Middle earLocalizationAvianAuditoryCochleaVocal tractOptical coherenceEardrumVibrationsSensitivityMorganucodonHearingHairsSpeciesInner earEnormousEvolutionaryFossilBoneFrequencyTransmitPreyCochlear responsesIncusAdaptationEarsWavesWildlifeBonesCellsEvolutionHorizontal planeSuggestsNeuronsStudyNaturalCellHeartIntensityAlarmHumansPlayComplexDirectlySystemMainGood
Middle ear14
- The evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles was an evolutionary process that resulted in the formation of the bones of the mammalian middle ear. (wikipedia.org)
- The transition between the "reptilian" jaw and the "mammalian" middle ear was not bridged in the fossil record until the 1950s with the elaboration of such fossils as the now-famous Morganucodon. (wikipedia.org)
- The mammalian middle ear contains three tiny bones known as the ossicles: malleus, incus, and stapes. (wikipedia.org)
- By comparison, the middle ear bones are a part of the lower jaw and form the jaw hinge in pre-mammalian relatives (see the example of Morganucodon ). (eurekalert.org)
- This new remarkably well preserved fossil, as reported in the October 9 issue of the prestigious journal Science , offers an important insight into how the mammalian middle ear evolved. (eurekalert.org)
- Thanks to their intricate middle ear structure, mammals (including humans) have more sensitive hearing, discerning a wider range of sounds than other vertebrates. (eurekalert.org)
- Mammalian hearing adaptation is made possible by a sophisticated middle ear of three tiny bones, known as the hammer (malleus), the anvil (incus), and the stirrup (stapes), plus a bony ring for the eardrum (tympanic membrane). (eurekalert.org)
- This middle ear connection, also known as the ossified Meckel's cartilage, resembles the embryonic condition of living mammals and the primitive middle ear of pre-mammalian ancestors. (eurekalert.org)
- Middle Ear Function: Overview, What is Sound? (medscape.com)
- In common with the mammalian ear, the ear of an owl has three recognisable regions: the outer ear, middle ear and inner ear. (bto.org)
- Sound reaches the ear in the form of pressure waves, which are then channelled towards the ear drum, which is located within the middle ear. (bto.org)
- The evolution of the mammalian jaw joint and middle ear is said to be well-documented and includes Morganucodon , which is believed to show a key step in this transition. (creation.com)
- The evolution of the mammalian jaw and middle ear is said to be well-documented and important as a demonstration of transitional forms and exaptation. (creation.com)
- However, there are problems with the theory that the mammalian middle ear structures which developed at the angle of the lower jaw were transferred to the basicranium, and there is no clear consensus on the origin and evolution of the mammalian eardrum. (creation.com)
Localization4
- It is important in the localization of sounds , as it provides a cue to the direction or angle of the sound source from the head. (wikipedia.org)
- 2014 ) Resolution of interaural time differences in the avian sound localization circuit-a modeling study. (neurotree.org)
- In vivo coincidence detection in mammalian sound localization generates phase delays. (wustl.edu)
- In the horizontal plane, sound localization is achieved by means of binaural cues, which are processed and interpreted by the ascending auditory pathway. (uni-muenchen.de)
Avian2
- For distribution of Bbsl across Canada, we conducted a 4-year, tick-host study (2013-2016), and collected ticks from avian and mammalian hosts from Atlantic Canada to the West Coast. (canlyme.com)
- It is found on mucous membranes of mammalian and avian hosts. (cdc.gov)
Auditory3
- However, the frequency ranges for which the auditory system can use ITDs and ILDs significantly overlap, and most natural sounds will have both high and low frequency components, so that the auditory system will in most cases have to combine information from both ITDs and ILDs to judge the location of a sound source. (wikipedia.org)
- Abstract: The exquisite sensitivity and frequency discrimination of mammalian hearing derive from forces generated by outer hair cells (OHCs) within the auditory portion of the inner ear, the cochlea. (usc.edu)
- 2015 ) Systematic and differential myelination of axon collaterals in the mammalian auditory brainstem. (neurotree.org)
Cochlea5
- These forces amplify the sound-induced vibrations within the tissues of the cochlea to enhance quiet sounds and sharpen frequency tuning. (usc.edu)
- Our group has pioneered the technique of using optical coherence tomography to measure sound-induced vibrations within the mammalian cochlea without opening the bone that surrounds it, thus minimizing artifacts. (usc.edu)
