Mammary gland development epithelial cells. Medical search. Frequent questions

We isolated four categories of cells from mammary epithelium of female calves: bromodeoxyuridine label retaining epithelial cells (LREC) from basal (LRECb) and embedded layers (LRECe), and epithelial control cells from basal and embedded layers. (frontiersin.org)
Tissue immune cell densities and localizations relative to the epithelium were quantified in situ with machine learning-based image analyses of multiplex immunohistochemistry-stained tissue sections. (uib.no)
How are cell fates determined in the embryonic surface epithelium? (helsinki.fi)
We have identified the CUB and zona pellucida-like domain-containing protein 1 (CUZD1), expressed in mammary ductal and alveolar epithelium, as a novel mediator of mammary gland proliferation and differentiation during pregnancy and lactation. (illinois.edu)
Gene expression profiling of mammary epithelium revealed that CUZD1 regulates the expression of a subset of the EGF family growth factors, epiregulin, neuregulin-1, and epigen, which act in an autocrine fashion to activate ErbB1 and ErbB4 receptors. (illinois.edu)
In the absence of CUZD1, STAT5 phosphorylation in the mammary epithelium during alveologenesis was abolished. (illinois.edu)
There are two main types of epithelium in the mammary gland: luminal and basal. (biologists.com)
The luminal epithelium forms the ducts and the secretory alveoli, whereas the basal epithelium consists essentially of myoepithelial cells. (biologists.com)
The hallmarks of development during pregnancy are the formation of tertiary branches, which terminate in alveolar buds, and the rapid proliferation of the luminal epithelium accompanied by differentiation and commitment to the secretory alveolar lineage. (biologists.com)
During pregnancy the mammary epithelium undergoes a complex developmental process which culminates in the generation of the milk-secreting epithelium. (biomedcentral.com)
Transcription factors AP-2alpha and AP-2gamma are downregulated during lactation, and their overexpression in transgenic mice impaired the secretory differentiation of the mammary epithelium, resulting in lactation failure. (biomedcentral.com)
The extent of lactogenic differentiation of HC11 cells in vitro is limited compared to mammary epithelium undergoing secretory differentiation in vivo. (biomedcentral.com)
During pregnancy the mammary epithelium matures in a complex developmental process which culminates in the generation of alveoli containing the milk-secreting epithelium. (biomedcentral.com)
AP-2alpha and -gamma are expressed in non-pregnant mammary epithelium and are downregulated in lactating mammary glands. (biomedcentral.com)
In particular, Rbl and RblNFmutant female mice have hyperplastic mammary epithelium due to insensitivity to TGF-P growth inhibition. (uwo.ca)
Analysis of the mammary differentiation factor STAT5 by immunohistochemistry and western blot revealed a complete ablation of STAT5 activation in Erbb4 Flox/Flox Wap-Cre mammary epithelium at parturition. (silverchair.com)
f estrogen-dependent stromaderived effects on mammary epithelium. (archive.org)
Cells which lack ER expression at diagnosis arise from an ER compart- were harvested at 60 - 80% confluency and used as a reference in all hybrid- ment within the mammary epithelium or represent evolution from an izations. (lu.se)
Overexpression of one ETS protein in particular, the epithelium-specific ETS factor ESE-1, is implicated in human mammary transformation. (biomedcentral.com)

Steroid hormone receptor status of mouse mammary stem cells. (edu.au)
Epithelial-stromal cell interactions are important for normal development and function of the mouse mammary gland. (archive.org)
Expression microarray analysis identified over 930 genes regulated during puberty in the mouse mammary gland. (elsevierpure.com)

An in vitro model of early human embryogenesis (human embryonic stem cells (hESCs)) has demonstrated that hCG promotes cell proliferation via the LH/hCG receptor (LHCGR). (wikipedia.org)
Estrogens and progesterone promote mammary epithelial cell proliferation resulting in the formation of the primary and secondary ductal structure. (wikipedia.org)
The signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) regulates differentiation, survival, proliferation and transformation of hematopoietic cells. (nature.com)
Enriched expression of genes in LRECb was associated with stem cell attributes and identified WNT, TGF-β, and MAPK pathways of self renewal and proliferation. (frontiersin.org)
During rapid mammary growth in the mouse, label retaining epithelial cells (LREC) appear to retain label by asymmetric distribution of DNA strands, as evidenced by a rapid proliferation index of the LREC ( Smith, 2005 ). (frontiersin.org)
During periods of low mammary proliferation, quiescence of the stem cell population may account for retention of label. (frontiersin.org)
The LREC in bovine mammary gland appeared to have a modest proliferation rate in which 5.4% of LREC co-expressed Ki-67 ( Capuco, 2007 ). (frontiersin.org)
Chromatin immunoprecipitation confirmed co-occupancy of phosphorylated STAT5 and CUZD1 in the regulatory regions of epiregulin, a potential regulator of epithelial proliferation, and whey acidic protein, a marker of epithelial differentiation. (illinois.edu)
Collectively, these findings suggest that CUZD1 plays a critical role in prolactin-induced JAK/STAT5 signaling that controls the expression of key STAT5 target genes involved in mammary epithelial proliferation and differentiation during alveolar development. (illinois.edu)
Negative growth regulation generally occurs during the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle, yet the redundancy and complexity among components of this regulatory network have made it difficult to discern how negative growth cues protect cells from aberrant proliferation. (uwo.ca)
Here,we show that mice with Cre-lox mediated deletions of both Erbb4 alleles within the developing mammary gland ( Erbb4 Flox/Flox Wap-Cre ) fail to accumulate lobuloalveoli or successfully engage lactation at parturition owing, in part, to impaired epithelial proliferation. (silverchair.com)
The steroid hormone estrogen is required for epithelial cell proliferation and ductal development in vivo. (archive.org)
Recent studies of estrogen receptor ␣ knockout mice indicate that estrogeninduced proliferation is dependent upon the presence of estrogen receptor in mammary stromal cells, but not in epithelial cells. (archive.org)
We have developed a minimally supplemented serum-free medium, collagen gel primary mammary coculture system to address the issue of stroma-derived, estrogen-dependent effects on epithelial cell proliferation. (archive.org)
KVINOL is used for prevention of diseases of the female reproductive system that are caused by pathological processes of cell proliferation. (bazkidfarma.com)
The high AGE diet also led to increased recruitment and proliferation of stromal cells to abnormal structures that persisted into adulthood. (biomedcentral.com)

