Mammalian embryos mammal cloned adult mammalian cells. Medical search. Frequent questions

Retinoblastoma proteins that inhibit the transcription factor E2F until the cell is ready to enter S phase are hyperphosphorylated and inactivated in ESCs, leading to continual expression of proliferation genes. (wikipedia.org)
Promoters of genes associated with oxidative phosphorylation are preferentially remethylated at the 8-cell stage, suggesting that this mode of energy metabolism may not be favored. (nature.com)
Scientists were initially interested in somatic-cell nuclear transfer as a means of determining whether genes remain functional even after most of them have been switched off as the cells in a developing organism assume their specialized functions as blood cells, muscle cells, and so forth. (who.int)
The fact that the DNA of a fully differentiated (adult) cell could be stimulated to revert to a condition comparable to that of a newly fertilized egg and to repeat the process of embryonic development demonstrates that all the genes in differentiated cells retain their functional capacity, although only a few are active. (who.int)
Developed a new method that induces the reprogramming of the mammalian genome, including wild/endangered species, and induces the activation of genes that are specifically expressed in early embryos. (mynewsdesk.com)
The research team succeeded in inducing the activation of embryonic genes*4, which is an essential reprogramming phenomenon, with various animal somatic nuclei in mouse embryos arrested at the early stage, which has not been used in conventional cloning techniques. (mynewsdesk.com)
By this technique, the team established primary cultured cells using tissues collected from postmortem Oryx dammah, a species extinct in the wild, and succeeded in activating embryonic genes from their cell nuclei. (mynewsdesk.com)
By activating the expression of genes whose products are required for metamorphosis, ecdysone and EcR-USP are essential for the reorganization of flies' body plans before emerging from pupal cases as adults. (sdbonline.org)
Dolly's creation showed that genes in the nucleus of a mature cell are still capable of reverting to an embryonic totipotent state - that is, the cell can divide to produce all of an animal's differential cells. (worldtimetodays.com)
After epidermal injury, barrier repair requires activation of many wound response genes in epidermal cells surrounding wound sites. (sdbonline.org)
While embryo supply is scarce and conventional epigenetic studies require embryos in vast amount, an assay was developed in this study to examine the methylation statuses of imprinting genes using DNA from single mouse blastocysts cultured in-vitro or exposed to EDs. (ndltd.org)
The identification of a novel syncytin gene within a third order of mammals displaying syncytiotrophoblast formation during placentation strongly supports the notion that on several occasions retroviral infections have resulted in the independent capture of genes that have been positively selected for a convergent physiological role. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, it appears that on some occasions in the course of mammalian evolution, env genes from endogenous retroviruses have been "co-opted" by their host to participate in the formation of the syncytiotrophoblast layer, at the maternal-fetal interface, by mediating the fusion of mononucleated cytotrophoblasts. (biomedcentral.com)
Cells become cancerous by accumulating, stepwise, a series of several mutations that alter the function of genes important for cell growth. (agemed.org)
Both pufferfish genomes encode five tenascin genes: two tenascin-C paralogs, a tenascin-R with domain organization identical to mammalian and avian tenascin-R, a small tenascin-X with previously undescribed GK repeats, and a tenascin-W. Four tenascin genes corresponding to tenascin-C, tenascin-R, tenascin-X and tenascin-W were also identified in the X. tropicalis genome. (biomedcentral.com)
In birds and mammals, tenascin-R genes encode 4.5 EGF-like repeats and 9 FN type III domains. (biomedcentral.com)
Of the 5 dar genes that we have cloned so far, all five have mammalian homologues. (ucsf.edu)

To approach questions about the physiology of iron metabolism, we generated loss-of-function mutations of IRP1 and IRP2 in mice through homologous recombination in embryonic cell lines. (nih.gov)
Outcomes Establishment of allele (Shape 1A) by homologous recombination in mouse embryo stem (Sera) cells. (monossabios.com)

