org)
  • The tail skin temperature did not increase, suggesting that MDMA may impair heat dissipation. (erowid.org)
  • Subjecting rats to a cool ambient temperature of 17 degrees C significantly attenuated MDMA-induced hyperthermia and glycogenolysis. (erowid.org)
  • Hyperthermia, also known simply as overheating, is a condition in which an individual's body temperature is elevated beyond normal due to failed thermoregulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hyperthermia differs from fever in that the body's temperature set point remains unchanged. (wikipedia.org)
  • In humans, hyperthermia is defined as a temperature greater than 37.5-38.3 °C (99.5-100.9 °F), depending on the reference used, that occurs without a change in the body's temperature set point. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hyperthermia requires an elevation from the temperature that would otherwise be expected. (wikipedia.org)
  • The objective of this study was to determine if the temperature alteration produced by MDMA in nonhuman primates depends on T(A) as it does in rats and mice. (nih.gov)
  • The temperature was significantly elevated following injection with all doses of MDMA under each ambient temperature. (nih.gov)
  • Monkey temperature responses to MDMA appear to be more similar to humans than to rodents and therefore the monkey may offer an improved model of effects related to MDMA-induced hyperthermia. (nih.gov)
  • Crowding and exposure to a high environmental temperature amplified MDMA-induced hyperthermia, and a positive correlation between body temperature and activation of either microglia or astroglia was found in adult and adolescent mice. (unica.it)
  • Conversely, exposure to a high environmental temperature (27 °C) potentiated MDMA-induced glia activation in adult and adolescent mice kept 5 × cage, but not dopaminergic neurotoxicity. (unica.it)
  • Hyperthermia refers to a condition wherein one's body temperature increases beyond normal parameters (usually around 98.6degF or 37degC), usually as the result of external influences like extreme heat, physical exertion, or heatstroke. (keydifference.info)
  • Hyperthermia arises when your natural thermoregulatory mechanisms become overwhelmed or impaired and no longer allow your body to maintain an appropriate body temperature. (keydifference.info)
  • or neurological diseases underlying them all can all increase blood temperature significantly and bring on hyperthermia symptoms. (keydifference.info)
  • Preventing hyperthermia involves staying hydrated, limiting excessive heat exposure and being aware of risks in high-temperature environments during hot weather or intense physical activity. (keydifference.info)
  • This mixture also increases the risk of hyperthermia (abnormally high body temperature). (psychedel.us)
  • Cyanopindolol, a β 3 -antagonist (4 mg/kg s.c.), administered 30 min before MDMA (40 mg/kg s.c.) significantly attenuated the increase in skeletal muscle temperature, but had no effect on the rise in rectal temperature. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Adolescent MDMA preexposure diminished, but did not prevent, the METH-induced increase in core body temperature. (ashdin.com)
  • It appears that PMA activates the hypothalamus much more strongly than MDMA and other drugs like ephedrine , thereby causing rapid increases in body temperature (which is the major cause of death in PMA mortalities). (psychonautwiki.org)
  • When mixed with Argatroban, MDMA can affect the body's ability to keep the correct temperature. (worldsbest.rehab)
  • Users sometimes experience a dangerous rise in body temperature (hyperthermia), which can result in liver, kidney, or heart failure-or even (as we said before) death. (worldsbest.rehab)
  • Since MDMA is often consumed in crowded environments featuring high temperatures, we studied how these factors influenced glia activation and dopaminergic neurotoxicity induced by MDMA. (unica.it)
  • MDMA induced glia activation and dopaminergic neurotoxicity, compared with vehicle administration. (unica.it)
  • nbsp;cage) amplified MDMA-induced glia activation (in adult and adolescent mice) and dopaminergic neurotoxicity (in adolescent mice). (unica.it)
  • This study explored the miRNA-mRNA network in the B[a]P-induced neurotoxicity in mice and HT22 cells and the intervention of aspirin (ASP). (bvsalud.org)
  • The neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation were induced in mice's brains by B[a]P, and the target miRNA and mRNA were proved to be consistent with in vitro, which were ameliorated by ASP. (bvsalud.org)
  • The findings demonstrate a possible role of miRNA-mRNA network in the B[a]P-induced neurotoxicity. (bvsalud.org)
