Mice lacking Akt1 are also resistant to cancer: They experience considerable delay in tumor growth initiated by the large T antigen or the Neu oncogene. (wikipedia.org)
AKT8 was isolated from a spontaneous thymoma cell line derived from AKR mice by cocultivation with an indicator mink cell line. (wikipedia.org)
Further inbreeding was undertaken with Ak mice at the Rockefeller Institute in 1936, leading to the designation of the AKR mouse strain. (wikipedia.org)
in 1953, he reported parotid tumors in these mice. (cdc.gov)
So in 1956, when Stewart approached Eddy for assistance growing the agent causing parotid tumors in mice, Eddy readily agreed and the 2 women rapidly worked out the characteristics of the agent that was not referred to as a virus in their publications until 1959. (cdc.gov)
Lathrop sends mice that developed tumors to Leo Loeb at the University of Pennsylvania , who publishes pioneering papers on cancer. (jax.org)
The strain is now valued as a source of embryonic stem cells for making knockout mice. (jax.org)
Intranasal immunization of mice with Tm-WAP49 formulated with the adjuvant OCH, a truncated analog of alpha-GalCer with adjuvanticity to stimulate natural killer T cells (NKT) and mucosal immunity, induced significantly high levels of IgG and its subclasses (IgG1 and IgG2a) in immunized mice. (bvsalud.org)
Viral4
This is a photograph of Sarah Elizabeth Stewart, PhD, MD (1905-1976), whose discoveries involving the murine polyomavirus with Bernice Eddy, PhD, propelled the then-reluctant field of oncology to pursue viral etiologies of cancer. (cdc.gov)
To understand Stewart's role in catalyzing viral oncology research, it is necessary to recognize that until the 1950s, scientists dismissed the idea that viruses could cause cancer. (cdc.gov)
Even after Stewart confirmed Gross's findings in 1953, the scientific community still did not acknowledge viral causes of mammalian cancer. (cdc.gov)
These proteins have been implicated in control of viral transcription and may possibly serve as the "glue" that binds the nucleocapsid to the appropriate membrane site during viral budding from the host cell. (lookformedical.com)
Mammary3
It took many decades before the seminal contributions of several virologists studying cancers were appreciated, such as Peyton Rous' 1911 discovery of the Rous sarcoma virus (which caused tumors in chickens), and discoveries of Richard Shope (rabbit fibroma) and John Bittner (mouse mammary carcinoma) in the 1930s. (cdc.gov)
L. C. Strong breeds a Bagg albino with an albino from Little 's stock and starts the first of many tumor-prone strains, called the A strain, known for mammary and lung tumors. (jax.org)
Abrogation of TGF beta signaling in mammary carcinomas recruits Gr-1+CD11b+ myeloid cells that promote metastasis. (academicinfluence.com)
Genetically2
George D. Snell of The Jackson Laboratory won the 1980 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for "discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions. (jax.org)
The mechanism by which latent viruses, such as genetically transmitted tumor viruses ( PROVIRUSES ) or PROPHAGES of lysogenic bacteria, are induced to replicate and then released as infectious viruses. (lookformedical.com)
Proliferation1
They also demonstrated that the virus causes cell necrosis and proliferation in cell culture, that it is highly antigenic, and that it leads to formation of specific antibodies in infected animals whether or not tumors develop. (cdc.gov)
Polyomavirus1
At Eddy's suggestion, the virus was dubbed polyoma, which means many tumors, and they named it the SE (Stewart-Eddy) polyomavirus. (cdc.gov)
Latent1
The ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant within a cell (latent infection). (lookformedical.com)
Gene1
Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses. (lookformedical.com)
Antigenic1
Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity. (lookformedical.com)
Mouse2
In 1977, a transforming retrovirus was isolated from the AKR mouse. (wikipedia.org)
Together they showed that the virus produced 20 types of mouse tumors and could cause tumors in other small mammals. (cdc.gov)
Molecular1
Specific molecular components of the cell capable of recognizing and interacting with a virus, and which, after binding it, are capable of generating some signal that initiates the chain of events leading to the biological response. (lookformedical.com)
Newborn1
It produces malignancy in human and newborn hamster kidney cell cultures. (lookformedical.com)
Lymphocytes1
They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation. (lookformedical.com)
PLANTS1
Process of growing viruses in live animals, plants, or cultured cells. (lookformedical.com)
Growth3
Growth inhibitor from BSC-1 cells closely related to platelet type beta transforming growth factor. (academicinfluence.com)
Transforming growth factor production by chemically transformed cells. (academicinfluence.com)
A highly immunogenic tumor transfected with a murine transforming growth factor type beta 1 cDNA escapes immune surveillance. (academicinfluence.com)
Animal1
In 1944, when Stewart requested support to study the link between animal tumors and viruses, the directors of the NIH Laboratory of Microbiology and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) refused on the grounds that the proposal seemed dubious and that she lacked appropriate qualifications. (cdc.gov)
Sequences1
The transforming cellular sequences, v-akt, were cloned from a transformed mink cell clone and these sequences were used to identify Akt1 and Akt2 in a human clone library. (wikipedia.org)
Means1
Virus shedding is an important means of vertical transmission (INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL). (lookformedical.com)
Results1
The results of their collaboration were picked up by a 1959 Time Magazine cover story, citing John Heller, then the NCI director, "the hottest thing in cancer research is research on viruses as possible causes of cancer. (cdc.gov)
Type2
The type species of LYMPHOCRYPTOVIRUS, subfamily GAMMAHERPESVIRINAE , infecting B-cells in humans. (lookformedical.com)
The type species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS, related to COWPOX VIRUS , but whose true origin is unknown. (lookformedical.com)
Cellular2
It was also associated with the robust cellular responses including functional subsets of CD4 T cells producing IL-4, and cytotoxic CD8 T cells expressing granzyme B. The worm reduction achieved by mucosal immunization was higher than that induced by subcutaneous immunization. (bvsalud.org)
Intranasal immunization also induced a significantly higher nasal mucosa-secreted antigen-specific IgA response, as well as higher functional cellular responses including CD4+IL4+ (Th1) and CD8+GnzB+ (Th2) T cells, and antigen-specific INFγ-producing T cells in both spleen and MLNs and antibody-producing B cells (CD19+B220+/B220+GL7+). (bvsalud.org)
Important1
TGF-beta and immune cells: an important regulatory axis in the tumor microenvironment and progression. (academicinfluence.com)
Live1
In 1954, Eddy had been sidelined for whistleblowing about the presence of live virus in Jonas Salk's inactivated polio vaccine (the infamous Cutter incident). (cdc.gov)
Long-term1
Mucosal immunization further induced long-term T lymphocyte memory with increased central (CD62L+CD44+) and effector (CD62L-CD44+) memory subsets of both CD4 and CD8 T cells at 60 days after the last immunization. (bvsalud.org)
Origin1
The semilunar-shaped ganglion containing the cells of origin of most of the sensory fibers of the trigeminal nerve. (lookformedical.com)