• This complex inhibits mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase, a key protein in cells that regulate the gene translation responsible for cell-cycle regulation. (medscape.com)
  • Although the optimal treatment strategy continues to evolve, three agents that target angiogenesis (sunitinib, bevacizumab, and pazopanib) and a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-targeted therapy (temsirolimus) have been approved as front-line agents. (medscape.com)
  • We have, however, a still very limited understanding of how multiple events are coordinated during rapid development of an early mammalian embryo. (ehu.eus)
  • The expression pattern and function of Nop2 during early mammalian embryo development, however, has not been investigated. (umass.edu)
  • NOP2-deficient embryos exhibit reduced blastomere numbers, greatly increased apoptosis, and impaired cell-lineage specification. (umass.edu)
  • Resveratrol could play a toxic role through inducing apoptosis of the cancer cell in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. (mdpi.com)
  • The aim of the present investigation was to elucidate the cellular mechanisms whereby Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) leads to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in vitro in keratinocytes, the target cells in psoriasis. (hindawi.com)
  • Furthermore, Tan IIA-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential changes were also further demonstrated by DNA fragmentation, single-cell gel electrophoresis assay (SCGE), and flow cytometry methods. (hindawi.com)
  • Therefore, based on clinical experience as well as cytotoxic activity against multiple human cancer cells, we hypothesized that induction of apoptosis is the underlying mechanism for the treatment of psoriasis. (hindawi.com)
  • These fragments may also be generated during DNA repair, cell death (apoptosis), and other processes. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Most changes were subtle, but frequently the genes with altered expression were involved in basal cellular functions such as cell division, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis and cell signalling. (lu.se)
  • In this context, include the galectins, protein family of animal lectins, which are involved in various biological processes in organisms such as cell cycle control, immune response, cell adhesion, apoptosis and metastasis. (bvsalud.org)
  • Progression of a cell through the division cycle is tightly controlled at different steps to ensure the integrity of genome replication and partitioning to daughter cells. (ebi.ac.uk)
  • My laboratory has developed new technologies and applied them towards understanding the molecular biology and enzymology of DNA replication in animal cells and viruses (SV40, polyomavirus, papillomavirus, and herpes simplex virus), and at the beginning of animal development (mouse preimplantation embryos and frog eggs). (nih.gov)
  • Our current research now focuses on two basic, interrelated questions: (1) How do mammalian cells decide where and when to initiate DNA replication? (nih.gov)
  • 2) What are the requirements for DNA replication and transcription at the beginning of mammalian development? (nih.gov)
  • Drugs that block DNA replication can arrest the spread of cancer cells and eliminate viral pathogens. (nih.gov)
  • In fact, amplification of genes by over replication of certain regions of DNA is one of the primary mechanisms by which cancer cells become resistant to drug therapy. (nih.gov)
  • Therefore, the overall goal of our work is to discover how DNA replication is regulated both in the large chromosomes of cells and in the "mini-chromosomes" of viruses and small extrachromosomal DNA molecules. (nih.gov)
  • In the past, our research focused on viral genomes as models for DNA replication in mammalian cell nuclei. (nih.gov)
  • We used isolated nuclei from virus infected cells supplemented with cytoplasm, and discovered that viral replicating chromosomes could continue replication in the absence of a nucleus. (nih.gov)
  • In this chapter, we mainly discuss the coordination regulations between DNA replication initiation and other cell cycle events that ensure genomic integrity. (intechopen.com)
  • Recent breakthroughs have uncovered more and more DNA replication licensing machinery proteins (ORC, Cdc6, Cdt1, geminin, etc.) functioning in other cell cycle events, including centrosome replication, mitotic events, transcription and so on. (intechopen.com)
  • DNA replication occurs once and only once per cell cycle mainly regulated by DNA replication initiation factors in eukaryotic cells. (intechopen.com)
  • Due to their affiliation with DNA, histones are important for successful cell replication, which takes place via the cell cycle. (news-medical.net)