Professor Campbell was instrumental in the creation of Dolly the Sheep, the first cloned mammal, a breakthrough which paved the way for the successful cloning of many other mammal species. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Dolly the Sheep, the first mammal to be cloned from an adult derived somatic cell, was born in 1996. (nottingham.ac.uk)
His research blossomed after he came to Roslin Institute where in a series of papers he put the intellectual framework into the method of mammalian cloning that ultimately led to the birth of Dolly in 1996. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Inevitably most people will remember him for Dolly the sheep although his recent work was focused on fundamental and applied stem cell research as a tool for the study of human disease. (nottingham.ac.uk)
It's been 20 years since scientists in Scotland told the world about Dolly the sheep , the first mammal successfully cloned from an adult body cell. (wptv.com)
What was special about Dolly is that her "parents" were actually a single cell originating from mammary tissue of an adult ewe. (wptv.com)
Dolly was an exact genetic copy of that sheep - a clone. (wptv.com)
In fact, one of the coauthors of the paper announcing Dolly worked in our laboratory for three years prior to going to Scotland to help create the famous clone. (wptv.com)
Dolly was an important milestone, inspiring scientists to continue improving cloning technology as well as to pursue new concepts in stem cell research. (wptv.com)
In contrast, Dolly was produced by what's called somatic cell nuclear transfer. (wptv.com)
Dolly was the culmination of hundreds of cloning experiments that, for example, showed diploid embryonic and fetal cells could be parents of offspring. (wptv.com)
Dolly demonstrated that adult somatic cells also could be used as parents. (wptv.com)
By my calculations, Dolly was the single success from 277 tries at somatic cell nuclear transfer. (wptv.com)
English embryologist who in 1996 supervised the team of scientists that produced a lamb named Dolly, the first mammal cloned from a cell from an adult. (todayinsci.com)
One of the live-born lambs, Dolly, was derived from the transplantation of the nucleus of an adult mammary cell. (shawprize.org)
Thus, Dolly was the first example of the reprogramming of the adult cell back to totipotency in a mammal. (shawprize.org)
Twenty years have passed since Dolly the sheep was born by cloning (somatic cell nuclear transfer, SCNT) but the results of non-human mammalian cloning are very poor, and cause animal diseases and huge biological losses. (sibi.org)
Then in '97 the paper by Ian Wilmut came out on the cloning of Dolly the sheep. (rupress.org)
This question had not been resolved unequivocally by the cloning of Dolly or other mammals. (rupress.org)
Although many species produce clonal offspring in this fashion, Dolly, the lamb born in 1996 at a research institute in Scotland, was the first asexually produced mammalian clone. (who.int)
Somatic-cell nuclear transfer, the technique by which Dolly was created, was first used 40 years ago in research with tadpoles and frogs. (who.int)
Whereas, cloning à la Dolly means using the DNA information from an adult creature to direct the development through to birth of a genetically identical, though younger, individual. (creation.com)
Dolly is not the first reported mammalian clone, but the first one which involved neither forced 'twinning' of an embryo, or implanting an embryonic nucleus. (creation.com)
Professor Sir Ian Wilmut, the scientist who led the team that cloned Dolly the sheep, has died aged 79. (worldtimetodays.com)
He was a giant of the scientific world and led the Roslin Institute team that cloned Dolly the sheep - the first mammal cloned from an adult cell - which changed scientific thinking at the time. (worldtimetodays.com)
Dolly was the only surviving lamb from 277 cloning attempts and was created from a milk cell from a six-year-old Finn Dorset sheep. (worldtimetodays.com)
Dolly the sheep made history 20 years ago after being cloned at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh. (worldtimetodays.com)
Dolly was the first successfully created clone from an adult mammalian cell. (worldtimetodays.com)
is a British developmental biologist who was the first to use nuclear transfer of differentiated adult cells to generate a mammalian clone, a Finn Dorset sheep named Dolly, born in 1996. (mathisfunforum.com)

In this process, researchers remove the genetic material from an egg and replace it with the nucleus of some other body cell. (wptv.com)
They pioneered a new technique of starving embryo cells before transferring their nucleus to fertilized egg cells. (shawprize.org)
Our goals in studying mammalian iron-sulfur biogenesis are to understand how iron-sulfur prosthetic groups are assembled and delivered to target proteins in the various compartments of mammalian cells, including mitochondria, cytosol, and nucleus. (nih.gov)
I believe that the reprogramming errors are not the only cause of these low rates of cloning: the mammalian SCNT fails with a very high frequency mainly due to the damage that the technique itself inflicts in the egg and the somatic nucleus, and the very few successful cases occur only when the damage is not significant. (sibi.org)
True cloning performed by nuclear transfer from an adult and differentiated somatic cell to a previously enucleated egg (somatic cell nuclear transfer, SCNT), gives rise to a new cell, the nuclovulo (nucleus+ovum), distinct from the zygote because the sperm is not involved in its creation, while both can develop as embryos and give rise to offspring. (sibi.org)
Prior to SCNT, the somatic cell (differentiated) must be reprogramed to a similar state of a pluripotent embryonic cell (undifferentiated) before the nucleus is extracted and transferred. (sibi.org)
Transferring a terminally differentiated cell nucleus into an egg cell that has had its own nucleus removed wipes away the epigenetic marks of differentiation and allows the nucleus once again to code for any cell type. (rupress.org)
The nucleus of an adult somatic cell (such as a skin cell) is removed and transferred to an enucleated egg, which is then stimulated with electric current or chemicals to activate cell division. (who.int)
However, an animal created through this technique would not be a precise genetic copy of the source of its nuclear DNA because each clone derives a small amount of its DNA from the mitochondria of the egg (which lie outside the nucleus) rather than from the donor of cell nucleus. (who.int)
Thus, the clone would be genetically identical to the nucleus donor only if the egg came from the same donor or from her maternal line. (who.int)
They put the nucleus of one (mammary) cell from an adult sheep, A, containing its DNA information, into an egg cell from another sheep, B, which first had its nucleus (with its DNA) removed. (creation.com)
The breakthrough technique involved transferring the nucleus of an adult cell into an unfertilized egg whose own nucleus had been removed. (worldtimetodays.com)
Deviating towards the celiacganglion, they next join company with the splenic vein, and are eventually distributed to localised parts of the vein.This review article evaluates the conventional knowledge and points to new insights into neural regulation ofspleen.Key Words : Spleen, Suprachiasmatic nucleus, pineal gland, T cells, immune.INTRODUCTIONSplenic immune function is modulated by sympathetic innervation, which in turn is controlled by inputs fromsupraspinal regions. (fliphtml5.com)
Circadian rhythms in mammals are governed by the master oscillator located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). (elifesciences.org)
35 It is true that I am excluding here as elsewhere red blood cells which have no nucleus once released into the blood, and sperm or eggs with only 1,500,000,000 bases in them. (globalchange.com)

