AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesInformation Science
Signal TransductionMAP Kinase Signaling SystemMitogen-Activated Protein Kinase KinasesCalcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein KinasesMitogen-Activated Protein KinasesMAP Kinase Kinase KinasesProtein-Serine-Threonine KinasesProtein Kinasesp38 Mitogen-Activated Protein KinasesPhosphorylationMAP Kinase Kinase 1Enzyme ActivationPhosphatidylinositol 3-KinasesMitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1MAP Kinase Kinase 6JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein KinasesProtein-Tyrosine KinasesMitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3MAP Kinase Kinase 3MAP Kinase Kinase 4MAP Kinase Kinase 7FlavonoidsMAP Kinase Kinase 2Molecular Sequence DataEnzyme InhibitorsMAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 1Protein Kinase InhibitorsAmino Acid SequenceCell LineProtein Kinase CProto-Oncogene Proteinssrc-Family KinasesCells, CulturedMAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 4Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein KinasesMAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 2Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-rafRibosomal Protein S6 KinasesTransfectionMutationMAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 5Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP KinasesBase SequenceButadienesBlotting, Westernp21-Activated KinasesTyrosineProtein BindingIsoenzymes3T3 CellsIntracellular Signaling Peptides and ProteinsPyridinesCDC2 Protein KinaseRNA, MessengerRecombinant ProteinsRecombinant Fusion ProteinsReceptor Protein-Tyrosine KinasesKineticsCyclin-Dependent KinasesApoptosisSequence Homology, Amino AcidTumor Cells, CulturedPhosphoproteinsProto-Oncogene Proteins c-aktDNA-Binding ProteinsImidazolesCell DivisionCreatine KinaseCalcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase KinaseTransduction, GeneticGene Expression RegulationTranscription FactorsCasein Kinase IINitrilesModels, BiologicaleIF-2 KinaseCasein KinasesTetradecanoylphorbol AcetateJanus Kinase 2Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)Protein Structure, TertiaryAndrostadienesGene Expression Regulation, EnzymologicPyruvate Kinaseras ProteinsCloning, MolecularAdaptor Proteins, Signal TransducingSubstrate SpecificityTranscription, GeneticBinding SitesMAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 3Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3Janus KinasesPC12 CellsCell Line, TumorI-kappa B KinasePhosphoprotein PhosphatasesTime FactorsThymidine KinaseCyclic AMP
PathwaysPathwayMAPKPhosphorylationSerineReceptorsMolecularInhibitorsMutationsMoleculesInhibitionIntracellular Signal TransductionProteinsTyrosine kinaseMitogenReceptor-kinaseMechanismsGeneCellularInvolvesNuclearInhibitorTranscriptional regulationEffectorsBindsCytokineRegulationCytokinesInterleukinEpidermalGenesAssayStimulationMutationJNKsNeuronalRolePhosphorylatesMechanismReactiveCellMiceTransducer and activatorMKK6SuperfamilyProgressionInhibitDownstreamGonad
Pathways18
  • These communications between cells triggers intracellular signaling cascades, termed signal transduction pathways, that regulate specific cellular functions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Figure 2: Core signalling in the mammalian TGFβ-SMAD pathways. (nature.com)
  • Independent human MAP-kinase signal transduction pathways defined by MEK and MKK isoforms. (nih.gov)
  • Cross-talk of the MAPK signaling pathway with other proteins and signaling pathways have a crucial impact on clinical outcomes of targeted therapies and plays important role during development of drug resistance in cancers. (mdpi.com)
  • We discuss cross-talk of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway with other signaling pathways, in particular interplay with the Hippo/MST pathway. (mdpi.com)
  • The current topics include 1) regulatory mechanisms and functions of the MAP kinase cascade pathways, 2) identification of novel signal transduction mechanisms, 3) molecular mechanisms for life span regulation, 4) roles of protein kinases in cell cycle progression and regulation, 5) growth factor signaling mechanisms in developmental processes, 6) regulatory mechanisms for mammalian circadian clock. (xenbase.org)
  • 9 ]. A wide range of extracellular signaling pathways have been shown to trigger the process of EMT, such as signalings elicited by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), etc . (biomedcentral.com)