  • PURPOSE: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neurotoxicity (CIPN) is a highly prevalent, dose-limiting, costly, and tough-to-treat adverse effect of several chemotherapy agents, presenting as sensory and motor dysfunction in the distal extremities. (bvsalud.org)
  • Nonhuman primates exposed to several sequential doses of MDMA, a regimen modeled after one used by humans, developed severe brain dopaminergic neurotoxicity, in addition to less pronounced serotonergic neurotoxicity. (mdma.net)
  • MDMA neurotoxicity was associated with increased vulnerability to motor dysfunction secondary to dopamine depletion. (mdma.net)
  • These results have implications for mechanisms of MDMA neurotoxicity and suggest that recreational MDMA users may unwittingly be putting themselves at risk, either as young adults or later in life, for developing neuropsychiatric disorders related to brain dopamine and/or serotonin deficiency. (mdma.net)
  • Experimental animals treated with MDMA show evidence of brain serotonin neurotoxicity ( 6-8 ), and MDMA-induced serotonin neurotoxicity may also occur in humans ( 9 , 10 ). (mdma.net)
  • It evokes robust hyperthermia while producing only modest hyperactivity and serotonergic neurotoxicity, substantially lower than that caused by MDMA. (psychonautwiki.org)
  • What made Molly so famous initially was dealers marketing the drug as pure MDMA crystal. (stonegatecenter.com)
  • MDMA or Molly will start working within 45 minutes of taking a single dose. (stonegatecenter.com)
  • Recently, both Molly and Emma have been understood synonymously with MDMA in powdered form by consumers and in reporting (especially in the USA), although these are also diluted with other substances or do not contain any MDMA at all. (zxc.wiki)
  • Sedation also can lower amphetamine-induced hypertension. (medscape.com)
  • The stimulant effects of MDMA, which enable users to dance for extended periods, may also lead to dehydration, hypertension, and heart or kidney failure. (emsaonline.com)
  • Risk of selegiline-induced hypertension may be increased. (medscape.com)
  • On the following days, after taking such high doses of MDMA Punisher pills, depression, poor concentration, sleep disorders and loss of appetite occur more frequently. (psychedel.us)
  • Although low recreational doses of bath salts or spice compounds can produce desirable effects, high doses or chronic exposure often leads to dangerous medical consequences, including psychosis, violent behaviors, tachycardia, hyperthermia, and even death. (jneurosci.org)
  • MDMA can be extremely dangerous in high doses. (emsaonline.com)
  • In the 1980s, MDMA was generally used on college campuses, with most individuals taking no more than one or two 75- to 150-mg doses, about 1.6 to 2.4 mg per kilogram of body weight (mg/kg), twice monthly ( 3 ). (mdma.net)
  • More recently, MDMA is increasingly used in the context of large, all-night dance parties where partygoers regard the drug as safe and consume multiple doses during the night ( 4 , 5 ). (mdma.net)
  • PMA can cause life-threatening side effects (such as hyperthermia and serotonin syndrome ) even at moderate doses. (psychonautwiki.org)
  • It is also worth noting that these effects will not necessarily occur in a predictable or reliable manner, although higher doses are more liable to induce the full spectrum of effects. (psychonautwiki.org)
  • They found that effective doses of MDMA that were administered in a controlled setting, along with adjunctive psychotherapy, were well tolerated and were effective at reducing the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. (drugpolicyfacts.org)
  • In the open-label crossover with full-dose MDMA (100-125 mg), PTSD symptom severity significantly decreased in the group that had previously received 30 mg (p=0·01), whereas no further significant decreases were observed in the group that previously achieved a large response after 75 mg doses in the blinded segment (p=0·81). (drugpolicyfacts.org)
  • Active doses (75 mg and 125 mg) of MDMA with adjunctive psychotherapy in a controlled setting were effective and well tolerated in reducing PTSD symptoms in veterans and first responders. (drugpolicyfacts.org)
  • USING Pure MDMA at near Nystagmus Wiki threshold doses may emulate Sleep phase IV NREM Theta K-complex memory consolidation with the persistent for long term repair/therapeutic memory formation ~ just a theory of mine and probably completely wrong but following MDMA with a Natural Sleep Cycle prior to Ket. (drugs-and-users.org)
  • Amphetamine analogs (e.g., methamphetamine and parachloroamphetamine) that produce hyperthermia also produced glycogenolysis, whereas fenfluramine, which does not produce hyperthermia, did not alter brain glycogen content. (erowid.org)