- Truncated abstract] The mammalian cochlea receives an efferent innervation which originates in the superior olive. (edu.au)
- While the function of the lateral efferent system in the cochlea is still unknown, previous studies have identified both excitatory and inhibitory changes in sound-evoked and spontaneous cochlear responses attributable to the lateral efferent system. (edu.au)
- The first experiments in this thesis were designed to determine if activation or blockade of different dopamine receptor subtypes in the cochlea could lead to both excitatory and inhibitory changes in sound-evoked and spontaneous cochlear responses. (edu.au)
Vocal tract2
- Here we test this hypothesis by probing vocal tract allometry in a proven mammalian vocal learner, the harbour seal (Phoca vitulina). (mpi.nl)
- Fitch's study demonstrated that the mammalian vocal tract is dynamic, thereby challenging Lieberman's conclusions about the speech abilities of other primates. (elpais.com)
Optical coherence1
- use optical coherence tomography to record sound-evoked cochlear responses at the apex of live gerbils, guinea pigs, and chinchillas. (jneurosci.org)
Eardrum4
- and thus improving the efficient transmission of sound energy from the eardrum to the inner ear structures. (wikipedia.org)
- A mammal has (among other things) a single jaw bone (the dentary), a dentary-squamosal jaw joint and three ear bones (the malleus, incus, and stapes) which transmit sound from the eardrum, as shown diagrammatically in figure 2. (creation.com)
- Reptiles, on the other hand, have a jaw made up of several bones, a jaw joint formed by the articular and quadrate bones and only one ear bone, the columella (sometimes called the stapes), transmitting sound from the eardrum. (creation.com)
- Simultaneously, an eardrum evolved as a new sound receiver. (creation.com)
Vibrations2
- Through the ear drum and a single bone, the airborne sound waves are then transformed into fluid-borne vibrations which trigger thousands of minute hairs within the inner ear. (bto.org)
- The brain must identify and locate different sound sources from the vibrations of the ear drums - a daunting task! (wustl.edu)
Sensitivity2
- The net effect of this impedance matching is to greatly increase the overall sensitivity and upper frequency limits of mammalian hearing, as compared to reptilian hearing. (wikipedia.org)
- Glycinergic axonal inhibition subserves acute spatial sensitivity to sudden increases in sound intensity eLife . (wustl.edu)
Morganucodon1
- Morganucodon ('Glamorgan tooth') is a mammalian genus which supposedly lived during the Late Triassic. (creation.com)
Hearing7
- A limitation of the duplex theory is that the theory does not completely explain directional hearing, as no explanation is given for the ability to distinguish between a sound source directly in front and behind. (wikipedia.org)
- Mammals have highly sensitive hearing, far better than the hearing capacity of all other vertebrates, and hearing is fundamental to the mammalian way of life. (eurekalert.org)
- Any dysfunction or disease of these components results in a conductive hearing loss, and clinically, an individual's inability to properly hear sound. (medscape.com)
- The study of hearing is often concerned with measuring the minimum intensity of sound that can be detected by the ear. (medscape.com)
- Therefore, hearing science uses a measure of sound intensity that compresses the units of measurement into a practical range. (medscape.com)
- this allows an owl to better pinpoint the source of a sound than is the case with human hearing and our symmetrically placed ears. (bto.org)
- Hearing involves analyzing the physical attributes of sounds and integrating the results of this analysis with other sensory, cognitive and motor variables in order to guide adaptive behavior. (elifesciences.org)
Hairs2
- Research has shown that the sensors of the lateral line of fishes have an uncanny similarity to sensory hairs inside the mammalian ear: the stereocilia. (rug.nl)
- Sounds of different frequencies reach different parts of the inner ear and trigger different hairs to move, the resulting signals building up a complex picture of the sounds being received. (bto.org)
Species3
- Despite this being considered the norm, allometry sometimes breaks, resulting in species sounding smaller or larger than expected. (mpi.nl)
- 2011). Mammalian migration record: implications for the recovery of an endangered species . (oregonstate.edu)
- To find out if this was possible in mammalian species, Takanori Takebe of the Tokyo Medical and Dental University and the Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center put rats, mice, and even pigs through survival tests to see if they had the same superpower. (syfy.com)
Inner ear2
Enormous2