  • This article reviews current literature on the effects of carcinogenic metals and metal-induced ROS on cancer-related signaling pathways. (cdc.gov)
  • Membrane-bound HER receptors activate numerous tumor promoting signaling cascades via this mechanism, including the PI3K/AKT, Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk, PLCγ/PKC, and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathways [1] , [2] . (plos.org)
  • Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are serine/threonine kinases that mediate intracellular signal transduction pathways. (rcsb.org)
  • [2] Anisomycin can activate stress-activated protein kinases , MAP kinase and other signal transduction pathways. (wikipedia.org)
  • It involves intracellular signaling pathways in the fruit-fly Drosophila and in mammals that show striking similarities. (cnrs.fr)
  • We review here the recent developments on the structural and functional characterization of this evolutionary ancient and important family of proteins, which can function as cytokine receptors (Toll in Drosophila) or pattern recognition receptors (TLR4 in mammals) and activate similar, albeit non identical signal transduction pathways, in flies and mammals. (cnrs.fr)
  • Cancer cell biology takes advantage of identifying diverse cellular signaling pathways that are disrupted in cancer. (eurekaselect.com)
  • Signaling pathways are an important means of communication from the exterior of cell to intracellular mediators, as well as intracellular interactions that govern diverse cellular processes. (eurekaselect.com)
  • Unraveling of dysregulated signaling pathways may advance the understanding of tumor pathophysiology and lead to the improvement of targeted tumor therapy. (eurekaselect.com)
  • In this review article, different signaling pathways and how their dysregulation contributes to the development of tumors have been discussed. (eurekaselect.com)
  • Mucin 1 lies on the tubular cell apical surface and has a role in signal transduction pathways. (medscape.com)
Pathway27
  • A biochemical cascade, also known as a signaling cascade or signaling pathway, is a series of chemical reactions that occur within a biological cell when initiated by a stimulus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Another example, sonic hedgehog signaling pathway, is one of the key regulators of embryonic development and is present in all bilaterians. (wikipedia.org)
  • A variety of extrinsic cues converge on the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) pathway. (nature.com)
  • The canonical TGFβ signalling pathway involves ligand-dependent assembly of a heteromeric receptor complex, receptor-kinase activation and subsequent phosphorylation and activation of SMAD proteins, which are transcriptional regulators that consequently accumulate in the nucleus. (nature.com)
  • Such continuous sensing of signal intensity might involve cycling of receptors through the endocytic pathway. (nature.com)
  • An in-depth understanding of the pleiotropic cellular functions that can be evoked by TGFβ superfamily signalling will depend on a more quantitative knowledge of temporal and spatial characteristics of the pathway. (nature.com)
  • Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is a part of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway which allows the transduction of various cellular signals to final effectors and regulation of elementary cellular processes. (mdpi.com)
  • Targeted inhibition of individual kinases of the MAPK signaling pathway using synthetic compounds represents a promising way to effective anti-cancer therapy. (mdpi.com)
  • An elevation of the intracellular calcium level, which is mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and L-type Ca2+ channels both, activates the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling pathway involved in synaptic modification. (asahq.org)
  • Because the effects of local anesthetics on cellular signal transduction in neuronal cells are not well-known, the authors investigated whether they affect the MAP kinase signaling pathway using PC12 cells. (asahq.org)
  • Although probable targets of these local anesthetics might be L-type Ca2+ channels or components between Ca2+ and Ras in MAP kinase pathway, the possibility that they directly affect MAP kinase still remains. (asahq.org)
  • The suppression of MAP kinase pathway may thus be a potential target site for the actions of dibucaine and tetracaine, including the modification of the synaptic functions. (asahq.org)