What cellular mechanisms govern early morphogenesis of epithelial appendages? (helsinki.fi)
What molecular pathways govern mammary branching morphogenesis? (helsinki.fi)
In the mammary gland, genetic circuits controlled by estrogen, progesterone, and prolactin, act in concert with pathways regulated by members of the epidermal growth factor family to orchestrate growth and morphogenesis during puberty, pregnancy and lactation. (illinois.edu)
Gata-3 is an essential regulator of mammary-gland morphogenesis and luminal-cell differentiation. (edu.au)
The development of new tools and culture techniques has also enabled the factors that influence branching morphogenesis in the embryonic and pubertal gland to be identified. (biologists.com)
After birth, mammary development is arrested until puberty, when extensive elongation of the ducts, accompanied by secondary branching, takes place, thus providing a readily accessible system in which to study branching morphogenesis. (biologists.com)
Transforming growth factor (3(TGF-P) is a crucial mediator of mammary epithelial morphogenesis and can negatively regulate cell cycle progression. (uwo.ca)
Here, we show that sprouty 1 (SPRY1) modulates the microenvironment to enable proper mammary branching morphogenesis. (muni.cz)
Taken together, our results show that modulation of stromal paracrine signaling and ECM remodeling by SPRY1 regulates mammary epithelial morphogenesis during postnatal development. (muni.cz)

Sterneck began to study the functions of CCAAT-enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBP) transcription factors, including their roles in normal mammary gland development, through genetically engineered mice. (wikipedia.org)
Our group is studying molecular regulators of normal mammary gland development and cancer, with a particular interest in understanding how mammary stem cells and their progeny contribute to the mammary epithelial cell hierarchy and breast cancer. (edu.au)
During normal mammary gland development, these cells secrete interferon-alpha to promote cell differentiation and inhibit cell division, the researchers discovered. (medicalxpress.com)

Hedgehog signaling is important in embryonic development and tumorigenesis. (nih.gov)
She studies cell signaling pathways that regulate mammary gland development and tumorigenesis. (wikipedia.org)
We strive to understand the molecular and cellular regulation of epithelial appendage (hair, mammary gland, tooth) development and how they are perturbed in diseases such as congenital disorders or tumorigenesis. (helsinki.fi)
In contrast, the same growth control mechanism is unnecessary to protect against Neu or 7,72-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary tumorigenesis. (uwo.ca)
The microRNA plays a similar role during tumorigenesis, protecting breast cancer stem cells from the effects of interferons secreted by immune cells present in the tumor. (medicalxpress.com)

Our results highlight the crucial role of ETP as an obesity-associated factor that promotes tumor growth in the context of adipocyte interactions with tumor and stromal cells. (jci.org)
Further, both epithelial and stromal cell populations were impacted by the high AGE diet in the mammary gland. (biomedcentral.com)
Consequently, stromal paracrine signaling and ECM remodeling is augmented, leading to increased epithelial branching in themutant gland. (muni.cz)

Elucidation of the bovine mammary gland transcriptome by RNA-seq is essential for identifying candidate genes that contribute to milk composition traits in dairy cattle. (biomedcentral.com)
however, no studies on the bovine mammary gland transcriptome by RNA-seq have been published. (biomedcentral.com)

In the second half of pregnancy, progesterone and prolactin prepare the mammary glands for lactation. (wikipedia.org)
And then after parturition during lactation the mammary gland alveoli structures develop more. (futurelearn.com)
This video gives us a brief rundown of the its development- pubertal growth, pregnancy, lactation and involution. (futurelearn.com)
This dictates cycles of mammary growth, differentiation, lactation, and regression, during which mammary stem cells (MaSC) provide for the lineages of luminal and basal (myoepithelial) epithelial cells in the ducts and alveoli. (frontiersin.org)
Cuzd1-null mice exhibited a striking impairment in mammary ductal branching and alveolar development during pregnancy, resulting in a subsequent defect in lactation. (illinois.edu)