  • Histones can be classified as replication dependent or replication independent, which is decided by their expression pattern during the cell cycle. (news-medical.net)
  • The replication independent histone genes are transcribed at a relatively constant low rate, regardless of cell cycle stage. (news-medical.net)
  • However, most of the vertebrate histone genes are replication dependent and are therefore more highly expressed during the cell cycle's S phase. (news-medical.net)
  • Elledge's idea that eukaryotic cells sense the progress of DNA replication and transform that information into a DNA-damage response was new. (the-scientist.com)
  • Those results led him to study how cells monitor roadblocks to replication and DNA damage, such as nicks and double-stranded breaks, and how the cell handles that information. (the-scientist.com)
  • In this way, it breaks down unneeded DNA molecules or fragments that may be generated during copying (replication) of cells' genetic material in preparation for cell division. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Encephalitis and strong cerebral virus replication but only sporadic mammalian-adaptive viral polymerase basic 2 protein E627K mutations were seen. (cdc.gov)
  • It reproduces protein time courses in wild-type cells, mimics correctly the phenotypes of many mutant strains, and predicts the phenotypes of currently uncharacterized mutants. (ebi.ac.uk)
  • The cell division cycle protein 20 homolog is an essential regulator of cell division that is encoded by the CDC20 gene in humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • A closely related protein, Cdc20homologue-1 (Cdh1) plays a complementary role in the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • CDC20 appears to act as a regulatory protein interacting with many other proteins at multiple points in the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Ecdysoneless (Ecd) protein is required for cell-autonomous roles in development and oogenesis in Drosophila, but the function of its evolutionarily conserved mammalian orthologs is not clear. (unmc.edu)
  • Nuclear transport of protein TTC4 depends on the cell cycle. (nih.gov)
  • trnp: A conserved mammalian gene encoding a nuclear protein that accelerates cell-cycle progression. (nih.gov)
  • Here, we show that the BAG-1 IRES maintains synthesis of BAG-1 protein following exposure of cells to the chemotoxic drug vincristine but not to cisplatin and that this is brought about, in part, by the relocalization of PTB and PCBP1 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. (nature.com)
  • 1996). HGF receptor associates with the anti-apoptotic protein BAG-1 and prevents cell death. (nature.com)
  • 1999). Cellular stress in Xenopus kidney cells enhances the phoshorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor eIF(4E) and the association of eIF4F with poly(A)-binding protein. (nature.com)
  • Nucleolar protein 2 (NOP2) is evolutionarily conserved from yeast to human, and has been found to play an important role in accelerating cell proliferation, cell-cycle progression, and tumor aggressiveness. (umass.edu)
  • Nop2 is expressed throughout preimplantation development, with highest mRNA and protein accumulation at the 8-cell and morula stages, respectively. (umass.edu)
  • The precise regulations of pre-RC protein levels and assembly are effective ways to prevent reassembly of de novo MCM2-7 onto the replicated origins to re-license and re-replicate the genomic DNA in the subsequent phases of the same cell cycle ( Figure 1) . (intechopen.com)
  • Mammalian tuberin protein, the product of a familial tuberous sclerosis gene which, when deleted, causes begnin tumours. (embl.de)
  • Drosophila Gigas protein, an homologue of tuberin involved in regulation of cell cycle. (embl.de)
  • Mammalian tuberin-like protein TULIP. (embl.de)
  • When scientists stimulated human cells with known cellular protein triggers that regulate inflammation, they found that 54 of the genes that responded were pseudogenes. (icr.org)
  • In the mammalian system the transcription of the cell cycle regulatory protein Wee1 is controlled by the circadian clock. (dagstuhl.de)
  • Bae KM, Wang H, Jiang G, Chen MG, Lu L, Xiao L. Protein kinase C epsilon is overexpressed in primary human non-small cell lung cancers and functionally required for proliferation of non-small cell lung cancer cells in a p21/Cip1-dependent manner. (famri.org)
  • Elledge had found that Rnr2 protein levels increased when yeast cells were grown in the presence of agents that damaged DNA. (the-scientist.com)
  • He mentioned this to David Stillman , who was at Stanford to interview for a faculty position, and who studied cell cycle regulation of proteins as a postdoc in Kim Nasmyth 's lab at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in the U.K. Stillman pointed out that ribonucleotide reductase was cell cycle regulated-rather than remaining stable, the RNA and protein levels fluctuate throughout the cell cycle. (the-scientist.com)
