• It can be offered to women with infertility problems, combined with In Vitro Fertilization (IVF), offering women pregnancy without ovarian stimulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 1935, Pincus & Enzmann did the first experiment on immature rabbit oocyte, showing in vitro spontaneous maturation and fertilization. (wikipedia.org)
  • During ovulation, the primary oocyte will resume meiosis in response to signals, arresting in metaphase meiosis II, ready for fertilization. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the United States, Legro's team tracked thousands of women undergoing in vitro fertilization, or IVF, along with the air quality of both the IVF clinics and patients' home locations. (asu.edu)
  • These protease-induced decreases in IGFBP-4 and -5 likely cause increased levels of bioavailable (or free) IGFs that stimulate steroidogenesis and mitogenesis in developing dominant follicles, which ultimately prepare the follicle(s) and oocyte(s) for successful ovulation and fertilization. (bioone.org)
  • Usage of melatonin during in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures has been found to improve oocyte quality, survival, and fecundity. (jrhm.org)
  • On the one hand, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are mandatory mediators for essential cellular functions including the function of germ cells (oocytes and spermatozoa) and thereby the fertilization process. (hindawi.com)
  • However, these techniques have to be carried out very carefully as they, if applied wrongly, bear risks of generating ROS damaging the germ cells and preventing fertilization. (hindawi.com)
  • This has been shown for intrauterine insemination (IUI), in vitro fertilization (IVF), and ICSI, and increased incidences of chromosomal abnormalities, minor and major birth defects, or early childhood cancers, particularly in the male offspring, have been linked to these procedures [ 8 - 16 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Ojeda's own work has identified a role for a different neurotrophic factor in the development and fertilization of oocytes. (the-scientist.com)
  • SECM technique may be a valuable tool for accurately assessing the quality of embryos and thereby contribute to improving outcomes associated with assisted reproduction, including human in vitro fertilization. (bioone.org)
  • 11 Among women undergoing in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer in the United States, deliveries per oocyte retrieved decreased from 36.9 percent among women under the age of 35 years to 20.5 percent among women between the ages of 38 and 40 years and to 10.7 percent among women between the ages of 41 and 42 years. (ldysinger.com)
  • Components and OPTIONS FOR in vivo test: In vitro maturation and fertilization maturation and fertilization had been carried out as described [21] previously. (bioskinrevive.com)
  • The present review discusses methods to improve oocyte quality in older women and new stimulation protocols that may improve the number of mature oocytes retrieved during an in vitro fertilization cycle. (arvigen.com)
  • Following germinal vesicle break down (GVBD) the oocyte is transcriptionally quiescent until fertilization and activation of the embryonic genome, occurring at the four-cell stage of development in the pig [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Despite considerable technological advancements, polyspermy remains a significant challenge in in-vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures in pigs, disrupting normal embryonic development. (e-jarb.org)
  • Assisted reproductive techniques for canines: preservation of genetic material in domestic dogs [3] "Assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs), such as artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, and cryopreservation of gametes/zygotes, have been developed to improve breeding and reproduction of livestock and for the treatment of human infertility. (edu.au)
  • The objective of this study was to determine the gene expression profiles of the androgen/androgen receptor (AR) and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH)/ Sry-related high-mobility group box 9 (SOX9) pathways in granulosa-luteal cells from patients undergoing standard in vitro fertilization (IVF) with or without recombinant luteinizing hormone (rLH) therapy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The oocytes were fertilized by spermatozoa that had been capacitated with two groups of fertilization media, the first group containing melatonin and the second group containing cysteamine. (vetmedmosul.com)
  • In the last decade, in vitro fertilization and sperm capacitation techniques have significantly advanced. (vetmedmosul.com)
  • ROS are free radicals that are continuously produced by oxidative metabolic reactions and increase in vitro conditions, causing aging of both the oocyte (7) and sperm (8), as well as perhaps impairing fertilization and embryo development. (vetmedmosul.com)