Progesterone induces formation of tertiary side-branches in the mammary glands during puberty and during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle upon which lobuloalveolar structures form under the influence of prolactin. (wikipedia.org)
To address this knowledge gap, FVB/n mice were fed regular, low AGE, and high AGE diets from 3 weeks of age and mammary glands harvested during puberty (7 weeks) or adulthood (12 weeks and 7 months) to determine the effects upon mammary gland development. (biomedcentral.com)
Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that ERα binds to oestrogen response elements in both the Stc2 and Areg genes in the mammary gland during puberty. (elsevierpure.com)

whereas LREC in suprabasal epithelial layers are enriched for more committed progenitor cells, expressing some genes that are associated with stem cell attributes along with those indicative of cell differentiation. (frontiersin.org)
To tackle this issue, the development of network-based methods has become an effective tool in analyzing complex relationships among great number of entities such as genes and proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
Involved in cell cycle regulation as a trans-activator that acts to negatively regulate cell division by controlling a set of genes required for this process. (lsbio.com)
Secretory epithelial cells display lactogenic differentiation which is characterized by the expression of milk protein genes, such as beta-casein or whey acidic protein (WAP). (biomedcentral.com)
Using RT-PCR we could not detect a downregulation of any of these genes during the lactogenic differentiation of HC11 cells in vitro. (biomedcentral.com)
Differentiating HC11 cells displayed lower expression levels of milk protein genes than mammary glands of mid-pregnant or lactating mice. (biomedcentral.com)
Downregulation of AP-2 transcription factor genes is not required for lactogenic differentiation of HC11 cells but may functionally be involved in aspects of lactogenic differentiation in vivo that are not reflected by the HC11 system. (biomedcentral.com)
The lactogenic differentiation of the secretory epithelial cells is characterized by the synthesis of lactose and milk fat and by the expression of milk protein genes, such as beta-casein or whey acidic protein (WAP). (biomedcentral.com)
Defects in epithelial functional differentiation at parturition were accompanied by a profound reduction in expression of the STAT5-regulated milk genes casein beta and whey acidic protein . (silverchair.com)
Most prominent were genes whose expression increased in parallel with pubertal development and remained high thereafter. (elsevierpure.com)

Proteomic studies further revealed that CUZD1 interacts with a complex containing JAK1/JAK2 and STAT5, downstream transducers of prolactin signaling in the mammary gland. (illinois.edu)
Conversely, elevated expression of Cuzd1 in mammary epithelial cells stimulated prolactin-induced phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of STAT5. (illinois.edu)
Differentiation of HC11 cells was induced following established protocols by applying the lactogenic hormones prolactin, dexamethasone and insulin. (biomedcentral.com)
HC11 cells can be induced to undergo lactogenic differentiation by applying a mixture of the lactogenic hormones dexamethasone, insulin and prolactin (a mixture termed DIP in the following sections). (biomedcentral.com)

Mammary glands are epidermal appendages that possibly evolved from ancient apocrine glands that were associated with the skin( Oftedal, 2002 ). (biologists.com)
This process occurs through negative regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling in mammary stroma. (muni.cz)
Epidermal appendages serve an important role as a source of epithelial cells. (medscape.com)

These approaches result in the loss of all histological information pertaining to the in vivo locale of MaSC and progenitor cells. (frontiersin.org)
Instead, we used laser microdissection to excise putative progenitor cells and control cells from their in situ locations in cryosections and characterized the molecular properties of these cells. (frontiersin.org)
MaSC/progenitor cells were identified based on their ability to retain bromodeoxyuridine for an extended period. (frontiersin.org)
Recent studies have provided new insights into the origin, specification and fate of mammary stem and progenitor cells and into how the differentiated lineages that comprise the functional mammary gland are determined. (biologists.com)

hCG secreted by cytotrophoblastic cells of the blastocyst controls endometrial tissue remodeling by both activation of matrix matalloproteinases (MMP) that control the maternal extracellular matrix and inhibition of tissue-inhibitors of matrix-metalloproteinases (TIMP). (wikipedia.org)
Let me show you how mammary gland tissue structures is changed throughout the reproductive cycle. (futurelearn.com)
This slides show you the mammary gland tissue structures before pregnancy, after sexual maturation. (futurelearn.com)
So you can now learn how the mammary gland tissue develops throughout the productive cycle. (futurelearn.com)
Previous molecular characterizations of mammary stem cells (MaSC) have utilized fluorescence-activated cell sorting or in vitro cultivation of cells from enzymatically dissociated tissue to enrich for MaSC. (frontiersin.org)
The composition of human immune cell populations is known to change in peripheral blood with age and in breast tissue during BC progression. (uib.no)
Less is known about changes in immune populations in normal breast tissue and how their interactions with mammary epithelia change with age. (uib.no)
We quantified densities of T cells, B cells, and macrophage subsets in pathologically normal breast tissue from 122 different women who ranged in age from 24 to 74 years old. (uib.no)
In situ results were corroborated with flow cytometry analyses of peri-epithelial immune cells from primary breast tissue preparations and transcriptome analyses of public data from bulk tissue reduction mammoplasties. (uib.no)
Proportions of immune cell subsets in breast tissue and donor-matched peripheral blood were not correlated. (uib.no)
Age-associated decreased T cell density in peri-epithelial regions, and increased M2 macrophage density in intralobular stroma suggests the emergence of a tissue microenvironment that is simultaneously immune-senescent and immunosuppressive with age. (uib.no)
Its relevance in maintaining brain tissue homeostasis from development to aging and neurodegenerative diseases is undisputed but, nonetheless, many fundamental questions about the biology of the process remain open: How is phagocytosis efficiency regulated at the cellular and molecular levels? (frontiersin.org)
Collagen VI (COL6) is highly expressed in adipose tissue, upregulated in the obese state, and enriched in breast cancer lesions and is a stimulator of mammary tumor growth. (jci.org)
These effects were partially mediated through enhanced TGF-β signaling, which contributes to tissue fibrosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of tumor cells. (jci.org)
The mammary gland is an ideal tissue in which to study a range of developmental processes, as discussed below. (biologists.com)
Studies in animals and human tissue cultures indicate that cells in this state face exceptionally high risks of becoming cancerous. (ewtn.com)
Before a woman first conceives, her breasts consist mostly of connective tissue surrounding a branching network of ducts, with relatively few milk producing cells. (ewtn.com)
Small nuclear RNA analysis revealed that the regulation of tissue regeneration, including hair growth were based on the miRNA-mediated transcriptional control of the pluripotency of stem cells. (fortunejournals.com)
Researchers from Princeton University's Department of Molecular Biology have identified a small RNA molecule that helps maintain the activity of stem cells in both healthy and cancerous breast tissue. (medicalxpress.com)
Hh proteins are secreted morphogens that play essential roles in regulation of embryogenesis, development, tissue homeostasis, regeneration and stem cell maintenance in a concentration-dependent manner [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
From the mammary gland tissue of the mice, we took samples which were then preserved and embedded in wax before being finely sliced into thin sections. (breastcancernow.org)
We detected PTK6 mRNA and protein expression in the immortalized normal MCF-10A human mammary gland epithelial cell line, and examined PTK6 expression and activation in a normal human breast tissue microarray, as well as in human breast tumors. (oncotarget.com)