Among the factors thought to contribute to the greater success in cloning cattle are the relatively late embryonic genome activation speciﬁc for this species [16 -18] and the optimization of reproductive technologies, such as in vitro embryo production and embryo transfer, brought about by the cattle industry [19]. (sibi.org)
However, identical twins (whether occurring naturally, or as in the recent media report of 'human cloning', from manipulation during in vitro fertilization procedures) result from a 'doubling up' of the DNA information at a very early stage of development in the womb. (creation.com)
We show via an in vitro binding assay that miR-9a binds to sNPFR1 mRNA in insect cells and to the mammalian orthologue NPY2R in rat insulinoma cells. (nature.com)
2018). Development of bovine embryos in vitro in coculture with murine mesenchymal stem clls and embryonic fibroblasts. (sciendo.com)
In insect, Drosophila melanogaster ryanodine receptor ( DmRyR ) cDNA was cloned from lava and the physical features of DmRyR single channel were characterized with in vitro overexpression system [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
6 ] successfully isolated OGSCs from the ovaries of pups and adult mice for the first time, transfected them with GFP virus in an appropriate environment in vitro, and then transplanted them into the ovaries of immunodeficient mice. (biomedcentral.com)
Influence of organochlorine pesticides on development of mouse embryos in vitro . (cdc.gov)

He then moved to PPLTherapeutics, the company that was spun out from Roslin Institute, where that procedure and his expertise led to the birth of cloned and genetically modified sheep, pigs and cattle. (nottingham.ac.uk)
She lived to six and a half years, when she was eventually put down after a contagious disease spread through her flock, infecting cloned and normally reproduced sheep alike. (wptv.com)
They performed nuclear transfer experiments in which nuclei from embryonic, foetal and adult cells of the sheep were transplanted into fertilized eggs derived from ewes. (shawprize.org)
They further created a sheep called Polly in which they showed that it was possible to incorporate a human gene into the donor's DNA before cloning, thus indicating that it may be possible to use animals to produce human proteins for the benefit of mankind. (shawprize.org)
Each cell in a sheep (or a human) - bone cells, liver cells, and so on, contains all the DNA information required to 'spell out' the development of the complete adult organism. (creation.com)
This one cell could then start to grow and divide in the womb of another sheep, C, as if it were a fertilized egg. (creation.com)
Notice that you need the machinery in the egg cell from B to express the information from sheep A. Thus, Jurassic Park's becoming a reality would require not just a complete, uncorrupted batch of dino DNA, but also a live egg from a female dinosaur! (creation.com)
The potential of intra-articular injection of chondrogenic-induced bone marrow stem cells to retard the progression of osteoarthritis in a sheep model. (sciendo.com)
Adipose Tissue- and Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Sheep: Culture Characteristics. (sciendo.com)
When Professor Wilmut introduced the sheep in 1997, it paved the way for potential stem cell treatments to treat conditions such as Parkinson's disease, a degenerative disease that affects more than 150,000 people in the UK. (worldtimetodays.com)

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs), derived from the blastocyst stage of early mammalian embryos, are distinguished by their ability to differentiate into any embryonic cell type and by their ability to self-renew. (wikipedia.org)
These adult stem cells are considered multipotent, having the ability to differentiate into different cell types, albeit with a more limited repertoire than embryonic stem cells. (thefutureofthings.com)
1 Reprogramming: Reprogramming is the process that adult somatic cells acquire the ability to differentiate into all cell types of an organism. (mynewsdesk.com)

A particular field encouraged by the foundation is stem-cell research, with the great hope that it will result in the ability to get cells to differentiate into neurons and support cells to bridge the gap of a spinal cord injury. (thefutureofthings.com)
NT3 is a member of the neurotrophin family, that controls survival and differentiation of mammalian neurons. (origene.com)
It may be involved in the maintenance of the adult nervous system, and may affect development of neurons in the embryo when it is expressed in human placenta. (origene.com)
In the zebrafish, rprma mRNA is expressed in the olfactory placodes (OP) and olfactory epithelium (OE), rprmb is observed in the tectum opticum (TeO) and trigeminal ganglion (Tg), whereas rprml is found primarily in the telencephalon (Tel). At protein level, RPRM is present in a subset of cells in the OP, and neurons in the OE, TeO, hindbrain and sensory peripheral structures. (frontiersin.org)

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are pluripotent stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, an early-stage pre-implantation embryo. (wikipedia.org)
Human embryos reach the blastocyst stage 4-5 days post fertilization, at which time they consist of 50-150 cells. (wikipedia.org)
Isolating the inner cell mass (embryoblast) using immunosurgery results in destruction of the blastocyst, a process which raises ethical issues, including whether or not embryos at the pre-implantation stage have the same moral considerations as embryos in the post-implantation stage of development. (wikipedia.org)
Most researchers obtain embryonic stem cells from the inner mass of a blastocyst, an embryonic stage when a fertilized egg has divided into 128 cells. (jcpa.org)
The stem cells derived from the inner mass of a blastocyst lack the ability to form a fetus when implanted into a woman, but are self-renewing and can be maintained for long periods of time in the laboratory as undifferentiated stem cells. (jcpa.org)