  • He found that RNR2 RNA levels increased dramatically, even more than the protein levels, upon exposure of cells to DNA damage and that mutations in RNR2 resulted in hypersensitivity to DNA damage. (the-scientist.com)
  • Using affinity purification-mass spectrometry and global phosphoproteomic and protein abundance analyses using three IAV strains (pH1N1, H3N2, H5N1) in three human cell types (A549, NHBE, THP-1), we map 332 IAV-human protein-protein interactions and identify 13 IAV-modulated kinases. (cdc.gov)
  • A family of cell cycle-dependent kinases that are related in structure to CDC28 PROTEIN KINASE, S CEREVISIAE and the CDC2 PROTEIN KINASE found in mammalian species. (bvsalud.org)
  • The mechanism, which is based on the synthesis and degradation of three ''master regulator'' proteins (CtrA, GcrA, and DnaA), is converted into a quantitative model, in order to study the temporal dynamics of these and other cell cycle proteins. (ebi.ac.uk)
  • Since many of the proteins involved in regulating the cell cycle of C. crescentus are conserved among many genera of a-proteobacteria, the proposed mechanism may be applicable to other species of importance in agriculture and medicine. (ebi.ac.uk)
  • CDC20, along with a handful of other Cdc proteins, was discovered in the early 1970s when Hartwell and colleagues made cell-division cycle mutants that failed to complete major events in the cell cycle in the yeast strain S. cerevisiae. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are three major isoforms of BAG-1 in mammalian cells, termed BAG-1L (p50), BAG-1M (p46) and BAG-1S (p36) that function as pro-survival proteins and are associated with tumorigenesis and chemoresistance. (nature.com)
  • Rap small G proteins have been implicated in various cellular processes such as exocytosis, cAMP signalling, cell adhesion and cell proliferation. (embl.de)
  • Initially the arrest is due to lack of sufficient cell cycle proteins to allow meiotic progression. (wikipedia.org)
  • [7] The cells that comprise the follicle, known as granulosa cells, are connected to each other by proteins known as gap junctions, that allow small molecules to pass between the cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this next research phase they hope to identify genes and proteins that help or hinder this ability of retinal ganglion cells to regenerate, grow axons to a target and become functional in mice. (nih.gov)
  • Two distinct nuclear localization signals in mammalian MSL1 regulate its function. (nih.gov)
  • Failure of mammalian cells to regulate their proliferation cycle leads to cancer. (nih.gov)
  • HIF-1α promotes cellular growth in lymphatic endothelial cells exposed to chronically elevated pulmonary lymph flow. (ucsf.edu)
  • Evidence suggests that both species may also infect endothelial cells in vivo. (usda.gov)
  • Modulation of tight junction structure in blood-brain barrier endothelial cells. (worthington-biochem.com)
  • Most studies have been performed on large cell populations, but detailed understanding of cell dynamics and heterogeneity requires single-cell analysis. (frontiersin.org)
  • In conclusion, we provide useful experimental approaches and bioinformatics to identify informative and predictive genes at the single-cell level, which opens up new means to describe and understand cell proliferation and subpopulation dynamics. (frontiersin.org)
  • Although spontaneous changes of [Ca 2+ ] i have been examined in immature cortical neurons, the calcium dynamics of cortical precursor cells have received less attention. (jneurosci.org)
  • These results demonstrate distinct patterns of spontaneous [Ca 2+ ] i change in cortical precursor cells and raise the possibility that these dynamics may contribute to the regulation of neurogenesis. (jneurosci.org)
  • Pediatric Brain Tumor Cancer Stem Cells: Cell Cycle Dynamics, DNA Repair, and Etoposide Extrusion. (worthington-biochem.com)
  • To study the cellular function of Ecd in mammalian cells, we generated Ecd(lox/lox) mouse embryonic fibroblast cells from Ecd floxed mouse embryos. (unmc.edu)
  • Cellular morphology, time-lapse imaging, and nuclear staining demonstrated that this activity occurred in mitotically active cells. (jneurosci.org)
  • Our findings suggest that therapy-resistant AML cells are characterized not only by stem and progenitor states, but also by a continuum of differentiated cellular lineages. (bvsalud.org)
  • As a start to designing those gene-targeting tools, Elledge, now a professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School, began by trying to clone the mammalian homolog of recA , a bacterial gene required for DNA repair via recombination. (the-scientist.com)