  • The anchor cell induces nearby epidermal precursor cells to generate vulval cells via an epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling pathway. (wormbook.org)
  • The present study explored the effect of NAC on LPS‑induced apoptosis of HUVECs and determined the participation of the p38 mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in the process of apoptosis. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Furthermore, these effects were proposed to be mediated via the p38MAPK signaling pathway. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • A common feature of these genes is that their products have all been strongly implicated as positive regulators of the Ras/ MAP kinase signal transduction pathway. (bionity.com)
  • Therefore it is thought that dysregulation of this pathway during development is responsible for many of the clinical features of this syndrome [6] . (bionity.com)
  • Taking advantage of experimental strategies including pharmacological tool and gene knockdown, we showed here that interference with JNK signaling pathway by targeting JNK1/2 or c-Jun reversed the mesenchymal properties of KB/VCR cells to epithelial phenotypes and suppressed the motile capacity of KB/VCR cells, such as migration and invasion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here we report a role for the phylogenetically ancient mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway in mouse sex determination. (plos.org)
  • This mutant, which we called boygirl ( byg ), was shown to contain an early stop codon that disrupts the autosomal gene encoding MAP3K4, a component of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. (plos.org)
  • In an initial step, some parameters of a previously developed IL-6 signalling model are re-estimated based upon newly developed experimental data for the Jak-STAT pathway. (theiet.org)
  • Since IL-10 signals through the Jak-STAT but not the Erk-C/EBPβ pathway, a model was developed which includes interaction between IL-6 and IL-10 signalling as both mechanisms share signal transduction through the Jak-STAT pathway. (theiet.org)
  • Control mechanism of JAK/STAT signal transduction pathway. (theiet.org)
  • Biochemical data suggest that SA potentiates the signal pathway for HR by affecting an early phosphorylation-sensitive step preceding the generation of pro-death signals, including those derived from the oxidative burst. (springer.com)
  • Thus integrins modulate the efficiency of the Erk (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase)/MAP kinase (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway, acting at several distinct levels. (nih.gov)
  • We have shown that both cAMP-dependent protein kinase and PAKs (p21-activated kinases) play a role in integrin regulation of the Erk pathway, acting primarily at the level of Raf-1. (nih.gov)
  • To reduce the risk of analyzing cell line- pathway can be divided into distinct stages based on the specific features, we used several representative cell lines for recombination status of the Ig genes and on the expression each of four major stages in B cell development: pro-B, pre-B, pattern of surface markers and the presence of intracellular proteins [1- 6]. (lu.se)
MAPK7
  • Here we found that the germinal ablation of the MAPK c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase isoform 1 (JNK1) results in a significant reduction of myelin in the cerebral cortex and corpus callosum at both postnatal and adult stages. (nature.com)
  • The inhibitory effect of POMx on the pro-inflammatory cytokines was MAPK subgroups c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)- and extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) dependent. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Deregulation of the MAPK signaling occurs under many pathological conditions including neurodegenerative disorders, metabolic syndromes and cancers. (mdpi.com)
  • The c-Jun NH2-terminus kinases (JNKs), also called the stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK), are serine/threonine kinases that belong to the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, we describe experiments showing the presence of activated MKK4, a direct target of MAP3K4, and activated p38 in the coelomic region of the XY gonad at 11.5 d post coitum, establishing a link between MAPK signalling in proliferating gonadal somatic cells and regulation of Sry expression. (plos.org)