On the other hand, a chimera is defined as an organism in which cells from two or more different organisms have contributed. (frontiersin.org)
The Notch signaling pathway is a pathway in animals by which two adjacent cells within an organism use a protein named Notch to mechanically interact with each other. (asu.edu)
The fertilized egg is considered totipotent, as it can develop into a whole organism, while the cells in the embryo are pluripotent because they are capable of differentiating into somatic cells that make up all the organs. (shawprize.org)
At the top of the list comes the zygote-a fertilized egg, which of course has the ability to divide and differentiate into all cell types in the body and create a new organism. (thefutureofthings.com)
The first three divisions of the zygote give birth to eight totipotent cells, each of which also has the ability to become an entire organism. (thefutureofthings.com)
Such 'adult' cloning means one can first see what the adult organism is like before cloning. (creation.com)
Stem cell research is, in part, a quest to understand cellular differentiation, the process by which a human being develops from one fertilized cell into a multicellular organism composed of over 200 different cell types - for example muscle, nerve, blood cell, or kidney. (jcpa.org)
Internal signals producing apoptosis depend on interactions of several proteins and may serve to protect the organism from cancer by killing cells that have pre-cancerous changes. (agemed.org)

Somatic cells are cells that have gone through the differentiation process and are not germ cells. (asu.edu)
During the development of vertebrates, including humans, the fertilized egg develops into the embryo, and the cells in the embryo then proceed to differentiate to form somatic cells of different tissues and organs. (shawprize.org)
Half a century ago, it was found by John Gurdon that this developmental clock can be reversed, and that differentiated somatic cells in a frog model could regain their pluripotency or totipotency. (shawprize.org)
So far the reprogramming of somatic cells shows very low rates of efficiency (~0.0006-1%) that have not improved in the last two decades of continuous research. (sibi.org)
Various cloned animals have been created with the reprogramming technology that restores cells to the undifferentiated state by transplanting differentiated adult somatic cells into oocytes, and it has been also expected to revive endangered or extinct species. (mynewsdesk.com)
In particular, genomic reprogramming resets the epigenetic information accumulated in the adult somatic cells, and the cells revert back to an early embryonic state. (mynewsdesk.com)

Professor Campbell was a cell biologist/embryologist with a research career spanning more than 30 years, the majority of which was in the field of cell growth and differentiation. (nottingham.ac.uk)
His pioneering studies into cell-cycle control and cellular differentiation led to the programme of work at Roslin that gave birth to the first mammal to be cloned from adult cells - ie. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Fertilization of mammalian eggs is followed by successive cell divisions and progressive differentiation, first into the early embryo and subsequently into all of the cell types that make up the adult animal. (todayinsci.com)
The fact that a lamb was derived from an adult cell confirms that differentiation of that cell did not involve the irreversible modification of genetic material required far development to term. (todayinsci.com)
The term stem cell can be defined by two very important qualities: the cell has the ability to self-renew and, in a more general sense, the cell has not completed differentiation into its final state. (thefutureofthings.com)
This general definition includes a wide variety of cells with varying degrees of differentiation potential. (thefutureofthings.com)
Cellular differentiation begins with the fertilized egg which serves as the identifying characteristic of an embryonic stem cell. (jcpa.org)
2017). MMP-2 and MMP-14 Silencing Inhibits VEGFR2 Cleavage and Induces the Differentiation of Porcine Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Endothelial Cells. (sciendo.com)
Osteogenic proliferation and differentiation of canine bone marrow and adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stromal cells and the influence of hypoxia. (sciendo.com)
The ovarian microenvironment affects the proliferation and differentiation of OGSCs, and immune cells and related cytokines are important components of the microenvironment. (biomedcentral.com)
It is worth noting that the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells cannot be separated from the surrounding microenvironment, and immune system related cells are an important part of the microenvironment of the OGSCs nest [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Following two postdoctoral positions he joined the Roslin Institute in Scotland in 1991, where he applied his previous experience to the production of mammalian embryos by nuclear transfer. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Sometimes the process of cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer still produces abnormal embryos, most of which die. (wptv.com)
The first offspring to develop from a differentiated cell were born after nuclear transfer from an embryo-derived cell line that had been induced to became quiescent. (todayinsci.com)
Scientists have applied somatic cell nuclear transfer to clone human and mammalian embryos as a means to produce stem cells for laboratory and medical use. (asu.edu)
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a technology applied in cloning, stem cell research and regenerative medicine. (asu.edu)
Despite the technological advances in SCNT during the last decade, and its scientiﬁc and medical importance, the molecular processes involved in nuclear reprogramming remain largely unknown and the overall efﬁciency of SCNT in mammals remains very low. (sibi.org)
Nuclear transfer is one of the most sophisticated, fickle, and challenging techniques in cell biology. (rupress.org)
Before that, nuclear reprogramming hadn't been shown in mammals. (rupress.org)
if it implants and the pregnancy goes to term, the resulting individual will carry the same nuclear genetic material as the donor of the adult somatic cell. (who.int)
It was created in a laboratory in Edinburgh in 1996 using a technique called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). (worldtimetodays.com)

Fruit flies of the species Drosophila melanogaster develop from eggs to adults in eight to ten days at 25 degrees Celsius. (asu.edu)
In what year did Karl von Baer discover mammalian eggs? (proprofs.com)
In 1827, Karl von Baer discovered mammalian eggs. (proprofs.com)
2 Cloning technology: Development of reconstructed embryos produced by transplanting cell nuclei into pre-fertilized eggs is induced by activation stimulation, and then the reconstructed embryos are to be implanted in oocytes to generate cloned animals that share identical genomes as the donor cells. (mynewsdesk.com)