  • Because there was no mammalian recA homolog, Elledge attempted to clone the Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast) homolog using a novel method that included an antibody step. (the-scientist.com)
  • Mammalian oocytes are maintained in meiotic prophase arrest for a very long time-months in mice, years in humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • Previous researches completed by our team have also demonstrated that resveratrol inhibits the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of colorectal cancer cells [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • We found that the total transcript level per cell and the expression of most individual genes correlated with progression through the cell cycle, but not with cell size. (frontiersin.org)
  • During cell growth and proliferation, ubiquitin plays an outsized role in promoting progression through the cell cycle. (intechopen.com)
  • Progression through the cell cycle is driven by the oscillating activity of Cyclin Dependent Kinases (CDKs). (intechopen.com)
  • and regulation of cell population proliferation. (nih.gov)
  • After fertilization, blastomeres of the newly created embryo undergo global epigenetic changes and simultaneously initiate transcription from the zygotic genome and differentiation forming separate cell lineages. (ehu.eus)
  • Understanding the association between Cell-free DNA levels in embryo CM and the quality of embryo cleavage could help improve the quality of IVF techniques. (who.int)
  • This prospective study was conducted with 96 spent CM from patients undergoing IVF cycle, in order to determine relationships of Cell-free DNA levels in embryo CM with embryo cleavage quality on day 3. (who.int)
  • Embryo morphology al ows options, the discovery of cell-free DNA in the evaluation of its growth, viability, and biological fluids has led to major advances in implantation capacity. (who.int)
  • To date, most gene therapies have targeted monogenic recessive retinal diseases and employed viral vectors to transfer a 'normal ' copy of the mutated gene to the affected cell. (berkeley.edu)
  • Current projects in our lab involve development of retinal cell specific viral vectors based upon lentivirus and adeno-associated viruses. (berkeley.edu)
  • These DNA and RNA molecules may be mistaken by cells for the genetic material of viral invaders, triggering immune system reactions that damage the brain, skin, and other organs and systems and result in the signs and symptoms of Aicardi-Goutières syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)
  • We detected viral RNA with cycle threshold values of 13.75-36.35 in the brains of 5 red foxes (4.5%), which were submitted with differing preliminary reports partly involving signs of disease specific for the central nervous system. (cdc.gov)
  • This study provides a comprehensive network model of IAV infection in human cells, identifying functional host targets for pan-viral HDT. (cdc.gov)
  • Journal of Cell Biology (2019) 218 (9): 2854. (biologists.com)
  • Journal of Cell Biology (2018) 217 (10): 3416. (biologists.com)
  • Journal of Cell Biology (2017) 216 (10): 3133. (biologists.com)
  • Nature Cell Biology 2007, 9 (10), 1192-1198. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • Journal of Cell Biology 2006, 174 (6), 791-801. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • Nature Cell Biology 2006, 8 (9), 1035-1037. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • [1] is the differentiation of the ovum (egg cell) into a cell competent to further develop when fertilized. (wikipedia.org)
  • A prime example are malignant tumors, as continuously proliferating cancer cells depend on altered gene expression profiles and elevated transcription rates [1]. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • The process of transcription is composed of several consecutive functional steps called the transcriptional cycle. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • Regulation of transcription and the correct succession of Pol2 in the transcriptional cycle is critically determined by post-translational modifications. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • Therefore, NPAT could be the link between cell cycle machinery and shared heightened transcription of histone genes during S phase. (news-medical.net)
  • During this time, precursor cells undergo interkinetic nuclear migration ( Seymour and Berry, 1975 ) in which cells in the DNA synthetic S phase have their nuclei in the upper third of the VZ. (jneurosci.org)
  • A proteomic analysis of the cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions obtained from young and senescent cells revealed disruption of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking (NCT) as an essential feature of replicative senescence (RS) at the global level. (bvsalud.org)