- And, if you are looking for them, you can see the dancers dressed in dark clothing who support the enormous, mammalian prop on slender, upright poles. (thebanner.org)
- To make this enormous mammalian connection, Mangini simply took whale sounds and matched them to the appropriate trucks driven by or surrounding the film's now iconic villain, Immortan Joe. (inverse.com)
Evolutionary2
- The analysis of the new fossil suggests that the evolutionary pattern of the mammalian ear is directly related to timing changes in growth, as well as in changes in genes for mammalian development. (eurekalert.org)
- To evolutionary biologists, an understanding of how the sophisticated and highly sensitive mammalian ear evolved may illuminate how a new and complex structure transforms through evolution. (eurekalert.org)
Fossil1
- 1 Eight years later John Woodmorappe published an analysis of the character traits of 'mammal-like reptiles' (now referred to as non-mammalian synapsids) and fossil mammals. (creation.com)
Bone1
- The mammalian jaw joint is composed of different skull bones, including the dentary (the lower jaw bone which carries the teeth) and the squamosal (another small skull bone). (wikipedia.org)
Frequency5
- The duplex theory states that ITDs are used to localise low frequency sounds, in particular, while ILDs are used in the localisation of high frequency sound inputs. (wikipedia.org)
- This time delay correlates to the wavelength of a sound input with a frequency of 1500 Hz. (wikipedia.org)
- The results concluded that when a sound played had a frequency less than 1500 Hz the wavelength is greater than this maximum time delay between the ears. (wikipedia.org)
- With a sound input with a frequency closer to 1500 Hz the wavelength of the sound wave is similar to the natural time delay. (wikipedia.org)
- Wave frequency corresponds to what we perceive as pitch, whereas amplitude corresponds to the loudness or intensity of the sound. (medscape.com)
Transmit1
- Until now attention has focused on mammalian sources, primarily pigs and cows, but these can transmit diseases through protein impurities. (scientificamerican.com)
Prey2
- Barn Owls have been shown to use sound frequencies above 8.5 kHz to direct and make an accurate strike at a prey item. (bto.org)
- The ability to localize sounds is of profound importance for animals, as it enables them to detect prey and predators. (uni-muenchen.de)
Cochlear responses1
- Sound-evoked (compound action potential, summating potential, cochlear microphonic) and spontaneous cochlear responses were recorded before and after perfusion. (edu.au)
Incus1
- The discovery of the link in homology between the reptilian jaw joint and mammalian malleus and incus is considered an important milestone in the history of comparative anatomy. (wikipedia.org)
Adaptation1
- It sounds like an adaptation for living on an alien planet. (syfy.com)
Ears5
- The interaural time difference (or ITD ) when concerning humans or animals, is the difference in arrival time of a sound between two ears. (wikipedia.org)
- This pathlength difference results in a time difference between the sound's arrivals at the ears, which is detected and aids the process of identifying the direction of sound source. (wikipedia.org)
- The Duplex theory proposed by Lord Rayleigh (1907) provides an explanation for the ability of humans to localise sounds by time differences between the sounds reaching each ear (ITDs) and differences in sound level entering the ears (interaural level differences, ILDs). (wikipedia.org)
- Therefore, there is a phase difference between the sound waves entering the ears providing acoustic localisation cues. (wikipedia.org)
- The feathers of the ruff are thickened and, coupled with the filamentous 'auricular' feathers of the facial disc, help to channel sound towards the ears. (bto.org)
Waves4
- Sound represents a combination of waves that are generated by a vibrating sound source (or sources) and propagated through the air until they reach the ear. (medscape.com)
- The sounds we typically encounter in our environment are complex, consisting of a mixture of sine waves of various frequencies and intensities. (medscape.com)
- This process breaks down complex sounds into their composite sine waves. (medscape.com)
- The researchers think that the laser pulses rip apart the outer coats of the microbes in the same way that it's possible to smash a glass with sound waves. (thenakedscientists.com)
Wildlife2
- Lush rainforests, savannahs teeming with wildlife, fertile farmlands, and a diverse population of mammalian and plant life. (smartertravel.com)
- THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED that the American Society of Mammalogists, meeting at their 86th Annual Meeting at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts on 16-21 June 2006, calls upon the Governor of Alaska and the Alaska Board of Game to collect reliable data on populations of large carnivores and ungulates and to work closely with professional wildlife biologists to ensure the sound design of predator-control programs. (mammalogy.org)