DNA CpG methylation on the cytosine is among the most stable forms of epigenetic mechanisms in the life cycle of mammals. (nature.com)
Hochedlinger pushes cells' developmental rewind buttons to examine their epigenetic history. (rupress.org)

I've been working with mammalian embryos for over 40 years, with some work in my lab specifically focusing on various methods of cloning cattle and other livestock species. (wptv.com)
it's highly variable, though, depending on the cell type used and the species. (wptv.com)
In the second half of the twentieth century, scientists learned how to clone organisms in some species of mammals. (asu.edu)
Since then, the work of Wilmut and Campbell has been duplicated in many other animal species and has provided approaches to produce useful therapeutic products with cloned animals and to improve agricultural practices. (shawprize.org)
The efﬁciency of cloning, deﬁned as the proportion of transferred embryos that result in viable offspring, is approximately 2 to 3% for all species. (sibi.org)
However, in cattle, average cloning efﬁciency is higher than in other species, ranging from 5 to 20% [10 -15]. (sibi.org)
Most natural cloning occurs in those species that produce their descendants asexually, that is, without combining the male and female genetic material. (who.int)
Not just bacteria, but also some of the plant, amphibian and reptile species reproduce in this way, by 'cloning' themselves without the need for both a mother and father. (creation.com)
Aging is a physical process that doesn't normally reveal itself until after the completion of a species-specific interval of reproductive competence during which adults rear their progeny from childhood to independence (See Life History ). (agemed.org)

Viable Offspring Derived from Petal and Adult Mammalian Cells', Nature (1997), 385 , 810. (todayinsci.com)
General Assembly the following year,3 and the World Medical Association's Resolution on Cloning, endorsed in 1997, have confronted the issue but lack binding legal force. (who.int)

The birth of lambs from differentiated fetal and adult cells also reinforces previous speculation that by inducing donor cells to became quiescent it will be possible to obtain normal development from a wide variety of differentiated cells. (todayinsci.com)
Bovine fetal mesenchymal stem cells exert antiproliferative efect against mastitis causing pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. (sciendo.com)

The technique synchronized the cell cycles of both cells and the results led Wilmut and Campbell to believe that any type of cell could be used to produce a clone. (shawprize.org)

Furthermore, we identify Drosophila sNPFR1 and its mammalian orthologue NPY2R as targets of miR-9a in IPCs. (nature.com)
Since the insulin and growth phenotypes are rescued by expression of sNPFR1, we propose that the conserved miR-9a/miR-9 regulates body growth by modulating insulin signalling through its conserved sNPFR1/NPY2R target in both Drosophila and mammals. (nature.com)
Further study on the differences between mammalian RyR-FKBP12 and Drosophila DmRyR-FKBP12 can be exploited to develop safe pesticides. (biomedcentral.com)
Toll pathway modulates TNF-induced JNK-dependent cell death in Drosophila . (sdbonline.org)
To identify novel regulators of JNK-dependent cell death, this study performed a dominant-modifier screen in Drosophila and found that the Toll pathway participates in JNK-mediated cell death. (sdbonline.org)
Numb provided a starting point for the study of asymmetric cell division in Drosophila and vertebrates and led to considerable insight into the molecular basis of asymmetric cell division. (ucsf.edu)

Here we report genome-wide composition, patterning, and stage-specific dynamics of DNA methylation in pre-implantation rhesus monkey embryos as well as male and female gametes studied using an optimized tagmentation-based whole-genome bisulfite sequencing method. (nature.com)
However, robust and large-scale genome-wide reprogramming of DNA methylome occurs during two critical developmental processes: (1) development of primordial germ cells and (2) pre-implantation embryogenesis. (nature.com)
Although the genome-wide DNA demethylation is believed to be a hallmark of mammalian embryogenesis, previous study also indicated that the somatic form of dnmt1 ( dnmt1s ) is actually expressed at each stage of pre-implantation embryos and plays a role in the maintenance of DNA imprinting 8 . (nature.com)
It is considered a serious disease because based cloning to recover a complete viral genome sequence. (cdc.gov)

The mudpuppy is an aquatic salamander commonly used by embryologists because its large embryonic cells and nuclei are easy to see. (asu.edu)
At just 31 years old, Hochedlinger has already worked on therapeutic cloning in a mouse model ( 2 ), reprogramming cancer nuclei ( 3 ), and the molecular mechanisms controlling stem cell pluripotency ( 4 ). (rupress.org)
This allows induction of reprogramming of various animal cell nuclei, which was difficult with conventional cloning methods. (mynewsdesk.com)

In iron-depleted cells, the proteins bind to RNA stem-loops in transcripts known as iron-responsive elements (IRE). (nih.gov)
In mammals, most histone proteins are lost during sperm development, eventually to be replaced by protamines. (i-sis.org.uk)
The mosaic mice had been developed by injecting targeted Sera clones into C57BL/6 blastocysts and bred with PGK-transgenic mice to create reporter was beneath the control of endogenous promoter as well as the reporter was fused in framework with the 1st 189 proteins of DLIC1 proteins after splicing. (monossabios.com)
In addition, specific proteins or biological substances can be added to these stem cell cultures to transform them in the laboratory into a large variety of specialized cell types, such as nerve, liver, muscle, bone, and blood cells. (jcpa.org)