  • While both of these pathogens cause different diseases and infect different cells in the mammalian host, they share a similar life cycle within the tick. (usda.gov)
  • As with other parasites that infect both mammalian and insect hosts, the life cycle of T cruzi is complex (see image below). (medscape.com)
  • As epimastigotes (depicted in the first image below) move to the hindgut, they differentiate into metacyclic trypomastigotes (depicted in the second image below), which are nondividing forms resistant to mammalian complement that have the capacity to infect mammalian cells. (medscape.com)
  • We investigated the effects of various concentrations of Tan IIA (5-10 μ g/mL) on mouse keratinocytes and human HaCat cells in vitro to confirm this hypothesis. (hindawi.com)
  • Objective: Serum is usually added to growth media when mammalian cells are cultured in vitro to supply the cells with growth factors, hormones, nutrients and trace elements. (lu.se)
  • This fact, coupled with general societal pressure to reduce animal use, has resulted in calls for tiered and integrative testing strategies using high-throughput in silico, in vitro, and other alternative models to screen and assess ENMs along their chemical life cycle. (cdc.gov)
  • Oogenesis in Eukaryotic Cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Stephen Elledge has built a career studying how eukaryotic cells maintain genomic integrity. (the-scientist.com)
  • His first experimental results contained a serendipitous artifact that laid the foundation for a scientific career studying how eukaryotic cells deal with damage to their DNA. (the-scientist.com)
  • Trnp1 regulates expansion and folding of the mammalian cerebral cortex by control of radial glial fate. (nih.gov)
  • Inherited forms of retinal degeneration, which afflict 1 in 3000 people worldwide, arise primarily from mutations in transcripts expressed in rod and cone photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelial cells. (berkeley.edu)
  • Isoforms of Wilms' tumor suppressor gene (WT1) have distinct effects on mammary epithelial cells. (famri.org)
  • After the slide was gram stained the slide was scanned under a microscope using low power objective to locate clusters of epithelial cells. (cdc.gov)
  • The main mammalian histone subtypes ( H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 ) and the linker H1 are located in different gene clusters. (news-medical.net)
  • The authors used artificial neural croarrays is to study changes in gene ex- .nature organ the tumor arose from, how big it networks (ANNs) to identify gene-ex- pression that accompany changes in is, and what it looks like after it has pression signatures associated with spe- cell physiology, such as during develop- been imbedded in wax and colored cific subtypes of tumors. (lu.se)
  • The APC/CCdc20 complex regulates itself so that it is present during the appropriate times of the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • From published experimental evidence, we propose a molecular mechanism for control of the cell division cycle in Caulobacter crescentus. (ebi.ac.uk)
  • The molecular processes behind cell cycle progression have been dissected by numerous morphological studies on live or fixed single cells using a plethora of techniques to visualize components and processes during cell division. (frontiersin.org)
  • While most molecular biologists thought signaling pathways worked by sensing signals extrinsic to the cell and relaying the information to the nucleus, Elledge was proposing an internal signaling pathway that senses cell-intrinsic events. (the-scientist.com)
  • Our results demonstrate that mammalian Ecd plays a role in cell cycle progression via the Rb-E2F pathway. (unmc.edu)
  • Therefore, compared to normal p53-proficient cells, p53-defective cells are more reliant on MK2 activity, which drives an alternative cell cycle checkpoint pathway that stabilizes the CKI inhibitors p27 Kip1 and Gadd45α in order to maintain G 1 /S and G 2 /M arrest after certain types of DNA damage 16 , 18 . (nature.com)
  • Modulation of intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca 2+ ] i ) may be part of the signaling pathway by which both local environmental factors and cell autonomous developmental programs influence corticogenesis. (jneurosci.org)
  • Then I thought, there must be a sensory pathway that recognizes the DNA damage that's going on in the cell," says Elledge. (the-scientist.com)
  • This effect was mediated by a neural pathway from retinal melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells to the dorsal perihabenular nucleus (dpHb) to the nucleus accumbens (NAc). (researchgate.net)