  • A number of potent amphetamine analogs, such as paramethoxymethamphetamine (PMA), which have a high incidence of morbidity and mortality, are increasingly common components of tablets sold as MDMA. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Chemically, MDMA is similar to the stimulant amphetamine and the hallucinogen mescaline. (emsaonline.com)
  • MDMA can produce a significant increase in heart rate and blood pressure and a sense of alertness like that associated with amphetamine use. (emsaonline.com)
  • 5. The dopamine D(2) antagonist remoxipride (10 mg kg(-1)) did not alter MDMA-induced hyperthermia, but the D(1) antagonist SCH 23390 (0.3 - 2.0 mg kg(-1)) dose-dependently antagonized it. (erowid.org)
  • 6. The dopamine uptake inhibitor GBR 12909 (10 mg kg(-1)) did not alter the hyperthermic response and microdialysis demonstrated that it did not inhibit MDMA-induced striatal dopamine release. (erowid.org)
  • 7. These results demonstrate that in vivo MDMA-induced 5-HT release is inhibited by 5-HT uptake inhibitors, but MDMA-induced dopamine release may not be altered by a dopamine uptake inhibitor. (erowid.org)
  • 8. It is suggested that MDMA- induced hyperthermia results not from MDMA-induced 5-HT release, but rather from the increased release of dopamine that acts at D(1) receptors. (erowid.org)
  • Tremor is a common side effect of MDMA 's action on dopamine , whereas hyperreflexia is symptomatic of exposure to serotonin agonists . (wikipedia.org)
  • Similarly, adolescent MDMA blunted the METH binge-induced decrease in striatal [3H]WIN35,428 binding to the dopamine transporter. (ashdin.com)
  • They also boost the production of dopamine and norepinephrine, two chemical messengers that induce feelings of well-being and reward. (rbsrehab.com)
  • MDMA is a synthetic drug that serves as both a stimulant and a mild hallucinogen. (stonegatecenter.com)
  • Due to the stimulant nature of MDMA, it's typically associated with high amounts of physical activity. (stonegatecenter.com)
  • MDMA can produce both stimulant and psychedelic effects. (emsaonline.com)
  • While technically, MDMA is considered to be a stimulant, some experts have argued that the drug deserves a category unto itself. (midwoodaddictiontreatment.com)
  • MDMA use may also lead to heart attacks, strokes, and seizures in some users. (emsaonline.com)
  • Benzodiazepines are also preferable for treating psychosis because antipsychotic drugs may worsen cardiovascular complications such as tachycardia or neurologic effects such as seizures and hyperthermia. (brainkart.com)
  • Hallucinogens comprise a unique collection of substances that are used to induce hallucinations or alterations of consciousness. (medscape.com)
  • Within rats, equivalent neurochemical effects can be induced check details , yet mental impairments have already been difficult to display. (srcsignaling.com)
  • In the present study, Sprague-Dawley rats treated with MDMA (40 mg/kg s.c.) responded with a significant increase (maximal at 1 h) in rectal and skeletal muscle temperatures that lasted for at least 3 h post-treatment. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Rats received MDMA (10mg/kg × 2) every fifth day from postnatal day (PD) 35 to PD 60 followed by a low or high METH binge (4 or 8mg/kg×4) on PD 67. (ashdin.com)
  • Hyperthermia differs from fever in that its causes typically lie beyond infection or inflammation and instead occur as an adverse response by overstretching these mechanisms or becoming overwhelmed altogether. (keydifference.info)
  • Cognitive performance of MDMA-treated rhesus monkeys: sensitivity to s. (erowid.org)
  • It is concluded that MDMA produces a similar degree of hyperthermia in rhesus monkeys across a range of T(A) conditions that result in hypothermia or exaggerated hyperthermia in rodents. (nih.gov)
  • 2. MDMA (12.5 mg kg(-1) i.p.) produced acute hyperthermia (measured rectally). (erowid.org)
  • The thermoregulatory effects of MDMA have not been well described in non-human primates and it is unknown if T(A) has the potential to affect acute hyperthermia and therefore other lasting consequences of MDMA. (nih.gov)
  • Hadn't anyone compared the acute lethality of MDMA and ethyl alcohol? (rgable.net)
  • Blue Punisher MDMA can alter people's moods and perception and is chemically similar to both stimulants and hallucinogens. (psychedel.us)
  • Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA) are drugs chemically similar to MDMA. (emsaonline.com)
  • An intrave-nous dose of the pure opiate antagonist naloxone HCl 0.4-0.8 mg usually reverses opiate-induced respiratory and CNS depression in 2 minutes. (brainkart.com)
  • Whilst looking into opiate induced amnesia, i came up on the study below. (drugs-and-users.org)
  • Additionally, tablets and capsules which claim to be pure MDMA are very often laced with other powerful drugs such as Meth, Ketamine, Caffeine, Heroin, and Cocaine. (avenuesrecovery.com)