When the one-cell embryo duplicates its genetic material, both cells of the now two-cell embryo are genetically identical. (wptv.com)
When they in turn duplicate their genetic material, each cell at the four-cell stage is genetically identical. (wptv.com)
Even while clones are genetically identical, their phenotypes - the characteristics they express - will be different. (wptv.com)
The term "clone", from the Greek word for twig, denotes a group of identical entities. (who.int)
In sexual reproduction, clones are created when a fertilized egg splits to produce identical (monozygous) twins with identical genomes. (who.int)
Beyond this scientific interest, the commercial concern in animal cloning focuses on replicating large numbers of genetically identical animals, especially those derived from a progenitor that has been modified genetically. (who.int)
Thus, if John Wesley had had a cloned offspring, there is no reason that the child would necessarily become a Christian, let alone a great evangelist - any more than an identical twin of Wesley would. (creation.com)
As the fertilized egg divides from one cell into two, physicians can separate these two cells and implant each one of them into a woman's uterus to generate two genetically identical children. (jcpa.org)

Using the same procedure, we now report the birth of live lambs from three new cell populations established from adult mammary gland, fetus and embryo. (todayinsci.com)
Adipose stem cells in reparative goat mastitis mammary gland. (sciendo.com)

This pioneering study has helped pave the way for others to develop gene and stem-cell based strategies for therapeutic purposes. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Researchers are currently focusing heavily on the therapeutic potential of embryonic stem cells, with clinical use being the goal for many laboratories. (wikipedia.org)
In particular, scientific developments in areas such as iPS cells open new possibilities of research and, at mid term, of therapeutic applications, but they also bring new ethical challenges and problems requiring further reflection and debate. (lifeissues.net)
A number of large biotech companies and scientists are looking toward stem cells as the basis for a therapeutic solution to cure such illnesses as blindness, diabetes and spinal cord injuries. (thefutureofthings.com)

But there was no way to easily know all the characteristics of the animal that would result from a cloned embryo or fetus. (wptv.com)
Similarly, when the fertilized egg divides from two cells into four cells, each of these four cells has the potential to individually form a human fetus. (jcpa.org)
However, by the time the fertilized egg divides into 8 or 16 cells something changes and each respective cell, if separated, no longer has the potential to create a fetus. (jcpa.org)

The outcomes also revealed how the ONL thickness of gene could be mixed up in advancement or maintenance of photoreceptor cells. (monossabios.com)
This technique was developed by modifying the conventional cloning technology*2 and is the world's first successful induction of gene activation*3, which is specifically expressed in early embryos from genomes of Oryx dammah, now extinct in the wild. (mynewsdesk.com)
Niikura [ 5 ] and others observed germ cells expressing Stra8 (stimulated by retinoic acid gene 8) in the ovarian surface epithelium, indicating that there may be germ cells with meiotic function in the ovary. (biomedcentral.com)
Its most characterized member, RPRM , which duplicated to give rise rprma and rprmb in the fish lineage, is known to act as a tumor-suppressor gene in mammalian models. (frontiersin.org)
Functional characterization of the identified placenta-expressed env gene after cloning in a CMV-driven expression vector and transient transfection experiments, demonstrated both fusogenic activity in an ex vivo cell-cell fusion assay and infectivity of pseudotypes. (biomedcentral.com)

We aim to understand how mammals regulate intracellular and systemic iron metabolism. (nih.gov)
George D. Snell of The Jackson Laboratory won the 1980 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for "discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions. (jax.org)
Tenascins are a family of glycoproteins found primarily in the extracellular matrix of embryos where they help to regulate cell proliferation, adhesion and migration. (biomedcentral.com)

particular in the selective destruction of cerebellar Purkinje cells, between ABV and BDV infections of the brains of Tissue Culture birds and mammals, respectively ( 11 ). (cdc.gov)

We are evaluating the possibility that loss of IRP2 in humans may cause mild refractory anemia and adult-onset neurodegeneration characterized by limb weakness, which might be diagnosed as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in humans. (nih.gov)
It was thought that mammalian cells might be refractory to cloning. (rupress.org)

In a meeting in Washington (3 December 2001) the researcher Tanja Dominko presented the results of monkey cloning (Macacus rhesus) when she worked at the Regional Center of Research in Primates of Beaverton, Oregon (USA). (sibi.org)

These germ cells are the only ones in the body that have their genetic material all jumbled up and in half the quantity of every other kind of cell. (wptv.com)
The role of DNA methylation on sexual determination and development in zebrafish germ cells. (exeter.ac.uk)

Embryonic stem cells of the inner cell mass are pluripotent, meaning they are able to differentiate to generate primitive ectoderm, which ultimately differentiates during gastrulation into all derivatives of the three primary germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. (wikipedia.org)
These germ layers generate each of the more than 220 cell types in the adult human body. (wikipedia.org)

Zebrafish runx1 is expressed in hematopoietic and neuronal cells during early embryogenesis. (biologists.com)

Due to their plasticity and potentially unlimited capacity for self-renewal, embryonic stem cell therapies have been proposed for regenerative medicine and tissue replacement after injury or disease. (wikipedia.org)
In addition to their potential in regenerative medicine, embryonic stem cells provide a possible alternative source of tissue/organs which serves as a possible solution to the donor shortage dilemma. (wikipedia.org)
The use of various types of stem cells for research purposes to make disease "models" in the lab for regenerative medicine and for "therapies" to cure sick patients for diseases is constantly in the news. (lifeissues.net)

The resulting egg becomes a factory to produce an embryo that develops into an offspring. (wptv.com)
A germ layer is a group of cells in an embryo that interact with each other as the embryo develops and contribute to the formation of all organs and tissues. (asu.edu)