  • Importantly, it is completely unclear if and how ubiquitylation controls the transcriptional cycle in unstressed cells. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • Several of these processes change during the cell cycle, but unlike transcriptional changes, the post-translational changes occur throughout the cell cycle. (news-medical.net)
  • Maintenance of meiotic arrest also depends on the presence of a multilayered complex of cells, known as a follicle, that surrounds the oocyte. (wikipedia.org)
  • Results and Conclusions: The adaptation process was characterized by initial cell population growth arrest, and after that extensive cell death, followed by proliferation and long-term survival of clonal cultures. (lu.se)
  • In response to DNA damage, a synthetic lethal relationship exists between the cell cycle checkpoint kinase MK2 and the tumor suppressor p53. (nature.com)
  • Entry into the S phase in animal cells is regulated to a large extent by the cyclin E-CDK2 kinase complex. (news-medical.net)
  • Chemical genetics reveals the requirement for Polo-like kinase 1 activity in positioning RhoA and triggering cytokinesis in human cells. (famri.org)
  • In this review, we discuss some aspects of early embryonic development in mammals, namely the fidelity of chromosome segregation and occurrence of aneuploidy, as well as the clinical applications of cell cycle monitoring in human embryos. (ehu.eus)
  • Where researchers once struggled to connect events at static timepoints, imaging tools now offer the ability to visualize the dynamic form and function of molecules, cells, tissues, and whole embryos throughout the entire developmental process. (cshlpress.com)
  • Further techniques are organized by the level of visualization they provide, from cells to tissues and organs to whole embryos. (cshlpress.com)
  • After intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), 48 embryos were evaluated on day 3 of their development, according to their cell number. (who.int)
  • Day 2 and day 3 CM corresponding to each one of the embryos was analyzed, by quantitative PCR, for estimation of Cell-free DNA levels. (who.int)
  • The results revealed a significant increase in Cell-free DNA levels on day 2 CM corresponding to 4 to 6 cell embryos compared to those corresponding to 7 to 8 cel embryos (p=0.04). (who.int)
  • As for day 3 CM, the results showed no significant difference between the Cell-Free DNA levels in CM of 7-8 and those of 4-6 cell embryos (p=0.4). (who.int)
  • In vivo and in organized cells, and proper symmetry are healthy individuals, macrophages can characteristics of higher-quality embryos, which phagocytize DNA that has been passively point to healthy development and higher rates of released into the blood from apoptotic or necrotic implantation. (who.int)
  • Low-quality embryos, on the other cells, thereby maintaining a relatively low basal hand, frequently display morphological level [16-18]. (who.int)
  • Familia de cinasas dependientes del ciclo celular que se relacionan estructuralmente con la PROTEÍNA CINASA CDC28 DE SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE y con la PROTEÍNA CINASA CDC2 que se encuentra en mamíferos. (bvsalud.org)
  • mTOR also reduces the cell growth factors (eg, vascular endothelial growth factor) involved in new blood vessel development. (medscape.com)
  • Oocyte meiosis, important to all animal life cycles yet unlike all other instances of animal cell division, occurs completely without the aid of spindle -coordinating centrosomes . (wikipedia.org)
  • [5] Because the granulosa cells and oocyte are connected by gap junctions, cyclic GMP also decreases in the oocyte, causing meiosis to resume. (wikipedia.org)
  • These findings establish a mechanism for co-targeting DNA damage-induced cell cycle checkpoints in combination with repair of cisplatin-DNA lesions in vivo using RNAi nanocarriers, and motivate further exploration of ASL as a generalized strategy to improve cancer treatment. (nature.com)
  • Cell proliferation includes a series of events that is tightly regulated by several checkpoints and layers of control mechanisms. (frontiersin.org)
  • Many more investigations have been made on cells, sorted according to size, or artificially arrested at various cell cycle checkpoints. (frontiersin.org)
  • Nop2 is required for mammalian preimplantation development. (umass.edu)
  • As a graduate student with Julius Adler, I identified the basal body of the bacterial flagellum, develop methods for its purification, and elucidate its fine structure and specific attachments to the bacterial cell envelope. (nih.gov)
  • Even more surprising was the fact that when different types of signaling chemicals were used-including virus particles or chunks of bacterial cell walls-different sets of pseudogenes were activated. (icr.org)