  • This medication can be used to help women conceive naturally, to time ovulation for intrauterine insemination, or to stimulate the maturation of eggs to be extracted and used in procedures such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), and zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT). (asu.edu)
  • In vitro maturation (IVM) is the technique of letting the contents of ovarian follicles and the oocytes inside mature in vitro. (wikipedia.org)
  • Of these primordial follicles, only around 400 mature oocytes are released and could be potentially fertilised, with the rest undergoing atresia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Primordial follicles containing the primary oocyte, arrested at prophase of meiosis I, develop into primary follicle containing cuboidal granulosa cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • If without the use of priming, oocytes are obtained when the largest follicles are around 10mm in size. (wikipedia.org)
  • biopsied human ovarian tissue and achieved a 10% rate of maturation from unilaminar follicles into metaphase II by a multi-step culture system: 8 days of culture in a serum-free medium 8 days of culture in a serum-free medium with activin A 4 days of culture on membranes with activin A and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). (wikipedia.org)
  • The aims of the study were to investigate the influence of FSH and the ovary cutting treatments on the development of primordial follicles into preantral and antral follicles. (yarsi.ac.id)
  • Results showed that after 8 days in vitro cultured in DMEM containing FSH, the average number of preantral follicles isolated from each whole, partially-cut and completely-cut ovaries were 16.1 + 3.3, 26.8 ± 7.7 and 12.3 + 1.9, respectively. (yarsi.ac.id)
  • The ovary cutting treatment significantly increased the average number of collected preantral follicles. (yarsi.ac.id)
  • Development in vitro of mouse oocytes from primordial follicles. (yarsi.ac.id)
  • Development of follicles in the mammalian ovary. (yarsi.ac.id)
  • Recent Achievements in in vitro culture and preservation of ovarian follicles in mammals. (yarsi.ac.id)
  • Factors influencing the rate of preantral and antral growth of mouse ovarian follicles in vitro. (yarsi.ac.id)
  • In mammals , the first part of oogenesis starts in the germinal epithelium , which gives rise to the development of ovarian follicles , the functional unit of the ovary . (wikipedia.org)
  • As follicles grow, they acquire receptors for luteinizing hormone, a pituitary hormone that reinitiates meiosis in the oocyte and causes ovulation of a fertilizable egg. (wikipedia.org)
  • The mammalian ovary has all the molecular machinery required for the biosynthesis of melatonin and interestingly concentration of melatonin in the follicular fluid of pre-ovulatory follicles is much higher than circulatory melatonin even in humans. (jrhm.org)
  • Mammalian ovaries are endowed with a huge number of small oocytes (primordial oocytes) in primordial follicles. (go.jp)
  • During the menstrual cycle, a small subset of follicles in an ovary will begin to grow and mature, with just a few achieving the potential to ovulate, Adams explains. (the-scientist.com)
  • Oocytes were collected from aspirated porcine tertiary follicles. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Beginning on day 4 of culture, we observed significantly higher follicular and oocyte growth rates in follicles co-cultured with AOECs compared with follicles on gel or matrigel. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This model is a novel platform for the in vitro maturation of early follicles and for the future exploration of endothelial-follicular communication. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In vitro development of early follicles necessitates a complex interplay of growth factors and signals required for development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These drawbacks could be overcome by the ability to mature early follicles in vitro. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Effect of follicle isolation technique on in vitro follicular development, oocyte maturation and embryo development in mice. (yarsi.ac.id)
  • The mammalian oocyte orchestrates the rate of ovarian follicular development. (yarsi.ac.id)
  • The aim of this study is to investigate the role of activated ovarian endothelial cells in early in-vitro follicular development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Duplicating the complex interaction of growth factors, cellular and hormonal signals required for follicular development and oocyte maturation in vitro is challenging. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, the in vitro experiment demonstrated high glucose amounts' deleterious effect on embryo development [ 3 ]. (ejast.org)