  • MDMA on its own and even without Argatroban can have many of the same effects as other stimulants like cocaine and amphetamines. (worldsbest.rehab)
  • In 1985, published reports stated that MDMA and its demethylated metabolite 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) had long-term neurotoxic effects in laboratory animals. (medscape.com)
  • These neuropsychiatric complications might, in part, be related to drug-induced neurotoxic effects, which include damage to dopaminergic and serotonergic terminals, neuronal apoptosis, as well as activated astroglial and microglial cells in the brain. (allaboutheaven.org)
  • The HYPO and TX animals were also resistant to the serotonergic neurotoxic effects of MDMA assessed by serotonin measurements 4 to 7 days later in the striatum and hippocampus. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Anxiety disorders are differentiated from one another based on the specific objects or situations that induce the fear, anxiety, and associated behavioral changes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Substance-induced/medication-induced anxiety disorder and anxiety due to another medical condition should always be considered when people present with significant anxiety. (msdmanuals.com)
  • As a result, there are currently clinical trials to see how useful MDMA is in treating PTSD and Anxiety. (stonegatecenter.com)
  • He conducted the first pharmacologic testing and noted that MDMA did not have pure sympathetic effects because it was devoid of the local effects on the eye. (medscape.com)
  • In 1978, Shulgin and colleagues reported human study results concerning the pharmacokinetic and psychotropic effects of MDMA. (medscape.com)
  • Before MDMA became a Schedule I drug, some therapists used MDMA as an experimental therapeutic aid in marriage counseling and psychoanalysis due to its enactogenic effects, the ability to "touch within" and for increasing self-awareness. (medscape.com)
  • These results provide further evidence that the administration setting influences the noxious effects of MDMA in the mouse brain. (unica.it)
  • Those aren't the only type of effects that MDMA induces. (stonegatecenter.com)
  • Research dictates that MDMA has other adverse health effects. (stonegatecenter.com)
  • The purpose of the present review is to summarize the toxic effects of AMPH, METH and MDMA. (allaboutheaven.org)
  • MDMA appears to carry risks beyond the sociobehavioral effects associated with drug abuse. (mdma.net)
  • For centuries, DMT-containing plants have been used for religious purposes, as they rapidly induce brief but powerful hallucinogenic effects. (medscape.com)
  • It has been demonstrated that MMAI has similar effects on the SERT to MDMA and a strong selectivity for 5-HT uptake inhibition vs. NE and DA uptake inhibition. (mephedrone.com)
  • The term "psychedelic effects" refers to the potential of some species of mushrooms to induce altered states of consciousness and perception in the person who consumes them. (bhaishankar.com)
  • Argatroban does nothing to enhance the effects of MDMA and can cause serious complications that are really going to put a downer on your evening. (worldsbest.rehab)
  • in addition, induces vessel dilatation, decreasing cardiac workload. (medscape.com)
  • Individuals who take MDMA describe a sense of euphoria, loss of inhibition, a feeling of closeness and/or empathy, and increased sensuality. (medscape.com)
  • MDMA produces feelings of increased energy, euphoria, emotional warmth, and distortions in time perception and tactile experiences. (drugs-and-users.org)
  • Hyperthermia and Pyrexiainvolve elevated body temperatures, but their causes, mechanisms, and impacts vary considerably. (keydifference.info)
  • Hyperthermia, also referred to as fever (pyrexia), occurs when body heat regulation mechanisms become overwhelmed or impaired resulting in dangerously elevated body temperatures that often exceed the normal range of 98.6degF (37degC). (keydifference.info)
  • Manage hyperthermia using immediate cooling measures that lower body temperatures as soon as they appear and target its root causes, including relocation to cooler surroundings, adequate hydration or medical interventions like intravenous fluids or cooling blankets. (keydifference.info)
  • Hyperthermia refers to body temperatures that exceed the normal range, typically surpassing 98.6degF (37degC). (keydifference.info)
  • Exogenous pyrogens originate outside the body and induce interleukins. (nih.gov)
  • It has the potential to bring on conditions such as hyperthermia (excessive body heat), convulsions, and even death. (bhaishankar.com)
  • These results are supportive of the view that MDMA promotes energy dysregulation and that hyperthermia may play an important role in MDMA-induced alterations in cellular energetics. (erowid.org)
