• A recent study on aging in Drosophila melanogaster by Helfand's group provides support for this position: They suggested a Sir2-dependent model for CR-mediated lifespan extension in Drosophila . (the-scientist.com)
  • This study shows that, similarly to H3 , histone H4 is inherited asymmetrically in Drosophila melanogaster male germline stem cells undergoing asymmetric division. (sdbonline.org)
  • Drosophila melanogaster , the fruit fly, expresses both forms of striated muscle and benefits greatly from powerful genetic tools. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Here, we propose to use a transgenic animal model system, Drosophila melanogaster (the fruit fly), to define the mechanisms by which mutations in various thin filament components lead to human cardiac disease. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Using a transgenic model system, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, we will produce models of human myosin-based muscle disease (distal arthrogryposis) and heart disease (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) to determine the molecular defects that cause abnormal skeletal and cardiac muscle function. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • This study implicates the Drosophila GAK homolog, auxilin (aux) , in a broad spectrum of parkinsonian-like symptoms. (sdbonline.org)
  • By contrast, targeted deletion of genes such as Math1 (a mouse homolog of Drosophila proneural gene atonal ) or sequences encoding BRN 3.1 and BDNF produces congenital sensorineural anomalies of the inner ear. (nih.gov)
  • We are currently testing phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and Wnt signaling as candidate downstream targets of BMP signaling, as they have been established as targets of BMP signaling in the mammalian intestine. (utsw.edu)
  • In contrast to Cut, Spineless (Ss), the homolog of the mammalian dioxin receptor, is expressed at similar levels in all da neurons. (ucsf.edu)
  • Robustness can be empirically measured for several genomes and individual genes by inducing mutations and measuring what proportion of mutants retain the same phenotype, function or fitness. (wikipedia.org)
  • Following completion of the Drosophila genome sequence, we carried out comprehensive BLAST searches to annotate it with respect to apoptosis, and found sequence homologues of virtually all mammalian cell death genes with the exception of death receptors. (caltech.edu)
  • The only Drosophila cell death genes for which mammalian homologues have not been identified are the cell death activators Rpr, Hid, and Grim. (caltech.edu)
  • RNA-seq analysis of embryos indicate that in Hat1 mutants over 2000 genes are dysregulated and the observed transcriptional changes imply a delay in the developmental program of gene expression (Varga, 2019). (sdbonline.org)
  • Using the Drosophila nephrocyte as a genetic screen platform, most genes involved in endocytosis and cell trafficking were screened, and the key components were identified of the cell trafficking pathway required for SD protein endocytosis and recycling. (sdbonline.org)
  • From our mutant screen, we identified a group of dar (dendritic arborization reduction) genes. (ucsf.edu)
  • We estimate that there may be a total of about 20 dar genes in Drosophila. (ucsf.edu)
  • Of the 5 dar genes that we have cloned so far, all five have mammalian homologues. (ucsf.edu)
  • This mechanism also applies to hematopoietic cells transformed by other HOX genes, including CDX2, which is highly expressed in a majority of acute myeloid leukemias, thus providing a molecular approach based on GSK-3 inhibitory strategies to target HOX-associated transcription in a broad spectrum of leukemias. (stanford.edu)
  • Cell polarity controls orientated cell division, cell shape changes, as well as cell movement. (nature.com)
  • We show that MDCK cells silenced for the polarity gene scribble ( scrib KD ) are hypersensitive to compaction, that interaction with wild-type cells causes their compaction and that crowding is sufficient for scrib KD cell elimination. (nature.com)
  • It has recently been reported that Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells silenced for the polarity gene scribble ( scrib KD cells) are eliminated in the presence of wild-type MDCK cells 23 , while they are viable on their own 23 . (nature.com)
  • Polarity is essential for generating cell diversity. (biologists.com)
  • The one-cell C. elegans embryo serves as a model for studying the establishment and maintenance of polarity. (biologists.com)
  • In Drosophila and mammals, Lgl contributes to the maintenance of cell polarity and plays a role in asymmetric cell division. (biologists.com)