  • In conclusion, melatonin could be a promising tool for improving sperm competence for fertilizing oocytes and embryo development in sheep. (vetmedmosul.com)
  • Scientists attempting to discover the basic requirements for successful embryo development have a hurdle when using in vitro embryo manufacturing strategies (2). (vetmedmosul.com)
  • With ovulation the secondary oocyte (or ovum) is expelled from the follicle on the ovary surface. (pediagenosis.com)
  • Synchronization of estrus followed by induction of ovulation are basic techniques in all embryo transfer programs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Melatonin supplementation has been shown to promote bovine and porcine oocytes' maturation rate and increase their blastocyst of IVF embryos (16). (vetmedmosul.com)
  • This review focuses on the differential responses of cell types to ATZ toxicity, testicular effects of ATZ in both in vitro and in vivo models and chemopreventive strategies, so as to highlight the current state of the art on the toxicological outcomes of ATZ exposure in several experimental model systems. (frontiersin.org)
  • This study was conducted to evaluate in vivo and in vitro development of in vitro-matured equine oocytes fertilized by intracytoplasmic sperm injection. (bioone.org)
  • In vivo development was assessed after transfer of injected oocytes to the oviducts of recipient mares. (bioone.org)
  • For in vivo test: In vitro lifestyle and embryo freezing After IVF, oocytes encircled with cumulus cells had been placed in fresh new TCM-199 moderate, as well as the embryos had been co-cultured with cumulus cells, as previously defined [21]. (bioskinrevive.com)
  • The synchronization and ovulatory responses of Sangsari cross bred ewes and metabolism of energy substrates in 8-cell stage embryos to hatched blastocysts stage produced in vitro or in vivo were investigated. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While the pattern of oxidation was similar among in vitro and in vivo derived embryos, a low pyruvate to lactate ratio was the preferred substrate of embryos derived in vitro . (biomedcentral.com)
  • The production of CO2 from glucose by sheep embryos has been determined[ 3 ] and results have indicated that little glucose is utilized by the embryos of sheep and that blastocysts derived from oocytes, matured and fertilized in vitro , oxidized glucose at a lower rate than those developed in vivo . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Oocytes are classified depending on their condition, such as number of cumulus cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • The oocyte is surrounded by cumulus cells (also termed the corona radiata) from the follicle and spermatozoa must break through this outer layer to reach the oocyte itself (Figure 10.3). (pediagenosis.com)
  • Maturation of the mammalian oocyte is a complex process involving internal checkpoints and bidirectional communication with the surrounding cumulus cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It has been hypothesized that in gonadal dysgenesis various deletions on the X chromosome cause such rapid atresia of oocytes 5 that few girls with this condition reach puberty with functioning ovaries. (ldysinger.com)
  • However, it is also possible that such genetic defects result in a smaller complement of oocytes during gonadal development. (ldysinger.com)
  • His major research contributions are ovarian endocrinology, oocyte maturation, cryopreservation of gonadal tissue and development of new principles for ovarian stimulation including introduction of the agonist trigger and novel approaches to luteal phase support. (aspire2024.com)
  • To investigate the role of GnRH-Rs play in regulating fish spawning migration and gonadal maturation, we analyzed changes in the gonadosomatic index (GSI %) and used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) to test serum concentrations of GnRH-R2 during different spawning stages. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Oocytes were collected from slaughterhouse-derived ovaries, matured in vitro, and injected with frozen-thawed stallion sperm. (bioone.org)
  • In addition, other corrective measures include sperm separation for assisted reproductive techniques. (hindawi.com)
  • The acrosomal cap of the head of the sperm breaks down, releasing enzymes that dissolve the zona pellucida locally allowing the spermatozoon to enter the oocyte (Figure 10.4). (pediagenosis.com)
  • This is a very important process in mammalian reproduction as hundreds of sperm reach the egg at the same time and dispermy would create an embryo with three haploid sets of chromosomes (triploidy) that would be extremely unlikely to survive. (pediagenosis.com)
  • in-vitro -matured oocytes were co-incubated with sperm according to a modified two-step culture system. (e-jarb.org)
  • In the first experiment, oocytes were briefly co-incubated with sperm, washed in IVF medium, and then moved to fresh IVF medium for 5 or 6 h. (e-jarb.org)