But even after sexual maturation, before pregnancies, In the mammary gland tissues, they're just adipose tissues like fat tissues and mammary gland ducts. (futurelearn.com)
But during pregnancies, the mammary gland alveoli, which is located at the end of mammary gland ducts develop. (futurelearn.com)
Above, the microscopic image shows different cell types in the normal mammary ducts of a mouse. (medicalxpress.com)

The deficient mice exhibited defects in early differentiation of T and B lymphocytes, and failed to form lobulo-alveolar mammary structures during pregnancy. (nih.gov)
Although mice have provided the primary model for study of mammary growth and development, a single model species cannot provide comprehensive knowledge. (frontiersin.org)
Using gene-targeted mice where the LXCXE binding cleft on pRB has been disrupted (R b l^ and RblNF), we have discovered that pRB plays a crucial role in mammary gland development. (uwo.ca)
Here I show that LXCXE-dependent growth control by pRB blocks formation of mammary tumours in Wap-p53R172Htransgenic mice. (uwo.ca)
Ex vivo fibroblasts from mice fed dietary-AGEs retain an activated phenotype and promoted epithelial migration and invasion of non-transformed immortalized and tumor-derived mammary epithelial cells. (biomedcentral.com)
We observed a disruption in mammary gland development when mice were fed a diet high in AGEs. (biomedcentral.com)

This protein was shown to activate antiapoptotic kinase AKT/PKB through a signaling complex involving SRC kinase and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) 6, which indicated this protein may have a role in the regulation of cell apoptosis. (nih.gov)
Cytokine binding to the cell surface leads to phosphorylation of the receptor complex by receptor associated Janus kinases (JAKs) at tyrosine residues. (nature.com)
In the article "Notch-induced Expression of FZD7 Required Noncanonical NOTCH3 Signaling in Human Breast E0pithelial Cells" , the researchers provide evidence that Notch-induced expression of FZD7 is controlled only by the NOTCH3 receptor and in a unique way that differs from other demonstrated mechanisms of Notch-mediated modulation of the Wnt signaling pathway. (eurekalert.org)
OPG binds RANKL as a decoy receptor, inhibiting the activation of RANK by RANKL and preventing the differentiation of bone marrow precursor (monocyte/macrophage) cells to osteoclasts - cells that are central in the process of bone resorption [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Receptor tyrosine kinases have important roles in the development and progression of human tumors [ 8 ]. (medsci.org)
Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF), the c-met receptor and the behaviour of epithelial cells. (wikidata.org)
Mechanistically, we found that the receptor for AGE (RAGE) is required for AGE-mediated increases in epithelial cell migration and invasion. (biomedcentral.com)
BT-474 cells, obtained expression of the receptor has important implications for their biology from American Type Culture Collection, were maintained in RPMI 1640 and therapy (1). (lu.se)
The EspA organelle is used to transfer the translocated intimin receptor (Tir), which is then inserted into the host cell membrane, where it binds to intimin, a bacterial outer membrane protein ( 9 , 10 ) and triggers the host cytoskeletal events that lead to attaching/effacing lesion formation. (cdc.gov)