  • Both intrinsic and extrinsic signals are likely to influence the proliferative potential and eventual fates of precursor cells within the VZ. (jneurosci.org)
  • This allows for the spread of electrical and chemical signals to cells within a defined radial compartment within the VZ. (jneurosci.org)
  • In a healthy eye, bipolar cells receive signals from photoreceptor cells across a synapse and then transmit this information either directly or indirectly to retinal ganglion cells. (nih.gov)
  • The infective forms of T cruzi are contained in the feces of the insect vectors and gain entry into its mammalian hosts through contamination. (medscape.com)
  • This mechanism of transmission contrasts with that of the two subspecies of African trypanosomes that cause human disease, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense , which are transmitted via the saliva of their vectors, and with the mechanism by which a nonpathogenic trypanosome found in the Americas, Trypanosoma rangeli , is transmitted to its mammalian hosts. (medscape.com)
  • The trypomastigote is the infective flagellated form of the parasite found in the blood of the mammalian hosts (blood trypomastigote) and in the hindgut of vectors (metacyclic trypomastigote). (medscape.com)
  • T cruzi can also be transmitted when mammalian hosts ingest infected insects, and this mechanism of transmission may play a major role in maintaining the sylvatic cycle. (medscape.com)
  • The cell cycle consists of four phases (G1, S, G2 and M), all of which are characterized by different factors. (news-medical.net)
  • The genus Anaplasma consists of tick-transmitted obligate intracellular bacteria that invade white or red blood cells to cause debilitating and potentially fatal infections. (usda.gov)
  • The mammalian PRMT family currently consists of 7 members that share two large domains of homology. (thermofisher.com)
  • The T cruzi life cycle consists of 3 main developmental forms. (medscape.com)
  • The membrane anchor of SQR in mammalian mitochondria and proteobacteria, such as Escherichia coli , consists of two polypeptides (SdhC and SdhD) and contains one heme group. (lu.se)
  • The retina is a complex tissue in the back of the eye that contains the rod and cone photoreceptor cells. (berkeley.edu)
  • The inherited retinal degenerations are typified by retinitis pigmentosa (RP), which results in blindness from destruction of photoreceptor cells, and the RPE. (berkeley.edu)
  • Zack, Gamm, and their teams plan to study precursor photoreceptor cells derived from human stem cells to determine what factors help coax them into becoming fully developed and connected photoreceptor cells. (nih.gov)
  • They expect their studies to identify a list of small molecules and candidate genes that contribute to the ability of photoreceptor cells to home in on their appropriate target cells in the retina, known as bipolar cells. (nih.gov)
  • Immunohistochemical staining confirmed that these events occurred primarily in precursor cells rather than in postmitotic neurons. (jneurosci.org)
  • The morphological characteristics of these cells and immunohistochemical staining suggested that the coordinated events occurred in gap junction-coupled precursor cells. (jneurosci.org)
  • Agents in this class halt the cell cycle at the G1 phase in tumor cells. (medscape.com)
  • As sensitive, stable and easy tools to use, galectins are widely used to recognize changes in the surfaces of tumor cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Herceg, Z., Hulla W., Gell D., Cuenin C., Lleonart M., Jackson S. and Wang Z.Q. (2001) Disruption of Trrap causes early embryonic lethality and defects in cell cycle progression. (who.int)
  • However, when scientists target individual pseudogenes for closer study, they find that their regulatory functions are not only highly complex, but key to life processes in the cell that keep us healthy. (icr.org)
  • Glial cells are primarily produced in a second germinal zone, the subventricular zone that is located superficially to the VZ. (jneurosci.org)
  • Glial cell production increases as neurogenesis declines, peaking during the early postnatal period ( Bayer and Altman, 1991 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • The genetic and biochemical diversity of photoreceptor degnereration presents major challenges for therapy as there are many pathways to cell death. (berkeley.edu)
  • Serum Levels of the Chemokine CXCL13, Genetic Variation in CXCL13 and Its Receptor CXCR5, and HIV-Associated Non-Hodgkin B-Cell Lymphoma Risk. (medscape.com)
  • Because BRCA mutations are observed in fewer than 10% of cancer patients (cBioPortal: 6.7%) 11 , 12 , 13 the identification of additional genes that share synthetic lethal sensitivity relationships with mutated oncogenes or tumor suppressors would greatly enhance the implementation of tumor cell-specific synthetic lethal sensitivity to improve an anticancer therapeutic response. (nature.com)