  • Polarity is critical for axis specification and for generating cell diversity during development. (biologists.com)
  • In metazoans, cell polarity is mediated in part by a conserved set of regulatory proteins, known collectively as the PAR (partitioning-defective) proteins. (biologists.com)
  • However, STK38 the distribution of CSF resident proteins, as well as the flow of the CSF, may also influence ciliary orientation and maturing ependymal cell polarity (Mirzadeh et al. (inhibitorkits.com)
  • Adherens junctions (AJs) are thought to be key landmarks for establishing epithelial cell polarity, but the origin of epithelial polarity in Drosophila remains unclear. (rupress.org)
  • Thus, we examined epithelial polarity establishment during early Drosophila development. (rupress.org)
  • In particular, epithelial cell polarity is critical for the development, remodeling, and maintenance of epithelial structure. (rupress.org)
  • Indeed, loss of epithelial cell polarity is associated with tumor development and metastasis. (rupress.org)
  • Similar to the majority of vertebrate neurons, the Drosophila da neurons show clear dendrite vs. axon polarity including the orientations of microtubules (MT). It is well known from numerous studies in various organisms that MT cytoskeleton plays a major role for the proper establishment and maintenance of neuronal architecture. (ucsf.edu)
  • Left: Inner hair cells (IHC, yellow) in the inner ear are excited by sound and activate spiral ganglion neurons (SGN, green). (icrea.cat)
  • We recently found that Golgi outposts serve this role in the dendrites of Drosophila da neurons. (ucsf.edu)
  • For example, in the Drosophila PNS, the Zn-finger containing protein Hamlet functions as a binary switch between the elaborate multiple dendrite morphology of da neurons and the single, un-branched dendrite morphology of external sensory (es) neurons. (ucsf.edu)
  • First, the embryo and neurectoderm are patterned by secreted factors, which establish cell fates among progenitors and then differentiated neurons, encoded by combinations of transcription factors. (wiringthebrain.com)
  • It is well known that many neurons require retrograde neurotrophic support from their target cells to stay alive. (wiringthebrain.com)
  • The LAP [leucine-rich and postsynaptic density-95/Discs large/zona occludens-1 (PDZ)] protein erbin and δ-catenin, a component of the cadherin-catenin cell adhesion complex, are highly expressed in neurons and associate through PDZ-mediated interaction, but have incompletely characterized neuronal functions. (jneurosci.org)
  • CherryTemp was the perfect solution for us to combine precisely controlled temperature stimuli and live cell imaging in our functional studies on thermosensory neurons in C. elegans adult animals. (cherrybiotech.com)
  • Drosophila da neurons fall into four distinct morphological classes (I-IV). (ucsf.edu)
  • In ss mutants, different classes of da neurons elaborate dendrites with similar branch numbers and complexities, suggesting that da neurons might reside in a common "ground" state in the absence of ss function. (ucsf.edu)
  • Twenty years following Schofield's seminal publication, Xie and Spradling provided compelling experimental evidence that a cellular niche supports the maintenance of germline stem cells (GSCs) in the Drosophila adult ovary [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Its mammalian homologues include Neurogenin, Math 1 and Math 5. (ucsf.edu)
  • Disrupting any component in this pathway led to disrupted SD on the cell surface and intracellular accumulation of mislocalized SD proteins. (sdbonline.org)
  • The goal of this project is to examine how specific intercalated disc proteins, which are upregulated with age as a part of a genotype, alter the age-associated performance and mechanical stiffness of the Drosophila heart tube. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • The differential capacity of Igf signaling to confer a proliferative advantage to stem cells may be regulated in part by Igf's interactions with binding proteins Androgen Receptor Antagonist cell line or other secreted factors in the environment (Clemmons, 1997). (inhibitorkits.com)
  • Pigmented (Pgm+) cells of Yersinia pestis are virulent, are sensitive to pesticin, adsorb exogenous hemin at 26 degrees C (Hms+), produce iron-repressible outer membrane proteins, and grow at 37 degrees C in iron-deficient media. (omicsdi.org)