This protein was shown to be a dentritic cell survival factor and is involved in the regulation of T cell-dependent immune response. (nih.gov)
But in this time stage, the mammary gland does not produce milk, protein, anything. (futurelearn.com)
New Rochelle, NY, April 4, 2016--A new study shows that Frizzled7 (FZD7), a protein present on human breast epithelial cells and a component of the Wnt signaling pathway is uniquely controlled by the Notch signaling pathway, both of which play key roles in mammary gland formation and breast cancer development. (eurekalert.org)
From development to aging and disease, the brain parenchyma is under the constant threat of debris accumulation, in the form of dead cells and protein aggregates. (frontiersin.org)
Adipocyte-derived factors involved in tumor progression include proteins such as adiponectin, leptin, TNF-α, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), IL-6, and ECM components that control tumor cell behavior within the tumor microenvironment. (jci.org)
The primary function of the mammary gland is to provide nutrition for the young in the form of milk protein and fat. (biologists.com)
We used massive, parallel, high-throughput, RNA-seq to generate the bovine transcriptome from the mammary glands of four lactating Holstein cows with extremely high and low phenotypic values of milk protein and fat percentage. (biomedcentral.com)
The ER81 ETS protein, for example, is activated in human breast cancer cells by the oncoprotein HER-2, resulting in over-expression of the prosurvival telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
To identify factors that help non-cancerous mammary gland stem cells (MaSCs) resist differentiation and retain their capacity to self-renew, Yibin Kang, the Warner-Lambert/Parke-Davis Professor of Molecular Biology, and colleagues searched for short RNA molecules called microRNAs that can bind and inhibit protein-coding messenger RNAs to reduce the levels of specific proteins. (medicalxpress.com)
The researchers identified one microRNA, called miR-199a, that helps MaSCs retain their stem-cell activity by suppressing the production of a protein called LCOR, which binds DNA to regulate gene expression. (medicalxpress.com)
We think that blocking the activity of this protein, or other molecules that this protein interacts with, could help us to identify new targets which could aid the development of new drugs and improve outcomes for patients. (breastcancernow.org)
Going forwards, we want to discover ways to block this protein, which may help us ultimately stop communication between cancer cells and surrounding healthy cells. (breastcancernow.org)
Protein Tyrosine kinase 6 (PTK6/BRK) is overexpressed in the majority of human breast tumors and breast tumor cell lines. (oncotarget.com)
EspB, a protein thought to be involved in pore formation, is transferred to the host cell by this conduit and is found in both the host cell membrane and cytosol ( 7 ). (cdc.gov)
EspB, with the aid of a second membrane lytic protein, EspD, forms pores in the host cell as part of the translocation mechanism ( 8 ). (cdc.gov)

The journal is dedicated to communication and objective analysis of developments in the biology, characteristics, and therapeutic utility of stem cells, especially those of the hematopoietic system. (eurekalert.org)
Insights into the biology of stem cells will be gained by confirmation and characterization of candidate MaSC markers identified in this study. (frontiersin.org)
Also covered in detail was the basic cell biology of EMT and its role in cancer and fibrosis, as well as the identification of new markers to facilitate the observation of EMT in vivo. (rupress.org)
Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia. (uib.no)
I am a clinician-scientist and Joint Head of the ACRF Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division and Breast Cancer Laboratory. (edu.au)
The study, which will be published in the June issue of Nature Cell Biology , suggests that this "microRNA" promotes particularly deadly forms of breast cancer and that inhibiting the effects of this molecule could improve the efficacy of existing breast cancer therapies. (medicalxpress.com)
This is a very nice study linking a normal and malignant mammary gland stem cell program to protection from immune modulators," said Michael Clarke, the Karel H. and Avice N. Beekhuis Professor in Cancer Biology at Stanford School of Medicine, Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, who first discovered breast cancer stem cells but was not involved in this study. (medicalxpress.com)
Cell biology has always fascinated me, from the early days of secondary school science. (breastcancernow.org)

A surprising recent discovery has been that mammary epithelial cells commit to differentiated lineages using the same signalling pathways that regulate lineage determination in T helper cells. (biologists.com)

Evidence supporting the potential ability to regulate Notch-mediated Wnt signaling by targeting the NOTCH3-FZD7signaling network is presented in the study published in Stem Cells and Development , a peer-reviewed journal from Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers . (eurekalert.org)

The mammary gland is one of exocrine organs which is like salivary glands that produce saliva. (futurelearn.com)
But dissimilar to the salivary glands the functional and maturation process of mammary gland is very unique. (futurelearn.com)

Researchers reportedly told journalists that the presence of fetal cells in the mother's blood "may also benefit mothers by putting the immune system on alert for malignant cells to destroy. (abortionbreastcancer.com)
Prevents synthesis of the oncoprotein E7 in epithelial cells infected by HPV, inhibiting the process of malignant transformation. (bazkidfarma.com)

Because mammary glands develop only after sexual maturation. (futurelearn.com)
In early life, the thymus is responsible for the development and maturation of cell-mediated immunologic functions. (medscape.com)

T cells and macrophages preferentially localized near or within epithelial bilayers, rather than the intralobular stroma. (uib.no)
T cells and macrophages are so intimately associated with the epithelia that they are embedded within the bilayer, suggesting an important role for immune-epithelial cell interactions. (uib.no)
ETP augmented fibrosis, angiogenesis, and inflammation through recruitment of macrophages and endothelial cells. (jci.org)
These stem cells, located in the outer layer of the gland, are exposed to microenvironmental factors and interact with various immune cells, including macrophages, in the mammary gland. (medicalxpress.com)
Kang and colleagues found that LCOR sensitizes cells to the effects of interferon-signaling molecules released from epithelial and immune cells, particularly macrophages, in the mammary gland. (medicalxpress.com)

Mammary gland development occurs through distinctive stages throughout embryonic and pubertal development and reproductive life. (biologists.com)
There are three main stages of mammary gland development both in rodents and humans: embryonic, pubertal and adult. (biologists.com)
Additionally, CITED1 and ERα localize to the same epithelial cells of the pubertal mammary gland, supporting a role for interaction of these two proteins during normal development. (elsevierpure.com)