  • Our data indicate, for the first time, a requirement for MAPK signaling in the developing XY gonad in order to facilitate normal expression of SRY and the downstream testis-determining genes and also suggest that reduced dosage of MAP3K4 may be the cause of a previously described autosomal sex-reversing mutation in the mouse. (plos.org)
  • MAPK signaling inhibition plays a role in the biology of LGSOC. (biomedcentral.com)
Phosphorylation4
Serine1
  • Therefore, there are four main transmembrane receptor types: G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), tyrosine kinase receptors (RTKs), serine/threonine kinase receptors (RSTKs), and ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs). (wikipedia.org)
Receptors8
  • Signal transduction is realized by activation of specific receptors and consequent production/delivery of second messengers, such as Ca2+ or cAMP. (wikipedia.org)
  • Two main signal transduction mechanisms have been identified, via nuclear receptors, or via transmembrane receptors. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the signal transduction via transmembrane receptors, the first messenger binds to the extracellular domain of transmembrane receptor, activating it. (wikipedia.org)
  • 5 MAP kinase has been shown to be activated by calcium influx through both N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and L-type Ca 2+ channels. (asahq.org)
  • The reversed polarity of the posterior 2 ° precursor cell lineage requires WNT signaling mediated by both Frizzled class and Ryk class WNT-receptors LIN-17 and LIN-18 , respectively. (wormbook.org)
  • Using the 6-hydroxydopamine lesion model of Parkinson's disease and differential display PCR, we have identified a set of more than 30 genes whose expression rapidly increases in response to stimulation of striatal dopamine D 1 receptors. (jneurosci.org)
  • Signaling components affected by metals include growth factor receptors, G-proteins, MAP kinases, and nuclear transcription factors. (cdc.gov)
  • e.g. inflammation, genotoxicity, and This chapter focuses on issues as- ellers, growth factors, growth factor epigenetic alterations) and can have sociated with the understanding and receptors, signal transducers, and both genetic and epigenetic origins. (who.int)
Molecular5
  • The complex formed produces or releases second messengers that integrate and adapt the signal, amplifying it, by activating molecular targets, which in turn trigger effectors that will lead to the desired cellular response. (wikipedia.org)
  • Laboratory of Signal Transduction We are interested in identifying and elucidating molecular mechanisms that regulate cell proliferation, cell differentiation, cell cycle, aging and developmental processes. (xenbase.org)
  • Ras-GTPases act as molecular switches that bind to downstream effectors, such as the protein kinase c-Raf , and localizes them to the membrane resulting in their activation. (bionity.com)
  • These data demonstrate that MAP3K4-dependent signalling events are required for normal expression of Sry during testis development, and create a novel entry point into the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying sex determination in mice and disorders of sexual development in humans. (plos.org)
  • PRRs initiate a signalling cascade that leads to activation and production of inflammatory cytokines upon recognition of conserved microbial signatures or danger signals (commonly referred to as pathogen associated molecular patterns or PAMPs, or danger associated molecular patterns or DAMPS, respectively). (immunochemistry.com)
Inhibitors5
  • The role of the inhibitors of interleukin-6 signal transduction SHP2 and SOCS3 for desensitization of interleukin-6 signalling. (theiet.org)
  • Pyridinyl imidazole compounds block pro-inflammatory cytokine production and are specific p38 kinase inhibitors. (rcsb.org)
  • A screen of 72 inhibitors against 456 human kinases. (guidetomalariapharmacology.org)
  • A screen profiling 158 kinase inhibitors (Calbiochem Protein Kinase Inhibitor Library I and II, catalogue numbers 539744 and 539745) for their inhibitory activity at 1µM and 10µM against 234 human recombinant kinases using the EMD Millipore KinaseProfiler TM service. (guidetomalariapharmacology.org)
  • A screen profiling the inhibitory activity of 178 commercially available kinase inhibitors at 0.5µM against a panel of 300 recombinant protein kinases using the Reaction Biology Corporation Kinase Hotspot SM platform. (guidetomalariapharmacology.org)
Mutations3
  • Oncogenic mutations or abnormal expression of signaling components disrupt the regulatory networks that govern cell function, thus enabling tumor cells to undergo dysregulated mitogenesis, to resist apoptosis, and to promote invasion to neighboring tissues. (eurekaselect.com)