  • In experiment 2, oocytes were inseminated with sperm separated by Pecroll treatment. (e-jarb.org)
  • oxidative stress is the most prominent one, which will cause damage or alter the genetic material of the sperm and reduce the quality of the oocytes, and has a crucial impact on the possibility of developing embryos even after implantation. (vetmedmosul.com)
  • For this purpose, we have incubated ram sperm using four different treatments in terms of antioxidants: melatonin, cysteamine, vitamin C, and vitamin E. They were incubated by the standard methods of maturation and capacitation of sperm. (vetmedmosul.com)
  • To fertilize the oocytes, sperm must undergo a series of physiological and biochemical alterations in vitro (3). (vetmedmosul.com)
  • Oxidative stress is one of the key factors contributing to a decrease in sperm quality during the maturation and capacitation of the sperm (5). (vetmedmosul.com)
  • thereby, oocytes and sperm are highly vulnerable to reactive oxygen species (ROS) attacks, affecting their quality and viability (6). (vetmedmosul.com)
  • [2] It is developed from the primary oocyte by maturation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Diagram showing the reduction in number of the chromosomes in the process of maturation of the ovum . (wikipedia.org)
  • oocytogenesis , ootidogenesis , and finally maturation to form an ovum (oogenesis proper). (wikipedia.org)
  • Through in vitro maturation, folliculogenesis and latter parts of oogenesis are being mimicked outside of the ovaries- trying to recreate the conditions for these processes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Differential FSH exposure in preantral follicle culture has marked effects on folliculogenesis and oocyte developmental competence. (yarsi.ac.id)
  • Mammalian oocytes are maintained in meiotic prophase arrest for a very long time-months in mice, years in humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, as the oocyte grows, these proteins are synthesized, and meiotic arrest becomes dependent on cyclic AMP . (wikipedia.org)
  • Maintenance of meiotic arrest also depends on the presence of a multilayered complex of cells, known as a follicle, that surrounds the oocyte. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the oocyte, cyclic GMP prevents the breakdown of cyclic AMP by the phosphodiesterase PDE3, and thus maintains meiotic arrest. (wikipedia.org)
  • As atresia continues, both the number and quality of oocytes fall below a critical level, and the rate of aneuploidy increases - a finding that is related at least in part to problems of the meiotic spindle 15 , 16 resulting in nondisjunction. (ldysinger.com)
  • The decreased quality of oocytes involves an increased rate of chromosomal aneuploidy with aging predominantly related to meiotic errors during oocyte maturation. (arvigen.com)
  • Germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) occurs during oocyte meiotic maturation, a period when transcriptional processes are virtually inactive. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Inhibition of nuclear meiotic maturation via IBMX significantly increased MIR21 and decreased its target, PDCD4. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our results indicate MIR21 is active and important during meiotic maturation of the oocyte. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The oocyte must maintain arrest at the diplotene stage until meiotic resumption occurs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Of particular interest is understanding the role of non-coding RNA in regulating meiotic checkpoints in the oocyte, particularly that of microRNA-21 (MIR21). (biomedcentral.com)
  • To characterize the effect of artificially increasing MIR21 on oocyte competence without inhibiting GVBD, a MIR21 mimic, scrambled microRNA negative control, or nuclease free water was micro-injected into denuded oocytes at 21 h of IVM. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The progressive loss of oocytes from fetal life through menopause is a normal process. (ldysinger.com)
  • These then begin meiosis to form the oocyte within the primordial follicle. (wikipedia.org)
  • Awakening the oocyte: controlling primordial follicle development. (yarsi.ac.id)
  • Retrospectively, it seems absurd, but the respected big-bearded academics disregarded the obvious fact that - unlike those of frogs and salamanders - oocytes and embryos of mammals are extremely sensitive to temperature changes and do not tolerate exposition to room temperature, not even for a short period. (vitavitro.com)
  • In this paper, we describe a scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) technique that is a non-invasive and sensitive method for measuring oxygen consumption by individual embryos. (bioone.org)