  • This has implications for the clinical treatment of MDMA- induced hyperthermia. (erowid.org)
  • In recent years, MDMA has also entered clinical practice as part of treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. (medscape.com)
  • A phase 3 clinical trial of MDMA-assisted therapy demonstrated statistically significant improvement in PTSD symptoms after three sessions, and FDA approval by late 2023 is possible. (medscape.com)
  • Distinguishing between hyperthermia and pyrexia in clinical settings is of vital importance, as accurate diagnosis ensures appropriate treatments such as cooling measures to address external factors in cases of hyperthermia or targeted therapy including antipyretic medication in cases of pyrexia. (keydifference.info)
  • This is consistent with the comments from many study subjects, who expressed the strong opinion that the therapeutic setting and close follow-up were essential elements of the treatment, and they did not think MDMA should be used without this level of clinical monitoring and therapeutic support. (drugpolicyfacts.org)
  • The first synthesis of MDMA was by Köllisch in 1912 at a German pharmaceutical company, Merck and Company, with the German patent 274350. (medscape.com)
  • The chemist Anton Köllisch first synthesized MDMA (then known as methylsafrylamine ) in the laboratory of the pharmaceutical company E. Merck as an intermediate in the synthesis of hydrastinine and its derivatives. (zxc.wiki)
  • MDMA was developed and patented in the early 1900's as a chemical precursor in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals. (emsaonline.com)
  • Hyperthermia may result from various sources, including exposure to extreme environmental heat, prolonged physical exertion, certain medications, neurological disorders, or medical conditions underlying it. (keydifference.info)
  • The mechanisms of thermogenesis induced by MDMA seem to result from an interaction between the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and the sympathetic nervous system, wherein mechanisms leading to core and skeletal muscle hyperthermia after MDMA exposure seem to be differentially regulated by α 1 - and β 3 -adrenergic receptors. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Adolescent MDMA exposure conferred resistance to the METHinduced hypoactivity in rearing behavior on PD 68. (ashdin.com)
  • In fact, MDMA has addictive psychoactive properties and unpredictable toxicity, and its abuse has led to an alarming number of emergency department (ED) visits worldwide. (medscape.com)
  • Patients with MDMA toxicity may present with central nervous system, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, skin, and other manifestations (see Presentation ). (medscape.com)
  • Most patients with MDMA overdose improve with supportive care, but life-threatening complications may result from severe toxicity (see Treatment ). (medscape.com)
  • Disruption of the body's ability to thermoregulate can lead to temperatures that are too low (hypothermia) or too high (hyperthermia). (nih.gov)
  • Hypophysectomized (HYPO) and thyroparathyroidectomized (TX) animals treated with MDMA (40 mg/kg s.c.) did not become hyperthermic and in fact displayed a significant hypothermia. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Untreated severe hyperthermia could result in life-threatening heatstroke, necessitating emergency medical assistance. (keydifference.info)
  • This can lead to "bad trips" and drug-induced psychoses. (psychedel.us)
  • Thyroid hormone replacement in TX animals returned the hyperthermic response seen after MDMA. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Regular ingestion of large amounts of MDMA is neurotoxic and increases the likelihood of irreparable brain damage. (psychedel.us)
  • While a fatal MDMA overdose is rare, too much of the drug can be potentially life-threatening. (stonegatecenter.com)
  • It is unclear whether Shulgin himself tested the substance at this point in time, as is the point in time when exactly a person first consumed MDMA. (zxc.wiki)
  • Shulgin became prominent in the history of MDMA when he published the first psychopharmacological study on MDMA together with US pharmacologist David Nichols in 1978. (zxc.wiki)
  • In the 1970s, psychiatrists used MDMA to help patients in talk therapy, and today ketamine (which is a short-lasting anesthetic) is FDA-approved for treatment-resistant depression. (addictionresource.net)
  • MDMA Treatment for OCD and Depression? (drugs-and-users.org)
  • Like treating PTSD but ALSO using Ketamine as an adjunct therapy to treat pure behavioural induced depression. (drugs-and-users.org)
  • MDMA was discovered while in the pursuit of hemostatic substances, not appetite suppressants. (medscape.com)
  • In 1927, Max Oberlin at Merck noticed the chemical similarity between MDMA and ephetonine-like and adrenalin-like substances. (medscape.com)
