Dr. Arlotta is interested in understanding the molecular laws that govern the birth, differentiation and assembly of the cerebral cortex, the part of the brain that controls how we sense, move and think. (harvard.edu)
Trnp1 regulates expansion and folding of the mammalian cerebral cortex by control of radial glial fate. (nih.gov)
TRNP1 expression levels exhibit regional differences in the cerebral cortex of human fetuses, anticipating radial or tangential expansion. (nih.gov)
The mammalian telencephalon, which comprises the cerebral cortex, olfactory bulb, hippocampus, basal ganglia (striatum and globus pallidum), and amygdala, is a highly complex and evolutionarily advanced brain structure. (intechopen.com)
We also represent the topological distribution of cortical types in simplified flat maps of the cerebral cortex of monotremes, rats, and primates. (springer.com)
The main structural feature of the cerebral cortex is the arrangement of cortical neurons and glial cells in layers that run parallel to the surface of the brain. (springer.com)
2019 )]. According to the original enunciation of the Hypothesis on the Dual Origin of the Neocortex, the tangential expansion of the cerebral cortex is traced to two ancestral anlagen in the allocortex: the ancestral olfactory cortex and the ancestral hippocampal cortex, which form a continuous ring at the limit of each brain hemisphere. (springer.com)
In an article published today in Science, researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Brain Research in Frankfurt, Germany, report that they succeeded in the dense connectomic mapping of about half a million cubic micrometers of brain tissue from the mouse cerebral cortex using 3-dimensional electron microscopy and AI-based image analysis. (mpg.de)
Dense connectome from the mouse cerebral cortex, the largest connectome to date. (mpg.de)
Since each nerve cell in the main part of mammalian brains, the so-called cerebral cortex, communicates with about 1,000 other nerve cells via synapses placed along these cables over long distances, one expects a total of about 5 million kilometers of wires packed into our skulls - more than 10 times longer than all highways on our planet, in each of our brains. (mpg.de)
In the work published today in Science, a team around Max Planck Director Moritz Helmstaedter imaged and analyzed a piece of tissue from the cerebral cortex of a 4-week old mouse, obtained via biopsy from the somatosensory cortex, a part of the cortex occupied with the representation and processing of touch. (mpg.de)
Their microcephaly with grossly preserved macroscopic organization of the brain is a consequence of a reduced brain volume, which is evident particularly within the cerebral cortex and thus results to a large part from a reduction of grey matter. (nih.gov)
Understanding the pathomechanisms leading to MCPH is of high importance not only for our understanding of physiologic brain development (particularly of cortex formation), but also for that of trends in mammalian evolution with a massive increase in size of the cerebral cortex in primates, of microcephalies of other etiologies including environmentally induced microcephalies, and of cancer formation. (nih.gov)
Yet, what is special about the human cerebral cortex is a longstanding question in neuroscience. (fens.org)
In this talk, I will emphasise how the application of these methods has shown that the human cerebral cortex displays clear species-specific variations in cortical microstructure and that it is likely that as more detailed studies are carried out on human cortical circuits, we will discover many more differences at the genetic, molecular, structural, and physiological levels between humans and other species. (fens.org)
Somatosensory cortex microstimulation modulates primary motor and premotor cortex neurons with extensive spatial convergence and divergence. (rochester.edu)
Spatiotemporal Distribution of Location and Object Effects in Primary Motor CortexNeurons during Reach-to-Grasp. (rochester.edu)
Are Sensory Neurons in the Cortex Committed to Original Trigger Features? (intechopen.com)
For example, cuprizone-induced demyelination promotes hyper- and depolarizing shifts of the resting membrane potential of auditory thalamocortical pathway neurons and reduction in action potential firing of primary auditory cortex (A1) neurons 7 . (biorxiv.org)
They used the approach on 11,827 individual mouse neurons, all extending outward from the mouse cortex. (neurosciencenews.com)
Using subcellular channelrhodopsin-2-assisted circuit mapping in mouse visual cortex, we compared feedforward (FF) or feedback (FB) cortico-cortical (CC) synaptic input to cells projecting back to the input source (looped neurons) with cells projecting to a different cortical or subcortical area. (elifesciences.org)
Previous comparative studies established that the human brain is built like other mammalian brains, so we were surprised to find strong evidence that human neurons are special," says former MIT graduate student Lou Beaulieu-Laroche. (mit.edu)
Neurons in the mammalian brain can receive electrical signals from thousands of other cells, and that input determines whether or not they will fire an electrical impulse called an action potential. (mit.edu)
In their new study, Harnett and Beaulieu-Laroche decided to compare neurons from several different mammalian species to see if they could find any patterns that governed the expression of ion channels. (mit.edu)
They studied two types of voltage-gated potassium channels and the HCN channel, which conducts both potassium and sodium, in layer 5 pyramidal neurons, a type of excitatory neurons found in the brain's cortex. (mit.edu)
Telencephalon3
Development of the mammalian telencephalon is precisely organized by a combination of extracellular signaling events derived from signaling centers and transcription factor networks. (elsevierpure.com)