  • [ 6 ] However, the gene mutations responsible for the different forms of CMT1 are clearly myelin genes. (medscape.com)
  • Activating mutations upstream may also underlie some epigenetic or within the ERK1/2 cascade are events that change cell signalling. (who.int)
Molecules6
  • This stimulus, known as a first messenger, acts on a receptor that is transduced to the cell interior through second messengers which amplify the signal and transfer it to effector molecules, causing the cell to respond to the initial stimulus. (wikipedia.org)
  • These molecules operate as signal transducers, triggering intracellular cascades and in turn amplifying the initial signal. (wikipedia.org)
  • 39. Lipid signaling molecules in health and diseases. (ncgmlipidsp.jp)
  • Despite the requirement for a number of transcription factors and secreted signalling molecules in sex determination, intracellular signalling components functioning in this process have not been defined. (plos.org)
  • Phosphorylated tyrosine residues recruit various intracellular adaptor and effector molecules that result in the propagation of growth promoting signal transduction cascades [1] , [2] . (plos.org)
  • Mutagenesis signalling molecules cade. (who.int)
Inhibition1
Intracellular Signal Transduction2
Proteins4
  • Signaling proteins give cells information to make the embryo develop properly. (wikipedia.org)
  • see RTKRas/MAP kinase signaling ), LIN-12 (see LIN-12/Notch signaling in C. elegans ), and WNT (see Wnt signaling ), as well as the functions of the SynMuv and mediator proteins (see Transcriptional regulation ). (wormbook.org)
  • A series of caspases proteins have been shown to be activated by the death induced signal complex [a form of death ligand that binds to the corresponding death receptor on the cell surface ( 13 )], which in turn induces apoptosis. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Localization of adherens junction proteins was examined in MCF7/MKK6-6-2-4 cells. (hoajonline.com)
Tyrosine kinase3
  • EGF-receptor and Notch signaling are antagonistic: EGF-receptor signaling leads to down-regulation of the Notch-like receptor LIN-12 , while LIN-12 signaling induces negative regulators of EGF-receptor signaling such as MAP kinase phosphatase LIP-1 and the tyrosine kinase ARK-1. (wormbook.org)
  • Results from these analyses demonstrated that the C-terminal domain of HER3 (CTD, amino acids distal to the tyrosine kinase domain) contained potent transactivation potential. (plos.org)
  • Brand TM, Iida M, Luthar N, Wleklinski MJ, Starr MM, Wheeler DL (2013) Mapping C-Terminal Transactivation Domains of the Nuclear HER Family Receptor Tyrosine Kinase HER3. (plos.org)
Mitogen6
  • Western blotting was used to analyze the effect of POMx on the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and the nuclear factor (NF)-κB in PMACI stimulated KU812 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The expression of c-Fos induced by potassium chloride was also suppressed by dibucaine, tetracaine (concentrations that inhibited 50% of the activity of positive control [IC50s] were 16.2+/-0.2 and 73.2+/-0.7 microM, respectively), and PD 98059, a mitogen-activated/extracellular receptor-regulated kinase inhibitor. (asahq.org)
  • It has recently been reported that mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (also known as extracellular signal reactive kinase [Erk]) might play an important role in linking membrane depolarization to gene expression in the postsynaptic neurons. (asahq.org)
  • The byg mutation is an A to T transversion causing a premature stop codon in the gene encoding MAP3K4 (also known as MEKK4), a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase. (plos.org)
  • Selumetinib is a potent, selective, orally available, and non-ATP competitive small molecule inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2) that has demonstrated single agent activity in a number of solid tumor including recurrent low-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (LGSOC). (biomedcentral.com)
  • p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase has been implicated in both skeletal muscle atrophy and hypertrophy. (biomedcentral.com)
Receptor-kinase1
  • G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) was originally identified as the kinase that mediates. (biomedcentral.com)
Mechanisms1