  • Because most tumors are deficient in one or more aspects of the function of the p53 tumor suppressor, either as a consequence of mutations within p53, or impairment of upstream and downstream modulators of p53 activity 19 , targeting MK2 has the potential to selectively enhance tumor cell killing without increasing the genotoxic effects of chemotherapy on normal p53-wild type tissues. (nature.com)
  • Inflammation is a normal response to attacks detected by the immune system, such as from bacteria, viruses, harmful chemicals and even cancer cells. (icr.org)
  • Ali MA, Choy H, Habib AA, Saha D. SNS-032 prevents tumor cell-induced angiogenesis by inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor. (famri.org)
  • Functional analyses indicated that some of the genes induced by dragonfly larvae caused an increase in laminins necessary for cell adhesion in the extracellular matrix. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Identification and characterization of a novel cell cycle-regulated internal ribosome entry site. (nature.com)
  • Now they are being shown to be highly functional and critical to life processes in the cell. (icr.org)
  • This article is a literature review that presents information of the expression of galectins 1 and 3 in oral squamous cell carcinoma, considering its multifunctional role in biological processes. (bvsalud.org)
  • They must be degraded for cells to exit mitosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Therefore, when cdk activity is high in mitosis, and the cell must prepare to enter anaphase and exit mitosis, the APC/CCdc20 complex is activated. (wikipedia.org)
  • When cells pass from S to G 2 , the nuclei migrate toward the VZ surface where mitosis occurs. (jneurosci.org)
  • After mitosis, daughter cells can either remain proliferative and re-enter the cell cycle or become terminally postmitotic and migrate out of the VZ ( McConnell, 1995 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • SL originally described a relationship between two genes, where alteration of either gene alone results in viable cells, but alteration (mutation, loss, or inhibition) of both genes simultaneously was lethal. (nature.com)
  • Here, we used quantitative real-time PCR, profiling the expression of 93 genes in single-cells from three different cell lines. (frontiersin.org)
  • Strittmatter and his team also are searching for genes that contribute to the regeneration of axons from retinal ganglion cells. (nih.gov)
  • Some alterations were restored when the cells were transferred back to serum-containing medium, indicating that expression of these genes was controlled by components in serum. (lu.se)
  • Recent advances in DNA microar- bones, studying mammalian entrails or ray technologies have made it possible searching with divining rods. (lu.se)
  • The model accounts for important details of the physiology, biochemistry, and genetics of cell cycle control in stalked C. crescentus cell. (ebi.ac.uk)
  • Cancer cells that are defective in p53 function are deficient in their ability to transcriptionally upregulate the CDK inhibitor p21 after genotoxic stress. (nature.com)
  • Notably, the G1/S boundary represents a major barrier to cell proliferation and is universally dysfunctional in cancer cells, allowing for the unbridled proliferation observed in malignancy. (intechopen.com)
  • Numerous E3 ubiquitin ligases, which facilitate the ubiquitination of specific substrates, have been shown to control G1/S. In this chapter, we will discuss components in the ubiquitin proteasome system that are implicated in G1/S control, how these enzymes are interconnected, gaps in our current knowledge, and the potential role of these pathways in the cancer cycle and disease proliferation. (intechopen.com)
  • In this study, by comparing the activity of normal cell lines and cancer cell lines after treating with resveratrol, it was found that resveratrol has more significant cytotoxicity in cancer cell lines. (mdpi.com)
  • But these treatments, to some extent, easily produce side effects on normal cells, organs, and other tissues of the human body, thus accelerating the death process of cancer patients. (hindawi.com)
  • Renal cell carcinoma (see the image below) is the most common type of kidney cancer in adults. (medscape.com)
  • Transcriptomic profiling of T-cell populations in non-muscle invasive and muscle invasive bladder cancer. (lu.se)
  • Title: PEG3 control on the mammalian MSL complex. (nih.gov)
  • This process is assumed to be under the control of the cell cycle, because of how closely linked to the S phase histone synthesis is. (news-medical.net)
  • Biological data points to additional couplings, including a link back from the cell cycle to the circadian clock. (dagstuhl.de)