Until now this heterogeneous structure, the key to emotion and social behavior, remained ill-defined in ray-finned fish (actinopterygii), because their telencephalon looks markedly different from the familiar mammalian situation. (frontiersin.org)
The appearance, expansion and differentiation of a highly complex multi-laminated cortex, the "neocortex" is a fundamental event during the evolution of the mammalian telencephalon. (fens.org)
This illustrates that subcortical auditory structures have access to a wealth of non-acoustic information and can, independently of the auditory cortex, carry much richer neural representations than previously thought. (elifesciences.org)
The resulting models help illustrate how neural networks-including mammalian cortices-function in response to a combination of sensory information and past experience, the team reported in PNAS . (scienceblog.com)
Next, they trained a convolutional neural network (CNN) - a class of artificial intelligence modeled on the mammalian visual cortex and used to analyze visual data - to categorize bacteria based on their shape and distribution. (scienceblog.com)
The exact neural mechanisms underlying this remain unclear, but it seems that the process involves mammalian systems related to reward, social attachment, and aversion. (bigthink.com)
The researchers wrote that "human altruism draws on general mammalian neural systems of reward, social attachment, and aversion. (bigthink.com)
To investigate the neural representation of objects in this process, we studied individual and population neuronal activity in three different visual regions of the brains of macaque monkeys (Macaca fuscata): the primary and secondary visual cortices (V1, V2) and the inferotemporal cortex (IT). (bvsalud.org)
Cortical5
Structurally, the cortex consists of cortical labyrinth and medullary rays. (wikipedia.org)
Since the operation principles in cortical regions are similar, and dysfunctions of some of these principle networks is thought to underlie several neurological and psychiatric diseases, it appears particularly fruitful to explore candidate mechanisms in the comparatively well-known visual cortex. (uni-luebeck.de)
Plasticity in the visual cortex of blind individuals provides a rare window into the mechanisms of cortical specialization. (jneurosci.org)
This variety allowed the researchers to cover a range of cortical thicknesses and neuron sizes across the mammalian kingdom. (mit.edu)
Olfactory cortex1
It has been proposed that recurrent olfactory cortex feedback circuitry implements associative memory functions such as pattern completion and generalization ( Haberly, 1985 , 2001 ). (jneurosci.org)
Prefrontal1
But a 2006 fMRI study provided some of the first hard evidence showing that giving involves a complex interplay between several brain regions, including the mesolimbic reward system and the decision-making prefrontal cortex. (bigthink.com)
Brains3
The BICCN, one subset of the BRAIN Initiative, specifically focuses on creating brain atlases that describe the full plethora of cells-as characterized by many different techniques-in mammalian brains. (neurosciencenews.com)
Mammalian brains, with their unmatched number of nerve cells and density of communication between them, are the most complex networks known. (mpg.de)
The cables we find in our (and other mammalian) brains are as thin as 50 to 100 nanometers in diameter, about 1000th the diameter of our hairs. (mpg.de)
Abstract1
The cortex is the most recently evolved part of the mammalian brain and, in humans, governs abstract reasoning and symbolic thought. (salk.edu)
This work suggests that behavior outcome information in the inferior colliculus persists in absence of top-down feedback from the auditory cortex. (elifesciences.org)
Sensory3
Sensory cortices are inherently dynamic and exhibit plasticity in response to a variety of stimuli. (intechopen.com)
These results together suggest that sensory cortices are capable of adapting to intense experiences by going through a recalibration of corresponding or neighboring sensory area(s) to redirect the sensory function and exhibit remarkable extent of neuroplasticity within the brain. (intechopen.com)
Classically, perception is considered to rely on the flow of information from the sensory periphery via a sequence of hierarchically-organized brain structures up to the cortex. (elifesciences.org)
Auditory3
We focused on the primary auditory cortex (A1) due to the crucial role that temporal precision plays in the processing of auditory information. (biorxiv.org)
The auditory cortex is considered crucial for the integration of acoustic and contextual information and is thought to share the resulting representations with subcortical auditory structures via its vast descending projections. (elifesciences.org)
The shell encapsulates and is extensively connected with the central nucleus of the IC, which forms part of the tonotopically organized core or lemniscal auditory pathway to the primary auditory cortex. (elifesciences.org)
Medulla8
Each kidney consists of a renal capsule, peripheral cortex, internal medulla, calices, and renal pelvis, although the calices or renal pelvis may be absent in some species. (wikipedia.org)
The cortex and medulla of the kidney contain nephrons. (wikipedia.org)
The peripheral layer of the kidney is represented by the cortex, and the inner layer is represented by the medulla. (wikipedia.org)
The medulla consists of pyramids (also called malpighian pyramids), ascending with their base to the cortex and forming together with it the renal lobe. (wikipedia.org)
The parenchyma, being a functional part of the kidneys, is visually divided into cortex and medulla. (wikipedia.org)