  • Cells can use a broad range of intracellular and extracellular mechanisms for detecting different "danger" signals generated or released during infection or injury. (immunochemistry.com)
Gene9
  • Thus, SMADs both transmit the signal into the nucleus and execute the downstream effects by directly regulating target-gene transcription. (nature.com)
  • POMx significantly decreased PMACI stimulated inflammatory gene expression and production of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 in KU812 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It has recently been suggested that MAP kinase plays a role in coupling the synaptic excitation to gene expression in the nucleus of postsynaptic neurons. (asahq.org)
  • SIGNALS initiated by neurotransmitter release are transferred to the nuclei of the postsynaptic cells to activate specific programs of gene expression, thus influencing synaptic functions. (asahq.org)
  • In cell signalling , Son of Sevenless , or SOS , is a gene encoding a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that acts on Ras - GTPases . (bionity.com)
  • MCF7/MKK6DA-6-2-4 cells carrying the inducible dominant-active MKK6 gene were produced. (hoajonline.com)
  • Highly specialised genetic stocks (QTL-NILs, a high resolution cross (HRC) and an inbred germplasm association panel), and genomic resources (gene sequences, gene-based markers and comparative genomics information) were generated and employed for fine mapping of this major DT-QTL. (aber.ac.uk)
  • Genotyping of HRC with these gene-based markers and phenotyping under irrigated control and two terminal drought stress environments (late and early stress) reduced the mapping interval of this QTL by approximately 20 cM. (aber.ac.uk)
  • The locus at chromosome 1q21 was identified by linkage mapping in 1998, but the gene has only recently been discovered due to difficulty with sequencing this highly repetitive region and was previously missed using next-generation sequencing. (medscape.com)
Cellular1
  • At each step of the signaling cascade, various controlling factors are involved to regulate cellular actions, in order to respond effectively to cues about their changing internal and external environments. (wikipedia.org)
Involves1
  • The precise pattern of vulval precursor cell fates involves the graded action of the EGF signaling and LIN-12 (Notch) mediated lateral signaling. (wormbook.org)
Nuclear5
  • Each signal transduction occurs with a primary extracellular messenger that binds to a transmembrane or nuclear receptor, initiating intracellular signals. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, nuclear accumulation of active nuclear SMAD complexes is dynamically maintained in strict accordance with the degree of receptor activation at any time of signalling. (nature.com)
  • Signalling then converges to nuclear accumulation of transcriptionally active SMAD complexes and gives rise to a plethora of specific functional responses in both embryos and adult organisms. (nature.com)
  • Nuclear localized HER family receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) have been observed in primary tumor specimens and cancer cell lines for nearly two decades. (plos.org)
  • Schreiber A, Boff L, Anhlan D, Krischuns T, Brunotte L, Schuberth C, Wedlich-Söldner R, Drexler H, and Ludwig S. (2020) Dissecting the mechanism of signaling-triggered nuclear export of newly synthesized influenza virus ribonucleoprotein complexes. (uni-muenster.de)
Inhibitor1
  • Treatment with SB202190, a p38 MAP kinase inhibitor, blocked dissociation of the cells, indicating that p38 MAP kinase activity was required for cell dispersal. (hoajonline.com)
Transcriptional regulation1
  • A network of intercellular signaling, signal transduction, and transcriptional regulation underlies the precise formation of this organ, which is the connection between the hermaphrodite uterus and the outside of the nematode. (wormbook.org)
Effectors1
  • The p21-activated kinases (PAKs) are downstream effectors of the Rho family small GTPases as well as a wide variety of mitogenic factors and have been implicated in cancer formation, development and metastasis. (biomedcentral.com)
Binds1
  • Transcription factor that binds to the interleukin-6 (il-6)-responsive elements identified in the promoters of various acute-phase protein genes. (lu.se)
Cytokine2
  • Type IV secretion-dependent activation of host MAP kinases induces an increased proinflammatory cytokine response to Legionella pneumophila. (nih.gov)