  • Naturally occurring hallucinogenic substances have been used worldwide for millennia to induce altered states for religious and spiritual purposes. (medscape.com)
  • Citation needed] On the other hand, MDMA can be harmful if it is consumed in large quantities or if it is mixed with alcohol or other substances. (bhaishankar.com)
  • Most all of the deaths from MDMA involved the use of multiple substances (usually alcohol). (rgable.net)
  • Pure MDMA-meaning there are no other substances in it-is not a safe drug to take. (worldsbest.rehab)
  • MDMA is just as likely to be mixed with other substances as any other drug. (worldsbest.rehab)
  • What these studies achieved was helping establish safety parameters for the administration of MDMA in humans. (stonegatecenter.com)
  • Chronic use of MDMA was found, first in laboratory animals and more recently in humans, to produce long-lasting, perhaps permanent, damage to the neurons that release serotonin, and consequent memory impairment. (emsaonline.com)
  • When abused or taken in high quantities however, MDMA blue Punisher pills can cause extreme illness and in extreme cases. (psychedel.us)
  • The high-dose METH binge caused reductions in [3H]citalopram binding to the serotonin transporter in the frontal cortex, parietal cortex, and hippocampus which were attenuated by adolescent MDMA. (ashdin.com)
  • 3. Pretreatment with the 5-HT(1/2) antagonist methysergide (10 mg kg(-1)), the 5-HT(2A) antagonist MDL 100,907 (0.1 mg kg(-1)) or the 5-HT(2C) antagonist SB 242084 (3 mg kg(-1)) failed to alter the hyperthermia. (erowid.org)
  • The 5-HT(2) antagonist ritanserin (1 mg kg(-1)) was without effect, but MDL 11,939 (5 mg kg(-1)) blocked the hyperthermia, possibly because of activity at non-serotonergic receptors. (erowid.org)
  • Mother dosages had been Ten as well as 12.Five mg/kg/dose, AMPH Twenty five mg/kg/dose (to check MA12.5-induced hyperthermia), MDMA 20 mg/kg/dose (formerly established hyperthermia-inducing measure), along with FEN 16.Five mg/kg/dose (equimolar in order to MA12.5). (srcsignaling.com)
  • Given that FEN precisely along with MDMA preferentially influence this although AMPH precisely and MA preferentially influence Nrrr, the data claim that egocentric studying may be primarily dopaminergically mediated. (srcsignaling.com)
  • However, relative to MDMA , it is considerably less effective as a releaser of serotonin with properties more akin to a reuptake inhibitor in comparison. (psychonautwiki.org)
  • Inevitably, as public awareness grew, some members of the public began to use MDMA for recreational purposes, and its use began to increase on the streets. (medscape.com)
  • Recreational MDMA use began insidiously among middle class professionals and was confined to small groups. (medscape.com)
  • As a result of the study and concern over MDMA's increasing recreational use, the Drug Enforcement Agency placed MDMA in the Schedule I category of the Controlled Substance Act, hence declaring the drug illegal. (medscape.com)
  • Similarly, if an average person ingests 2 grams of MDMA which is about 16 times the normal recreational dose of 125 mg, then death might occur. (rgable.net)
  • Because it boosts one's energy levels and lowers inhibitions, MDMA is frequently consumed in nightclubs under the moniker "club drug. (bhaishankar.com)
  • [ 1 , 2 ] MDMA-assisted psychotherapy received breakthrough therapy status from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2017. (medscape.com)
  • Trials would test whether MDMA could relieve pain in terminally ill patients and aid in psychotherapy. (stonegatecenter.com)
  • Between Nov 10, 2010, and Jan 29, 2015, 26 veterans and first responders met eligibility criteria and were randomly assigned to receive 30 mg (n=7), 75 mg (n=7), or 125 mg (n=12) of MDMA plus psychotherapy. (drugpolicyfacts.org)
  • 4. The 5-HT uptake inhibitor zimeldine (10 mg kg(-1)) had no effect on MDMA-induced hyperthermia. (erowid.org)
  • Typically, young adults ingest tablets of MDMA and dance all night to electronic music and laser lights. (medscape.com)
  • The first potential form of MDMA came out in 1912 and was developed by a German pharmaceutical. (stonegatecenter.com)
  • More recently, MDMA has shown efficacy in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). (medscape.com)
  • We used nonhuman primates to evaluate the neurotoxic potential of a dose regimen modeled closely after one often used by MDMA users at all-night dance parties. (mdma.net)
  • The subjects were challenged intramuscularly with 0.56-2.4 mg/kg (+/-)MDMA under each of three T(A) conditions (18, 24, and 30 degrees C) in a randomized order. (nih.gov)
  • however, a 50% increase over vehicle was observed after 0.56 MDMA under the 30 degrees C condition. (nih.gov)