KVINOL - contains of highly pure indole-3-carbinol, that normalize metabolism of estrogen in a woman's body and prevents development of hormone-dependent and hormone-independent diseases. (bazkidfarma.com)

Hence, the adipocyte, as a major constituent of the mammary tumor stroma ( 3 ), is a likely contributor to tumor growth. (jci.org)
By contrast, down-regulation of EGFR-ERK signaling due to gain of Sprouty function in the stroma led to stunted epithelial branching. (muni.cz)

During early embryonic development, paracrine/juxtacrine signaling of hCG induces blastulation and neurulation. (wikipedia.org)
RU-486, a drug commonly used to terminate pregnancy in its early stages, acts not only to abort the embryo, but also to inhibit normal embryonic development. (wikipedia.org)
Trophoblast differentiation in embryoid bodies derived from human embryonic stem cells. (wikipedia.org)

Hormonal regulation occurs at every stage of development. (wikipedia.org)
LincRNA-p21 participates in TP53-dependent transcriptional repression leading to apoptosis and seem to have to effect on cell-cycle regulation. (lsbio.com)
The normal function of EphA2 is not fully understood, but it is thought to function in the regulation of cell growth, angiogenesis, survival and migration [ 9 - 11 ]. (medsci.org)
Has positive effect on hyperplastic processes in the female reproductive system caused by disturbances in regulation of cell division. (bazkidfarma.com)
This review will provide an update on the Hh signalling pathway and its role in the regulation of normal mammary development and the aetiology of breast cancer. (biomedcentral.com)

Generation of a functional mammary gland from a single stem cell. (edu.au)
To explore whether the downregulation of AP-2alpha and AP-2gamma is of functional significance for lactogenic differentiation, we analyzed the expression of the AP-2 family members during the lactogenic differentiation of HC11 mammary epithelial cells in vitro. (biomedcentral.com)
Taken together, this work demonstrates a unique functional connection between pRB and TGF-p in growth control and mammary development. (uwo.ca)

During pregnancy, again, you see the development of mammary gland alveoli. (futurelearn.com)
In the woman's breast, this process of cell differentiation is directed by hormones produced in the later stages of pregnancy. (ewtn.com)

Upon cytokine stimulation, STAT5 tyrosine phosphorylation (pYSTAT5) is transient, while in diverse neoplastic cells persistent overexpression and enhanced pYSTAT5 are frequently found. (nature.com)
We found that O-GlcNAcylation and tyrosine phosphorylation act together to trigger pYSTAT5 levels and oncogenic transcription in neoplastic cells. (nature.com)
Similar to findings in the prostate, we detect nuclear and cytoplasmic PTK6 in normal mammary gland epithelial cells, but no phosphorylation of tyrosine residue 342. (oncotarget.com)

Current interest in this process, which is described as an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), stems from its developmental importance and its involvement in several adult pathologies. (rupress.org)
The EMT International Association was formed in 2002 to provide an international body for those interested in EMT and the reverse process, mesenchymal-epithelial transition, and, most importantly, to bring together those working on EMT in development, cancer, fibrosis, and pathology. (rupress.org)
A Systematic Review of Mesenchymal Epithelial Transition Factor (MET) and Its Impact in the Development and Treatment of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. (lu.se)

Vasudeva Bhat, Yu Jia Sun, Steve Weger, and Afshin Raouf, University Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada, determined how the Notch signaling pathway uniquely regulates a specific component of the Wnt signaling pathway--the FZD7receptor--in human breast epithelial cells. (eurekalert.org)

That is a very immature stage of mammary gland alveoli which is a place for milk productions. (futurelearn.com)
So you can see the mammary gland epithelial cells in mammary gland alveoli. (futurelearn.com)

Expression of phenotypical changes by human breast epithelial cells treated with carcinogens in vitro. (abortionbreastcancer.com)
Herein we utilize a newly generated PyMT mammary tumor mouse model with conditional paxillin ablation in breast tumor epithelial cells, combined with in vitro three-dimensional (3D) tumor organoids invasion analysis and 2D calcium switch assays, to assess the roles for paxillin in breast tumor cell invasion. (bvsalud.org)