  • Thus, our results demonstrate that 6-gingerol suppresses cytokine production for T cell activation and proliferation, thereby not causing B cell and mast cell activation and resulting in prevention or alleviation of allergic rhinitis symptoms. (elsevierpure.com)
Regulation2
  • They are involved in regulation of kinases and phosphatases, G protein associated factors and transcriptional factors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our results unveil a novel player in the complex regulation of OPC biology, on the one hand showing that JNK1 ablation cell-autonomously determines alterations of OPC proliferation and branching architecture and, on the other hand, suggesting that JNK1 signaling in OLs participates in myelination in vivo. (nature.com)
Cytokines3
  • Activation of these cells results in the degranulation accompanied by the production of chemical mediators such as histamine, proteases, metabolites of arachidonic acid and several inflammatory and chemotactic cytokines including interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 6-Gingerol inhibited the expression of not only Th2 cytokines but also Th1 cytokines in OVA-sensitized spleen cells. (elsevierpure.com)
  • This paper develops a model for IL-6 and IL-10 signal transduction and then investigates the effect that stimulation with these cytokines has on the transcription factor dynamics. (theiet.org)
Interleukin1
Epidermal2
  • renders six epidermal precursor cells competent to respond to other developmental signals. (wormbook.org)
  • The ErbB/HER family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) consists of four family members: the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/ErbB1), HER2 (ErbB2/Neu), HER3 (ErbB3), and HER4 (ErbB4). (plos.org)
Genes3
  • Some of the induced genes, such as CREM, CHOP, and MAP kinase phosphatase-1, may be components of a homeostatic response to excessive stimulation. (jneurosci.org)
  • Fine mapping of this major DT-QTL, therefore, has been undertaken in pearl millet to improve its genetic resolution and to identify underlying candidate genes. (aber.ac.uk)
  • To further reduce the mapping interval of this QTL, and to identify functional markers/favourable alleles associated with this QTL, we currently are genotyping pearl millet inbred germplasm association panel for these candidate genes and also phenotyping it for drought response under terminal drought stress conditions. (aber.ac.uk)
Assay1
  • Once sensitized local lymph node assay (LLNA) (6), as no vali- to that chemical, the person is susceptible to dated in vitro alternatives exist to date (7). (cdc.gov)
Stimulation1
  • Based upon the model, the activity ratio of Jak-STAT and Erk-C/EBPβ was investigated for different stimulation levels of IL-6 and IL-10. (theiet.org)
Mutation1
  • This family of RTKs has been highly implicated in the formation and progression of various cancers via aberrant overexpression, kinase activation, and mutation [1] , [2] . (plos.org)
JNKs1
  • Among MAPKs, the c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) include three isoforms-JNK1, JNK2 and JNK3. (nature.com)
Neuronal3
  • 3,4 MAP kinase is highly expressed in the central nervous system, primarily in such postsynaptic structures as neuronal cell bodies and the bases of the proximal dendrites. (asahq.org)
  • Synaptic Signals from Glutamate-Treated Neurons Induce Aberrant Post-Synaptic Signals in Untreated Neuronal Networks. (uml.edu)
  • Spontaneous neuronal signaling is inherently musical and mathematical: insight into the universal human affinity for music. (uml.edu)
Role6
  • Recent studies point to the role of hedgehog signaling in regulating adult stem cells involved in maintenance and regeneration of adult tissues. (wikipedia.org)
  • An equally important challenge is understanding the functional role of signal strength and duration. (nature.com)
  • These observations support a critical role of JNK signaling in maintaining the mesenchymal properties of KB/VCR cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Alterations in normal signal transduction as a result of exposure to carcinogenic metals, and to metal-catalyzed reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, appear to play an important role in the etiology of metal-induced carcinogenesis. (cdc.gov)
  • Although extensive data has described the key role of salicylic acid (SA) in signaling pathogen-induced disease resistance, its function in physiological processes related to cell death is still poorly understood. (springer.com)
  • Integrins clearly play a key role in regulating both mitogenic signalling and cell migration. (nih.gov)