When investigating the causes of this failure via cellular and molecular analysis of 2-cell zygotes and the successive cell divisions (blastomeres), all kinds of abnormalities were found. (sibi.org)

Rapid cell division allows the cells to quickly grow in number, but not size, which is important for early embryo development. (wikipedia.org)
increased public sensitivity and awareness together with the development of national regulations of governance of human cloning and embryo research in general. (lifeissues.net)
Recording and contextualizing the science of embryos, development, and reproduction. (asu.edu)
Myogenesis is the formation of muscle that occurs throughout an animal's development, from embryo to the end of life. (asu.edu)
Furthermore, due to ethical and legal concerns, very limited techniques can be applied to human embryos to validate some of significant conclusions drawn from descriptive studies regarding human embryonic development. (nature.com)
His findings laid the foundation for the field of embryology and greatly advanced our understanding of mammalian development. (proprofs.com)
This discovery was significant in the development of cell theory and our understanding of the microscopic world. (proprofs.com)
This process gets rid of unneeded cells and is particularly important for "sculpting" tissue and organ structure during development of the embryo (or larval metamorphosis in insects), but may occur at any time even in adult cells when a tissue needs to be remodeled. (agemed.org)
We started with the earliest steps in neural development (neurogenesis and neuronal cell fate specification) and gradually worked our way toward later steps (neuronal morphogenesis and the assembly of a functional neuronal circuit). (ucsf.edu)

Despite this difference in the cell cycle when compared to ESCs grown in media containing serum these cells have similar pluripotent characteristics. (wikipedia.org)
Pluripotent stem cells have shown promise in treating a number of varying conditions, including but not limited to: spinal cord injuries, age related macular degeneration, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders (such as Parkinson's disease), AIDS, etc. (wikipedia.org)
But what is not getting such wide reporting is the use of pluripotent stem cells (as well as many other types of cells and genetic engineering techniques) for reproductive purposes . (lifeissues.net)
Attempts were then made to show that mammalian cells - and human cells in particular - could also be reprogrammed back to a pluripotent state, because it is believed that such knowledge may advance our understanding of developmental mechanisms, and yield new approaches for disease treatment. (shawprize.org)
The scientists honoured by the 2008 Shaw Prize in Life Science and Medicine used different approaches to reprogramme an adult cell into the totipotent or pluripotent state, and in doing so made important contributions to potential new approaches to improve agriculture practices and to treat human diseases. (shawprize.org)
These cells are considered pluripotent . (thefutureofthings.com)

It was found that ovoid cells in the epithelial layer of the ovary simultaneously expressed the germ cell specific marker MVH and the proliferation of cell marker BrdU using double-immunofluorescence staining. (biomedcentral.com)
This discovery invalidated the "fixation theory of primordial follicle pool" and suggested for the first time the hypothesis that germ stem cells also exist in the ovary. (biomedcentral.com)

Mammalian neuropeptide Y receptors (NPYRs) show significant homology with sNPFR1 (ref. 7 ) and treatment of rat insulinoma cells with the mammalian sNPF orthologue NPY enhances their expression of insulin 5 . (nature.com)
Signals to trigger apoptosis may come from within the cell or from outside, by stimulating suicide receptors in the cell's external membrane. (agemed.org)

Baer's discovery provided evidence for the theory of epigenesis, which states that organisms develop gradually from undifferentiated cells. (proprofs.com)
This concept is known as the cell theory, which states that cells are the fundamental units of life and that all living organisms are composed of cells. (proprofs.com)
The term applies not only to entire organisms but also to copies of molecules (such as DNA) and cells. (who.int)

Pluripotency factors Oct4 and Nanog play a role in transcriptionally regulating the embryonic stem cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
The reason I then was drawn into epigenetics and stem cell biology was a lecture at the IMP by Rudolf Jaenisch. (rupress.org)
While regarded by many top scientists as the Holy Grail of medicine, others consider embryonic stem-cell research sacrilegious. (thefutureofthings.com)
Recent advances in the field of stem-cell research are giving hope to millions. (thefutureofthings.com)
Avant-garde approaches to stem-cell therapy may be the first stepping-stones to a bright new future of stem-cell medicine and are emerging in leading laboratories worldwide. (thefutureofthings.com)
So when I was recently contacted by an earnest and amiable member of a local school board who was concerned about the questionable manner in which the issue of "stem cell" research - both human embryonic and adult - was presented to the high school students in his district in a currently-used science textbook, I agreed to evaluate that section in the text for him. (lifeissues.net)
My edited analysis of the section on "stem cell research" in this science textbook is copied below. (lifeissues.net)
In my opinion there is no question but that the scientific information on stem cell research included in this science text book being used in Illinois schools incorporates some inaccurate scientific facts, and seems to be very partial to the use of human embryonic "stem cell" research. (lifeissues.net)
In order to better appreciate the role of stem cell research in reproductive medicine, there is a need to understand the critical biological principles of stem cell research and its potential applications to medicine. (jcpa.org)
While there is a great deal published on the potential medical applications of stem cell research to treat or cure diseases such as diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cancer, and heart disease, much less has been published on the future impact of stem cell research in reproductive medicine. (jcpa.org)
In 2009, in a major reversal of U.S. policy, President Obama signed an executive order pledging to "vigorously support" embryonic stem cell research. (jcpa.org)
Stem Cell Res. (sciendo.com)