  • Surgical embryo recovery was performed on Days 4 and 6 after onset of estrus (Day 0) and recovered embryos were subjected to comparative metabolism studies with in vitro derived embryos at the same stage of development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Along with polyspermy, the suboptimal quality of IVF-derived pig embryos poses another challenge that needs to be addressed for in vitro production systems. (e-jarb.org)
  • Oocytes, sperms, and embryos are shielded from oxidative stress in their natural environment by free radical scavengers found in oviductal and follicular fluids. (vetmedmosul.com)
  • Oocytes and embryos are not provided with this level of protection when in vitro production (9). (vetmedmosul.com)
  • When in vitro experimental models are exposed to ATZ, they are faced with increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cytotoxicity and decreased growth rate at dosages that may vary with cell types. (frontiersin.org)
  • They are also seriously affected by seemingly slight differences between the core temperatures of various mammalian species. (vitavitro.com)
  • In this review, we summarize the results regarding the activation of primordial oocytes in neonatal and adult ovaries of different species and propose a model in which ovaries of neonatal mammals contain a mixed population of both quiescent and activated primordial oocytes, while almost all primordial oocytes are quiescent in adult females. (go.jp)
  • In plants, polytene chromosomes have been observed in only a few species, and seemed to be restricted to ovary and immature seed tissues, e.g., in Phaseolus coccineus and P. vulgaris (Nagl, 1981), until relatively recently, when they were observed in the cells of the anther tapetum of Vigna unguiculata (Guerra and Carvalheira, 1994) and of some Phaseolus species (Carvalheira and Guerra, 1994). (scielo.br)
  • A small number of primordial oocytes start to grow, while others remain quiescent. (go.jp)
  • These quiescent primordial oocytes are activated, perhaps by certain mechanisms involving the interaction between stimulatory and inhibitory factors, to enter the growth phase. (go.jp)
  • Therefore, in future, melatonin can be implicated as preferable therapeutic especially in IVF and assisted reproductive techniques. (jrhm.org)
  • 2019: Daniela Rodler (Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany) for the paper entitled: "Localization of thrombospondin-1 and its receptor CD36 in the ovary of the ostrich (Struthio camelus)" in co-authorship with F. Sinowatz and published in the Journal Anatomia Histologia Embryologia 2018, 47:124-132. (wava-amav.org)
  • Priming is the process by which the oocytes are primed with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) or human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) before retrieval. (wikipedia.org)
  • All ovary groups were cultured in Dubellco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) containing 5ug/ml insulin, 10ug/ml transferrin, 5ug/ml selenium (ITS), 5% FBS, 50ug/ml gentamycin with and without 100uIU/ml Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH). (yarsi.ac.id)
  • Assessment of the need for follicle stimulating hormone in early preantral mouse follicle culture in vitro. (yarsi.ac.id)
  • Regulation of mouse follicle development by follicle stimulating hormone in a three-dimensional in vitro culture system is dependent on follicle stage and dose. (yarsi.ac.id)
  • Apart from pineal, several extra pineal sites of melatonin biosynthesis in mammals have been identified including skin, retina, gut, ovary, and testis. (jrhm.org)
  • We think that primordial oocytes in adult mammals are different from those in neonatal mammals. (go.jp)
  • The dormancy of primordial oocytes may be required to reserve the non-growing oocyte pool for the long reproductive life in mammals. (go.jp)
  • By 1991, the first human pregnancy was recorded using IVM followed by IVF, and in 1994 the first birth using IVM oocytes from polycystic ovarian syndrome patients was recorded highlighting that PCOS patient's oocytes are capable of maturation. (wikipedia.org)
  • With well over 5 million U.S. women affected, women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are frequent patients in infertility clinics, seeking assistance in becoming pregnant [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In short, bovine ovaries extracted from an area slaughterhouse had been transported towards the lab. (bioskinrevive.com)
  • Matured oocytes had been inseminated with frozen-thawed semen from order MK-0822 a Japanese Dark bull (altered to 2 107 cells/ml) for 5 h at 38.5C within a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2 in the surroundings, in 1 ml of BO solution containing 10 mg/ml bovine serum albumin and 10 g/ml heparin. (bioskinrevive.com)
  • Female infants have 6 to 7 million oocytes at 20 weeks of gestation, when progressive atresia occurs, resulting in 1 to 2 million oocytes at birth, approximately 25,000 at the age of 37 years, and 1000 at the age of 51 years, the average age of natural menopause in the United States. (ldysinger.com)