The cortex and medulla are based on nephrons together with an extensive network of blood vessels and capillaries, as well as collecting ducts, into which nephrons empty, and renal interstitium. (wikipedia.org)
There is a blood-filtering part of the nephron in the cortex - the renal corpuscle, from which the renal tubule extends to the medulla into the loop of Henle, then the tubule returns back to the cortex and with its distal end flows into its collecting duct that is common to several nephrons. (wikipedia.org)
The ratio of cortex to medulla varies between species, in domesticated animals the cortex usually occupies a third or fourth part of the parenchyma, while in desert animals with long loops of Henle it is only a fifth part. (wikipedia.org)
Occipital1
The eye has many features of a camera, beginning with the cornea and ending with the occipital (visual) cortex. (medscape.com)
Pathways2
In studying why, Johnson discovered that three important signaling pathways were affected in these mice's frontal cortexes. (iflscience.com)
The visual system includes the eyes, connecting pathways through to the visual cortex, and other parts of the brain (see the image below). (medscape.com)
Researchers1
Researchers have identified a new set of matching barrel structures two layers deeper in the cortex than whisker barrels. (neurosciencenews.com)
The mammalian primary visual cortex is one of the most studied brain regions and we have a good understanding of the basic principles of information processing in the visual system. (uni-luebeck.de)
5. Gilbert CD: Laminar differences in receptive field properties of cells in cat primary visual cortex. (uni-luebeck.de)
Here, we used an optogenetic approach to study the effect of 5-HT on single-unit activity in the mouse primary olfactory (anterior piriform) cortex. (jneurosci.org)
Twenty minutes of 1 mA anodal tDCS were applied over the primary motor cortex (M1) contralateral to the dominant (right) hand, during the first half of a 40 min power-grip task. (surrey.ac.uk)
The core proposition is the existence of two, topographically identical mappings of the visual field to the primary visual cortex, which define the geometrical organisation of orientation preference and drive the formation of patchy connectivity in the supragranular layers. (paulbourke.net)
The LGS model of the primary visual cortex suggests there is a direct relationship between globally represented objects (e.g. an oriented line) and various other response properties (e.g. orientation preference) which have a local geometry. (paulbourke.net)
Swindale (1996) has described a set of canonical properties which a model of the geometry of the primary visual cortex should take into account. (paulbourke.net)
Layer 4C of the macaque primary visual cortex has a strict retinotopic organisation (Blasdel and Fitzpatrick, 1984) . (paulbourke.net)
From the LGN, the signals continue to the primary visual cortex, where further visual processing takes place. (medscape.com)
Species2
They were able to obtain brain tissue from 10 mammalian species: Etruscan shrews (one of the smallest known mammals), gerbils, mice, rats, Guinea pigs, ferrets, rabbits, marmosets, and macaques, as well as human tissue removed from patients with epilepsy during brain surgery. (mit.edu)
Etiocholanolone is a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE and ANDROSTENEDIONE in many mammalian species including humans. (bvsalud.org)
Mammals1
The mammalian kidneys are the paired organ of the urinary system of mammals, which is a type of metanephric kidney. (wikipedia.org)
Midbrain1
Basal ganglia reign through downstream control of motor centers in midbrain and brain stem while updating cortex with efference copy information. (ki.se)
Primates2
Rodents had fewer rings and primates had more rings in the inner part of the cortex. (springer.com)
Sanides developed this hypothesis based on his observations of the cortex of humans, non-human primates, cats, and rats and on the works of Raymon Dart ( 1934 ) on the cortex of reptiles and Andrew A. Abbie ( 1940 , 1942 ) on the cortex of marsupials and monotremes [see Table 2 in García-Cabezas et al. (springer.com)
Computational1
Our findings suggest that early in life, human cortex has a remarkably broad computational capacity. (jneurosci.org)
Visual cortices3
We find that "visual" cortices of young blind (but not sighted) children respond to sound. (jneurosci.org)
Visual" cortices of congenitally blind individuals respond to input from non-visual modalities, including sound and touch. (jneurosci.org)
and visual cortices ( Johnson and Burkhalter, 1997 ). (elifesciences.org)
Visually1
In the present study we examined whether tDCS over the contralateral motor cortex enhances learning of grip-force output in a visually guided feedback task in young and neurologically healthy volunteers. (surrey.ac.uk)
Gene1
trnp: A conserved mammalian gene encoding a nuclear protein that accelerates cell-cycle progression. (nih.gov)
Protein1
This study shows that Schip1 , a Drosophila homolog of the mammalian Schwannomin interacting protein 1 (SCHIP1), provides a link between Ex and Hpo. (sdbonline.org)
Motor1
tDCS over motor cortex (M1), for instance, facilitates motor learning in stroke patients. (surrey.ac.uk)
Functional1
La Jolla, CA - Salk Institute neuroscientists have obtained the first evidence that specific genes control how the cortex forms functional units during development. (salk.edu)
Activity1
We are engineering neurotechnologies for large-scale cellular resolution activity mapping of the mammalian cortex. (asme.org)
Find1
We find that "visual" cortex responses to sound increase between 4 and 17 years of age. (jneurosci.org)
Social1
The frontal cortex controls much of mammalian social interactions, as well as mood and personality. (iflscience.com)