  • Limited sequence homology hasbeen found with the proteins FtsZ and Misato, which are involved in celldivision in bacteria and Drosophila, respectively. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • Recent breakthroughs have uncovered more and more DNA replication licensing machinery proteins (ORC, Cdc6, Cdt1, geminin, etc.) functioning in other cell cycle events, including centrosome replication, mitotic events, transcription and so on. (intechopen.com)
  • Endocytosis is the vesicle-mediated process used by all cells to internalize extracellular macromolecules, plasma membrane lipids, and plasma membrane proteins ( Figure 1 ). (wormbook.org)
  • and nonhistone proteins (CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE) found within the nucleus of a cell. (lookformedical.com)
  • Small chromosomal proteins (approx 12-20 kD) possessing an open, unfolded structure and attached to the DNA in cell nuclei by ionic linkages. (lookformedical.com)
  • Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. (lookformedical.com)
  • Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. (lookformedical.com)
  • Loss of SCAR in both Dictyostelium and Drosophila leads to a similar mitotic phenotype, with severe mitotic blebbing, indicating conserved functionality. (biologists.com)
  • Hat1 mutants are viable and fertile with a mild sub-lethal phenotype showing that Hat1 is not essential in fruit flies. (sdbonline.org)
  • In addition, we suggest several computational tools for studying the distribution of double mutants in the space of model phenotype probabilities. (researchgate.net)
  • In genetic interactions, synergy occurs when the contribution of two mutations to the phenotype of a double mutant exceeds the expectations from the additive effects of the individual mutations [74]. (researchgate.net)
  • A study from Drosophila (Eade and Allan, 2009) suggests that retrograde signals, in this case involving bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, may also be required to maintain expression of neuronal phenotype in connecting cells, demonstrated through an effect on expression of a specific neuropeptide. (wiringthebrain.com)
  • Rabkin-Aikawa E, Farber M, Aikawa M, Schoen FJ (2004) Dynamic and reversible changes of interstitial cell phenotype during remodeling of cardiac valves. (springer.com)
  • When two embryos are correctly joined before the 32-cell stage, the embryo will develop normally and exhibit a mosaic pattern of cells as an adult. (asu.edu)
  • The adult cows with similar antigens were found to have two different populations of red blood cells suggesting that the precursors of the red blood cells, hematopoietic stem cells, were transferred from one twin to the other during development. (asu.edu)
  • Adult tissue homeostasis is maintained by residential stem cells. (sdbonline.org)
  • The proliferation and differentiation of adult stem cells must be tightly balanced to avoid excessive proliferation or premature differentiation. (sdbonline.org)
  • Although Igf2 availability decreased in adult CSF (Figures 3C and S3B), Igf2 continued to be expressed in adult choroid plexus (data not shown) and maintained adult neurospheres ( Figure 4I), suggesting that low levels of CSF Igf2 contribute to the maintenance of adult neural stem cells. (inhibitorkits.com)
  • Importantly, a recent study suggests that the influence of this interplay also extends to the maintenance of cell fate in the adult nervous system. (wiringthebrain.com)
  • Adult stem cells play a critical role in maintaining and repairing damaged tissues and organs over the course of our lives. (utsw.edu)
  • During his time in the Spradling laboratory, he demonstrated that the adult Drosophila midgut, like the adult human intestine, is maintained by multipotent stem cells and that the notch signaling pathway plays a crucial role in how stem cells give rise to enterocytes and enteroendocrine cells. (utsw.edu)
  • These results indicate that the two intestinal secretory peptides antagonistically regulate adult lifespan and intestinal senescence through multiple pathways, irrespective of insulin, which implicates a complementary gradient distribution of each of the hormone-producing EEs, consistent with local requirements for cell activity along the posterior midgut. (bioone.org)
  • Heart muscle cells die en masse after injury, yet the adult mammalian heart retains little capacity to regenerate them. (natureasia.com)
  • The cell population level log-normal distribution of mRNA content follows directly from the application of the Central Limit Theorem to the multi-step nature of gene expression regulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • The furry ( fry ) gene encodes an evolutionarily conserved protein with a wide variety of cellular functions, including cell polarization and morphogenesis in invertebrates. (nature.com)