Stem Cells and Development is an authoritative peer-reviewed journal published 24 times per year in print and online. (eurekalert.org)
A complete table of contents and free sample issue may be viewed on the Stem Cells and Development website. (eurekalert.org)
The article is available free on the Stem Cells and Development website until May 4, 2016. (eurekalert.org)
Retention of labeled DNA strands may be attributed to the ability of stem cells to retain the parental DNA strand during asymmetric cell division ( Cairns, 1975 ) or to quiescence of the stem cell population such that the DNA label is not diluted by frequent cell divisions ( Klein and Simons, 2011 ). (frontiersin.org)
The luminal cells (red) are milk-producing cells and the basal cells (green) have contractile functions, but also are responsible for regenerating the mammary gland, as they contain the majority of mammary gland stem cells. (medicalxpress.com)
Stem cells give rise to the different cell types in adult tissues but, in order to maintain these tissues throughout adulthood, stem cells must retain their activity for decades. (medicalxpress.com)
They do this by "self-renewing," dividing to form additional stem cells, and resisting the effects of environmental signals that would otherwise cause them to prematurely differentiate into other cell types. (medicalxpress.com)
Many tumors also contain so-called " cancer stem cells " that can drive tumor formation. (medicalxpress.com)
Some tumors, such as triple-negative breast cancers, are particularly deadly because they contain large numbers of cancer stem cells that self-renew and resist differentiation. (medicalxpress.com)
Kang and colleagues found that miR-199a was also expressed in human and mouse breast cancer stem cells. (medicalxpress.com)
Just as boosting miR-199a levels helped normal mammary gland stem cells retain their activity, the researchers showed that miR-199a enhanced the ability of cancer stem cells to form tumors. (medicalxpress.com)
By increasing LCOR levels, in contrast, they could reduce the tumor-forming capacity of the cancer stem cells. (medicalxpress.com)
It clearly has therapeutic implications for designing strategies to rationally target the breast cancer stem cells with immune modulators. (medicalxpress.com)
Toni Celià -Terrassa, an associate research scholar in the Kang lab and the first author of the study, said, "This study unveils a new property of breast cancer stem cells that give them advantages in their interactions with the immune system, and therefore it represents an excellent opportunity to exploit for improving immunotherapy of cancer. (medicalxpress.com)

Then, we will discuss several principles that govern macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis), including the existence of redundant recognition mechanisms ("find-me" and "eat-me") that lead to a tight coupling between apoptosis and phagocytosis. (frontiersin.org)
CD24 is involved in regulating B cell apoptosis and in preventing terminal differentiation of B cells into antibody-secreting plasmablasts and plasma cells. (stemcell.com)
induces growth arrest or apoptosis depending on the physiological circumstances and cell type. (lsbio.com)
Encouragingly, CaCO3@Cur@QTX125@HA nanoparticles successfully internalized into CRC patient-derived organoid (PDO) models and induced apoptosis of tumor cells. (bvsalud.org)

CD24 is differentially expressed during T and B cell development, and is not found on the majority of mature peripheral T cells or plasma cells. (stemcell.com)

Density (cells/mm2) of T and B lymphocytes in situ decreased with age. (uib.no)
The thymus is composed predominantly of epithelial cells and lymphocytes. (medscape.com)
Precursor cells migrate to the thymus and differentiate into lymphocytes. (medscape.com)
Most of these lymphocytes are destroyed, with the remainder of these cells migrating to tissues to become T cells. (medscape.com)

Immune-epithelial cell interactions are important during mammary gland development and the immune system plays an important role in BC progression. (uib.no)

She is a senior investigator and head of the molecular mechanisms in development section at the National Cancer Institute. (wikipedia.org)
O-GlcNAcylation of STAT5 could be required for nutrient sensing and metabolism of cancer cells. (nature.com)
16 Cancer cells exhibit elevated levels of O-GlcNAc, possibly to adjust to stringent metabolic demands and O-GlcNAcylation is a key metabolic regulator of glucose metabolism. (nature.com)
2. "Fetal cell transplant could be a hidden link between childbirth and reduced risk of breast cancer," Medical Research News, October 3, 2007. (abortionbreastcancer.com)
What can Frizzled7 reveal about breast cancer development? (eurekalert.org)
These results are acutely of interest to breast cancer researchers but also have wider implications for our understanding of normal development. (eurekalert.org)
Scientific Advisory Boards: National Breast Cancer Foundation, National Stem Cell Foundation of Australia and Cancer Science Institute (Singapore), Victorian Cancer Biobank, Pfizer, AbbVie. (edu.au)
Board Member: National Stem Cell Foundation of Australia, Executive member kConFab (Kathleen Cuningham Foundation Consortium for research into Familial Breast cancer). (edu.au)
Hormones and growth factors play a role in these different stages of mammary development and are also implicated in breast cancer. (biologists.com)
Instead of protecting the breast from cancer, abortion leaves millions of breast cells suspended in transitional states. (ewtn.com)
This period of rapid growth towards maturity is when breast cells arc most likely to be affected by certain cancer causing agents, or "carcinogens. (ewtn.com)
Cellular uptake showed that CaCO3@Cur@QTX125@HA nanoparticles were efficiently taken up by cancer cells and significantly inhibited their growth. (bvsalud.org)
Abrogated energy-dependent uptake of cisplatin in a cisplatin-resistant subline of the human ovarian cancer cell line IGROV-1. (wikidata.org)
arations verified the presence of cancer cells in all samples. (lu.se)
ESE-1 initiates transformation of MCF-12A cells via a non-transcriptional, cytoplasmic process that is mediated by a unique 40-amino acid serine and aspartic acid rich (SAR) subdomain, whereas, ESE-1's nuclear transcriptional property is required to maintain the transformed phenotype of MCF7, ZR-75-1 and T47D breast cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
The role of the local microenvironment in influencing cell behavior is central to both normal development and cancer formation. (muni.cz)
Aberrant activation of the Hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathway has been unambiguously tied to cancer development and progression in a variety of solid malignancies, and the recent approval of vismodegib, an orally bioavailable small-molecule inhibitor of Smoothened, validates Hh signalling as a valuable therapeutic target. (biomedcentral.com)
I went on to study for a PhD, which investigated how proteins known as 'receptors' on the surface of cancer cells can encourage growth of a tumour . (breastcancernow.org)
Still working in breast cancer, I am now investigating how the tumour interacts with surrounding healthy cells, and how this influences growth and progression. (breastcancernow.org)
We have found that the proteins involved in cell movement (labelled green) are more active during the later stages of cancer, particularly invasive cancer. (breastcancernow.org)
The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
PTK6 is expressed in the normal human mammary gland, but does not appear to be active and may have kinase-independent functions that are distinct from its cancer promoting activities at the membrane. (oncotarget.com)
PTK6 was identified in human metastatic breast cancer [ 2 ], and is overexpressed in the majority of human breast cancers and in most breast tumor cell lines [ 3 - 5 ]. (oncotarget.com)