Phosphorylates1
  • Increased cAMP can activate protein kinase A, which phosphorylates the transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). (jneurosci.org)
Mechanism1
  • It is known that STAT3 and C/EBPβ are activated by IL-6 and that IL-6 signalling is also affected by IL-10, even though the exact mechanism is unclear. (theiet.org)
Reactive2
  • Signaling by carcinogenic metals and metal-induced reactive oxygen species. (cdc.gov)
  • Reactive oxygen intermediates mediate a systemic signal network in the establishment of plant immunity. (springer.com)
Cell14
  • the pattern of vulE and vulF cells requires an additional signal from the anchor cell as well as WNT signaling. (wormbook.org)
  • In this study, we investigated the antiallergic effects of ginger and 6-gingerol, a major compound of ginger, using a mouse allergy model and primary/cell line culture system. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In addition, 6-gingerol suppressed both superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB)- and anti-CD3-induced T cell proliferation. (elsevierpure.com)
  • 6-Gingerol also abrogated PMA plus ionomycin- and SEB-induced IL-2 production in T cells, suggesting that 6-gingerol affected T cell receptor-mediated signal transduction rather than the antigen-presentation process. (elsevierpure.com)
  • We sought to determine how hyperactivation of p38 MAP kinase affects cell-cell adhesion in two epithelial cell lines. (hoajonline.com)
  • The first cell line, HCC2998/MKK6DA, a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line containing inducible dominant-active MKK6, has been shown to disperse after hyperactivation of p38 MAP kinase. (hoajonline.com)
  • These results suggest that hyperactivation of p38 MAP kinase causes dissociation of the cells through disruption of the adherens junction in these cell lines. (hoajonline.com)
  • In this study, we explored the contribution of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) signaling to the mesenchymal phenotypes and the aberrant motile capacity of MDR cells utilizing a well characterized MDR cell line KB/VCR, which is established from KB human epidermoid carcinoma cells by vincristine (VCR), and its parental cell line KB. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For metastasis from a primary tumor site, cancer cells must lose cell-cell adhesion and acquire motility to invade adjacent cell layers [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Plant Cell 6: 1845-1857. (springer.com)
  • Deregulation of cell signaling in cancer. (eurekaselect.com)
  • Cell signaling and cancer. (eurekaselect.com)
  • As an outcome of the two-part signalling and/or cell-cycle control. (who.int)
  • DeMarini, and Chapter 20, by Rice and cell death determine the size protein in several signal ing path- and Herceg). (who.int)
Mice1
  • Gastric cancer development in mice lacking the SHP2 binding site on the IL-6 family co-receptor gp130. (theiet.org)
Transducer and activator1
MKK61
  • Characterization of the structure and function of a novel MAP kinase kinase (MKK6). (nih.gov)
Superfamily3
  • Signal duration and signal magnitude are crucial determinants of the outcome of TGFβ superfamily signalling, in particular in early embryonic patterning, in which TGFβ superfamily ligands act as morphogens that elicit distinct responses in a dose-dependent fashion. (nature.com)
  • Ligands of the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) superfamily of growth factors initiate signal transduction through a bewildering complexity of ligand-receptor interactions. (nature.com)
  • Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. (lu.se)
Progression1
  • Omega-3 hastens and omega-6 delays the progression of neuropathology in a murine model of familial ALS. (uml.edu)
Inhibit2
  • Dibucaine and tetracaine at clinical concentrations were found to inhibit the activation of MAP kinase and the expression of c-Fos mediated by L-type Ca2+ channels in PC12 cells. (asahq.org)
  • We have mapped brimapitide to JNK3, as this appears to be the isozyme used in [ 3 ], but it is likely to inhibit kinase activity of all JNK enzymes. (guidetomalariapharmacology.org)
Downstream1
  • Use of effector domain mutants of Rac suggest that Nischarin acts downstream of Rac, probably at the level of PAK-family kinases. (nih.gov)
Gonad1
  • During the L3 stage, a signal from the gonad and signaling among the VPCs specifies three VPCs to generate vulval cells ( Figure 2 ). (wormbook.org)