  • Cyclin-G-associated kinase (GAK) , a PD susceptibility gene identified through genome-wide association studies (GWAS), is a ubiquitous serine/threonine kinase involved in clathrin uncoating (see Drosophila Clathrin heavy chain ), though its PD-related function remains elusive. (sdbonline.org)
  • It also hints at a surprising way that cells initiate a gene expression program seen in invasive cancers when that process goes awry. (stowers.org)
  • This review highlights diverse strategies to deliver CRISPR/Cas gene editing reagents to regenerable plant cells and to recover edited plants without unwanted integration of transgenes. (frontiersin.org)
  • One of the limits of this system was its instability, leading to the selection of mutants in which the expression of the target gene was no longer repressible. (omicsdi.org)
  • Global quantification - mammalian gene expression control - Schwanhäusser et al 2011 Communication codes in developmental signaling pathways - Li & Elowitz 2019. (colorado.edu)
  • We are studying the role that normal chromatin structure plays in gene regulation in hematopoietic cells and how its disruption leads to altered development and cancer. (stanford.edu)
  • The generation of mutant and transgenic animal models, involving such species as the mouse, Drosophila, zebrafish and Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), provides powerful tools for elucidation of these functions. (nih.gov)
  • In order to break the initial "egg shape" of the embryo, cells need to polarize in a precise and coordinated manner. (nature.com)
  • The embryo of the frog Xenopus laevis is widely used as a model of cell polarization, migration, and morphogenesis due to its unique experimental advantages. (nature.com)
  • One population was a group of normal, functioning germ cells, the other group did not divide and they did not migrate to the correct parts of the embryo. (asu.edu)
  • She wanted to apply this technique to the t 12 mutation, which is characterized by a developmental arrest at the morula stage, when the embryo is composed of approximately thirty-two cells. (asu.edu)
  • She thought a fusion of a mutant embryo with a normal embryo might rescue function long enough to study the mechanism of the mutation similar to the way she studied the blood disorder. (asu.edu)
  • Some embryos did not efficiently fuse and the embryo segregated itself between mutant and normal cells. (asu.edu)
  • Each mosaic embryo produced a different pattern of growth, but all the mutant cells began to grow larger in relation to the normal cells due to a reduction in the rate of cell division. (asu.edu)
  • In the placodes of the forming tubes of the salivary glands in the Drosophila embryo, we previously identified spatially defined cell behaviors of cell wedging, tilting, and cell intercalation that are key to the initial stages of tube formation. (elifesciences.org)
  • In contrast, studies reporting DNA damage in bacteria, induction of SCE in mammalian cells or tests in inappropriate test systems such as yeasts are considered to contribute far less to the overall assessment and are therefore not further discussed. (europa.eu)
  • Drosophila has long been an attractive, genetically tractable model system in which to study fundamental processes such as apoptosis which are common to higher eukaryotes. (caltech.edu)
  • Data from this rapidly aging, genetically tractable model system will be correlated with aged mammalian systems (with and without dysfunction) to assess the predictive power of the fly model in determining age-associated negative changes in heart performance. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • The specific aims of the project are: 1) Identify age-related changes in cardiac expression profiles using GeneChip microarrays that represent the complete Drosophila genome. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • To understand further the genetic factors influencing red blood cells, we carried out a genome-wide association study of haemoglobin concentration and related parameters in up to 135,367 individuals. (natureasia.com)
  • To facilitate mammalian genome engineering applications, we provide a web-based software tool to guide the selection and validation of target sequences as well as off-target analyses. (cdc.gov)
  • Both crRNA-tracrRNA duplexes and sgRNAs can be used to target SpCas9 for multiplexed genome editing in eukaryotic cells 1 , 3 . (cdc.gov)
  • 4 But when the scientists eliminated both Sir2 and Fob1, a DNA-binding protein known to induce recombination and promote production of the extrachromosomal rDNA circles that cause aging in yeast, CR increased lifespan to the same extent that it does in wild-type cells. (the-scientist.com)