  • In normal women, at approximately 37.5 years of age, an accelerated atresia of the oocytes begins 1 , 2 ( Figure 1 ). (ldysinger.com)
  • They showed maturation occurs in isolation from normal follicular environment. (wikipedia.org)
  • Oocyte meiosis, important to all animal life cycles yet unlike all other instances of animal cell division, occurs completely without the aid of spindle -coordinating centrosomes . (wikipedia.org)
  • Oogenesis starts with the process of developing primary oocytes, which occurs via the transformation of oogonia into primary oocytes , a process called oocytogenesis . (wikipedia.org)
  • Lyons VG, Payne NL, McCoy CE (2018) Optimization techniques for miRNA expression in low frequency immune cell populations. (hudson.org.au)
  • As a result, these aged mice had more oocytes with stimulation, the developmental potential of the oocytes was improved, and more offspring were born compared to old animals receiving placebo 1. (arvigen.com)
  • Injected intravenously into adult Xenopus females, the protein-DNA complex is rapidly transported through the bloodstream and, within the ovary, the vitellogenin ligand present in the protein binds to the receptors at the surface of the oocytes. (biologists.com)
  • Some cells in some multicellular organisms lack mitochondria (for example, mature mammalian red blood cells ). (wikipedia.org)
  • Atrazine (ATZ) is an environmental pollutant that interferes with several aspects of mammalian cellular processes including germ cell development, immunological, reproductive and neurological functions. (frontiersin.org)
  • In experiment 3, fertilized oocytes were cultured in 25 μL microdroplets (10 gametes/drop) or 500 μL (100 gametes/well) of culture medium in 4-well plates. (e-jarb.org)
  • The oocytes are then cultured in media containing nutrients important for oocyte survival, such as gonadotrophins, growth factors and steroids. (wikipedia.org)
  • Further, melatonin and its receptors play a significant role in antioxidant defense mechanism of ovary for follicular growth and maturation. (jrhm.org)
  • The requirement to conduct complex mammalian toxicity tests at Annex IX which potentially involves the use of hundreds of vertebrates (normally rats) needs to be carefully considered to ensure that it satisfies Article 25(1) of the REACH Regulation that any testing on vertebrate animals is undertaken only as a last resort. (europa.eu)
  • Injection of a MIR21 mimic increased oocyte maturation rate. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Percoll treatment increased the rate of oocyte penetration and blastocyst formation compared to the control. (e-jarb.org)
  • The large volume of medium significantly reduced the number of dead oocytes and increased the rate of blastocyst formation compared to the small volume. (e-jarb.org)
  • This technique is also used in sheep, pigs and other animals. (wikipedia.org)
  • In adult N. lugens, the Mthl2 gene showed dominant expressions, notably in ovaries and fat body tissues. (bvsalud.org)
  • The in vitro embryo production (IVEP) is very stressful for gametes. (vetmedmosul.com)
  • The fact that live-birth rates from oocyte donation in older women are consistent with the age of the donor suggests that oocyte quality is the major factor responsible for reduced fecundability with aging. (arvigen.com)
  • The two cells that result from this division are the definitive oocyte and the second polar body. (pediagenosis.com)
  • The second polar body receives little cytoplasm, allowing the definitive oocyte to maintain its size. (pediagenosis.com)
  • A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications. (mdpi.com)
  • The inability to transcribe mRNA during this stage of development and the probable necessity for post-transcriptional gene regulation (PTGR) suggests an important role for non-coding RNA in the maturing oocyte. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The screening programs, along with physician education and improved screening techniques, such as radioimmunoassay, helped significantly reduce the incidence of abnormal newborn development resulting from untreated congenital hypothyroidism. (asu.edu)
  • A recent meta-analysis study found removal of oocytes from the disrupted endogenous steroidal environment of PCOS women and maturing them in vitro helps achieve better conception rates [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the fifties of the last century, we had already the nuclear bomb, the sputnik, the television, the first digital computers - but not a single mammalian embryo produced in vitro . (vitavitro.com)
  • The bound complex is internalized and translocates into the oocyte nucleus thanks to an SV40 nuclear localization signal, enhanced by an adjacent casein kinase phosphorylation site. (biologists.com)