More than 10 different cell types have been used successfully as "parents" for cloning. (wptv.com)
They used adult cells, but it was possible that the cells that gave rise to successfully cloned animals were derived from rare adult stem cells. (rupress.org)

The findings of this research will enable analysis of genomic functions of various wild animals using laboratory mouse embryos. (mynewsdesk.com)

When provided with the appropriate signals, ESCs initially form precursor cells that in subsequently differentiate into the desired cell types. (wikipedia.org)
The French flag model represents how embryonic cells receive and respond to genetic information and subsequently differentiate into patterns. (asu.edu)

This was demonstrated by a co-culture fusion assay between hamster A23 cells transduced with an expression vector for ASCT2 and A23 cells transduced with syncytin-Ory1 . (biomedcentral.com)

In addition to their ability to supply cells at the turnover rate of their respective tissues, they can be stimulated to repair injured tissue caused by liver damage, skin abrasions and blood loss. (thefutureofthings.com)
The ability of our body to regenerate some of its tissues is largely owed to the reserves of adult stem cells. (thefutureofthings.com)
Comparison of human mesenchymal stromal cells from four neonatal tissues: Amniotic membrane, chorionic membrane, placental decidua and umbilical cord. (sciendo.com)

The strain is now valued as a source of embryonic stem cells for making knockout mice. (jax.org)
The block in definitive hematopoiesis is similar to that observed in Runx1 knockout mice, implying that zebrafish Runx1 has a function equivalent to that in mammals. (biologists.com)

In mammals and many higher vertebrates, each muscle fiber typically has a single synaptic site innervated by a single motor axon branch. (intechopen.com)
Unlike mammals, the function of TGF-beta in the reproduction of lower vertebrates, such as fish, is not clear. (biomedcentral.com)

A technological 'world first' happened when Scottish scientists recently performed the world's first true 'cloning' of a mammal. (creation.com)

An in-depth analysis aiming at re-defining this terminology according to the new developments in human embryo research would be highly beneficial . (lifeissues.net)
3. National regulations of governance of human cloning and embryo research in general adopted so far confirm the convergence of views of the refusal to adopt legislation or guidelines permitting reproductive cloning , while they still show variations on the legitimacy of human cloning carried out as part of research agendas. (lifeissues.net)
To take human organ generation via BC and transplantation to the next step, we reviewed current emerging organ generation technologies and the associated efficiency of chimera formation in human cells from the standpoint of developmental biology. (frontiersin.org)
In the 1960s, however, Carrel's thesis about cell immortality was put into question by the discovery that human diploid cells can only proliferate for a finite period. (asu.edu)
Why Cloning in Non-Human Mammalians Fail? (sibi.org)
The ICM continues to differentiate into three germ layers-ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm, each of which follows a specific developmental destiny that takes them along an ever-specifying path at which end the daughter cells will make up the different organs of the human body. (thefutureofthings.com)
In rodents, and even in some preliminary trials in humans, human embryonic stem cells have been shown to bridge gaps in spinal cord injuries , allowing restoration of motor functions. (thefutureofthings.com)
To date, some 35 countries have adopted laws forbidding human cloning. (who.int)
Elaboration of an international convention against reproductive cloning of human beings has been under consideration in the United Nations since December 2001 when the subject was included in the agenda of the fifty- sixth session as a supplementary agenda item at the request of France and Germany. (who.int)
My 400-page doctoral dissertation was titled, A Philosophical and Scientific Analysis of the Nature of the Early Human Embryo (Georgetown University 1991). (lifeissues.net)
Contrary to popular belief, stem cells are present in the human body throughout life and are found in many adult organs. (jcpa.org)

Adult stem cells can be used to accelerate bone or tendon healing , and they can induce cartilage progenitor cells to produce a better matrix and repair cartilage damage . (thefutureofthings.com)

A more macabre scenario is that of wealthy people contracting to have brain-dead clones 'grown' in order to be able to have a supply of perfectly matched replacement 'parts' for transplanting as their own organs wear out. (creation.com)

With her research, Platt challenged then current theories about germ layers, the types of cells in an early embryo that develop into adult cells. (asu.edu)
Animals that lack both IRP1 and IRP2 die as early embryos. (nih.gov)
The early mammalian embryo consists of the extra-embryonic cell layers-the trophoblast and a body of cells called the inner cell mass (ICM), which eventually become the embryo proper. (thefutureofthings.com)

Anatomy66

Organisms27

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs46

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment39

Phenomena and Processes74

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Genes17

Homologous recombination2

Dolly29

Nucleus15

Vitro7

Sheep10

Ability to differentiate3

Neurons4

Blastocyst5

Organism8

Somatic cells6

Differentiation11

Nuclear10

Eggs4

Epigenetic2

Species9

19972

Fetal2

Wilmut1

Drosophila6

Genome4

Nuclei3

Proteins4

Identical8

Mammary gland2

Therapeutic4

Fetus3

Gene5

Regulate3

Birds and mammals1

Refractory2

Rhesus1

Germ cells2

Generate2

Embryogenesis1

Regenerative medicine3

Develops2

Successive cell divisions1

Development9

Pluripotent6

Ovary2

Receptors2

Organisms3

Stem-cell12

Successfully2

Laboratory1

Subsequently2

Assay1

Tissues3

Knockout2

Vertebrates2

World's1

Human11

Progenitor cells1

Organs1

Early3