Bones1
- The ear bones in Maotherium are partly separated from the jaw, and more similar to those in modern mammals than to mammaliaforms, but still retain the pre-mammalian condition in which the jaw and the ear are connected to each other. (eurekalert.org)
Cells2
- Human and mammalian cells have built-in defense mechanisms to deal with viral infections: when viral genetic material is detected, this triggers a cascade of events - including the release of interferon - designed to shut down the infection and notify neighboring cells of the threat. (uvm.edu)
- But mammalian cells, possibly because they are much larger, require between 20 and 100 times more energy to trigger the same process, so they're relatively invulnerable to the effect. (thenakedscientists.com)
Evolution2
- The mammalian ear evolution is important for understanding the origins of key mammalian adaptations. (eurekalert.org)
- See graphics of mammalian ear evolution, as represented by Maotherium ). (eurekalert.org)
Horizontal plane1
- Also the theory only relates to localising sounds in the horizontal plane around the head. (wikipedia.org)
Suggests1
- A recent hypothesis suggests that allometry-breaking animals cluster into two groups: those with anatomical adaptations to their vocal tracts and those capable of learning new sounds (vocal learners). (mpi.nl)
Neurons1
- By imaging cellular activity in the corticorecipient shell of the inferior colliculus of mice engaged in a sound detection task, we show that the majority of neurons encode information beyond the physical attributes of the stimulus and that the animals' behavior can be decoded from the activity of those neurons with a high degree of accuracy. (elifesciences.org)
Study1
- Surprised that this had not been done before, Fitch used x-ray imaging to study the vocal tracts of live animals while they were voicing sounds. (elpais.com)
Natural1
- natural mammalian oocyte regulation methods and protocols can be from the Jewish. (pckltdlaw.com)
Cell2
- Critical for the development and production of biotherapeutic products, cell culture for manufacturing requires scalable products that are traceable and pure yet economically sound. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- We are deeply committed to providing you with robust products to meet your mammalian cell culture needs. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Heart3
- Sound of the heart valves closing in a healthy 16 year old girl. (wikipedia.org)
- Four valves are usually present in a mammalian heart and together they determine the pathway of blood flow through the heart. (wikipedia.org)
- The four valves in the mammalian heart are two atrioventricular valves separating the upper atria from the lower ventricles - the mitral valve in the left heart, and the tricuspid valve in the right heart. (wikipedia.org)
Intensity3
- [1] A consequence of this duplex system is that it is also possible to generate so-called "cue trading" or "time-intensity trading" stimuli on headphones, where ITDs pointing to the left are offset by ILDs pointing to the right, so the sound is perceived as coming from the midline. (wikipedia.org)
- It is a relative scale, based on a ratio that compares sound intensity or pressure with a standard reference level. (medscape.com)
- The reference level used is the lowest sound pressure commonly detected by people and is equal to 20 uPa (2 X 10 -5 N/m 2 ), thus, the intensity level in decibel sound pressure level (SPL) = 20 log10 (sound pressure/20 uPa). (medscape.com)
Alarm1
- A five-fold increase in Lyme disease cases since 2009 concerns Canada's chief public health officer Dr. Gregory Taylor sounds alarm, doctors and Canadians need to get up to speed and better science needs to occur. (canlyme.com)
Humans1
- The focus is on physiological and anatomical studies of the mammalian nervous system as well as behavioral studies of animals and humans. (mit.edu)
Play1
- It had to be grounded in reality, but we wanted it to be more than that, so we designed whale sounds to play underneath all those truck sounds to embody the real sounds and to personify it. (inverse.com)
Complex2
- These complex sounds may be described mathematically by a Fourier transformation. (medscape.com)
- While lion roars are certainly impressive, they are simple vocalizations and nowhere near as complex as articulated sounds. (elpais.com)
Directly1
- Initial measurements found that there was a maximum time delay of approximately 660 μs when the sound source was placed at directly 90° azimuth to one ear. (wikipedia.org)
System1
Main1
Good1
- Sound good? (smartertravel.com)