The mammary gland distinguishes mammals from all other animals with its unique anatomical structure that secretes milk for the nourishment of the newborn. (futurelearn.com)
In female mammals, growth and development of mammary glands occur primarily postnatally, with mammary function in the mature animal being tightly coupled to reproductive strategy. (frontiersin.org)
In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the canonical Hh signalling pathway in mammals, highlight its roles in mammary gland development and breast carcinogenesis and discuss its potential therapeutic value in BLBC. (biomedcentral.com)

The aim of this review is to highlight current insights into the roles of choline and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in maternal and infant nutrition, with special emphasis on dietary recommendations, gaps in dietary intake, and synergistic implications of both nutrients in infant brain and eye development. (mdpi.com)

their evolution from distinct cell lineages. (lu.se)

Genetic or teratogenic disruption of Hh signalling during development in vertebrates results in a characteristic series of anomalies [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Transcriptional signature analyses suggested age-dependent decline in adaptive immune cell populations and functions and increased innate immune cell activity. (uib.no)

3 STAT5 regulated signaling controls important functions of innate and acquired immunity, hematopoiesis, and also growth and survival of many cell types in different organs responding to extracellular cytokines. (nature.com)
Consistent with disrupted STAT5 function, Erbb4 Flox/Flox Wap-Cre mammary glands at parturition failed to express the mammary epithelial differentiation marker NPT2B. (silverchair.com)

Esta Sterneck is an Austrian molecular biologist researching the functions of the C/EBPδ][CEBPD transcription factor as tumor suppressor as well as tumor promoter in breast epithelial cells and cells of the tumor microenvironment. (wikipedia.org)
Sterneck's research investigates signaling pathways with emphasis on pro-inflammatory molecules in breast epithelial cells and cells of the tumor microenvironment. (wikipedia.org)
Adipocytes represent a major cell type in the mammary tumor microenvironment and are important for tumor growth. (jci.org)
Moreover, ETP expression was associated with aggressive mammary tumor growth and high metastatic growth. (jci.org)
More recent data show that OPG is also produced in breast tumor cells, and that it can promote tumor growth and metastasis [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In paxillin-depleted 3D tumor organoids, collective cell invasion was substantially perturbed. (bvsalud.org)

By using immunohistochemistry we investigated the expression of EphA2 and EphrinA-1 in 217 early squamous cell cervical carcinomas and examine their prognostic relevance. (medsci.org)

Human mast cells induce osteoclastogenesis through cell surface RANKL. (nih.gov)
A milieu of hormones simultaneously affects development of the fetus during embryogenesis and the mother, including human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and progesterone (P4). (wikipedia.org)
Study on reproductive endocrinology of human placenta (II): hormone secreting activity of cytotrophoblast cells. (wikipedia.org)
18 Both enzymes, OGT and OGA as well as multiple O-GlcNAcylated proteins are enriched at sites of active transcription in human cells. (nature.com)
Development of the human mammary gland. (abortionbreastcancer.com)
cows provide an additional experimental model for human breast development. (frontiersin.org)
The HIV-1 protease enzyme is responsible for enabling the HIV virus to replicate inside human cells and is a major target for intervention via anti-HIV drugs. (sheffield.ac.uk)
In the human reproductive process, two kinds of sex cells ( gametes), are involved: the male gamete (sperm), and the female gamete (egg or ovum). (wikibooks.org)
Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) inhibition transforms human mammary gland epithelial cells. (lsbio.com)
To date, expression of PTK6 has not been extensively examined in the normal human mammary gland. (oncotarget.com)

Progesterone induces the differentiation of pluripotent hESC to neural precursor cells. (wikipedia.org)
Normally, Hh ligand secreted by the notochord induces the ventral cell fate specification in the entire neural tube. (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy50

Organisms17

Diseases13

Chemicals and Drugs58

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment21

Phenomena and Processes39

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science3

Epithelium19

Mouse mammary3

Proliferation16

Morphogenesis9

Normal mammary gland development3

Tumorigenesis5

Stromal3

Bovine mammary gland2

Lactation5

Puberty3

Genes10

Prolactin4

Epidermal3

Progenitor cells4

Tissue22

Ducts3

Mice6

Receptor9

Protein15

Biology8

Pathways that regulate1

Regulate1

Salivary2

Malignant2

Maturation2

Macrophages5

Pubertal3

Estrogen1

Stroma2

Embryonic3

Regulation5

Functional3

Pregnancy2

Phosphorylation3

Transition3

Regulates1

Alveoli2

Vitro2

Stem Cells14

Apoptosis4

Peripheral1

Lymphocytes4

Interactions are important1

Cancer23

Mammals3

Roles1

Lineages1

Disruption1

Transcriptional1

STAT52

Tumor6

Immunohistochemistry1

Human10

Induces2