  • The seemingly odd names given to these factors decades ago reflect what biologists saw in fly mutants lacking each protein. (stowers.org)
  • Photosynthesis is a fundamental process that uses light to synthesize molecular fuel, driven by large protein complexes at internal membranes of vegetal cells. (icrea.cat)
  • Pra1 is a cell surface protein with a single N-terminal TMS involved in the host-parasite interaction during candidal infection. (tcdb.org)
  • One example is the conserved Drosophila tumor-suppressor protein Lethal giant larvae (Lgl). (biologists.com)
  • Tubulin is the major component of microtubules, while FtsZ is the polymer-forming protein of bacterial cell division, it is part of a ring in the middle of the dividing cell that is required for constriction of cell membrane and cell envelope to yield two daughter cells. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • Crystal structure of the bacterial cell-division protein FtsZ. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • Bacterial cell division ends with septation, the constriction of the cellwall and cell membranes that leads to the formation of two daughter cells.During septation, FtsZ, a protein of relative molecular mass 40,000 whichis ubiquitous in eubacteria and is also found in archaea and chloroplasts,localizes early at the division site to form a ring-shaped septum. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • 2021. "Mass spectrometry-based direct detection of multiple types of protein thiol modifications in pancreatic beta cells under endoplasmic reticulum stress. (pnnl.gov)
  • The precise regulations of pre-RC protein levels and assembly are effective ways to prevent reassembly of de novo MCM2-7 onto the replicated origins to re-license and re-replicate the genomic DNA in the subsequent phases of the same cell cycle ( Figure 1) . (intechopen.com)
  • We demonstrate here that GSK-3 maintains the MLL leukemia stem cell transcriptional program by promoting the conditional association of CREB and its coactivators TORC and CBP with homedomain protein MEIS1, a critical component of the MLL-subordinate program, which in turn facilitates HOX-mediated transcription and transformation. (stanford.edu)
  • Elevated expression of H3/H4 in intestinal enterocytes in Drosophila alters chromatin organization, induces intestinal autophagy through transcriptional regulation, prevents age-related decline in the intestine. (sdbonline.org)
  • Upon treatment with Plk1 inhibitors, p53 in tumor cells is activated and induces strong apoptosis, whereas tumor cells with inactive p53 arrest in mitosis with DNA damage. (oncotarget.com)
  • In the fly visual system, for example, photoreceptor axons target the developing optic lobe and secrete the morphogen hedgehog, which induces optic lobe progenitor cells to complete a final cell division and undergo neuronal differentiation (Huang and Kunes, 1996). (wiringthebrain.com)
  • By correlating dynamic patterns of transcription factor expression with rigorous, quantitative analyses of cell behaviors across the salivary gland primordium in Drosophila , their results suggest Hkb and Fkh transcription factor patterning induces switches in cell behaviors at fixed positions to promote continued morphogenesis of the tubular structure. (elifesciences.org)
  • Qian is currently a staff scientist in the Integrative Omics group in the Biological Sciences Division, where he has worked since 2002. (pnnl.gov)
  • Our work is addressing how epithelial tissues maintain structural integrity, even during the extreme events of cell division. (stowers.org)
  • Initially, the group did not observe such dire consequences: Gibson says that delaminating cells generally "fall out of the epithelium" and are killed off by apoptosis, a mechanism healthy tissues use to eradicate damaged cells. (stowers.org)
  • Volume electron microscopy (vEM) is a high-resolution imaging technique capable of revealing the 3D structure of cells, tissues, and model organisms. (bvsalud.org)
  • The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
  • This is especially true for organs like the skin and the intestines, whose cells have high turnover rates and need to link the production of new cells with the loss of old cells to keep tissues healthy and functioning. (utsw.edu)
  • In parallel, we have performed RNA-seq analysis between wild-type and BMP mutant intestines to identify novel evolutionarily conserved downstream targets of BMP-signaling and are currently analyzing the results in both fly and mouse tissues. (utsw.edu)
  • Without the self-renewing capacity of stem cells, these tissues quickly cease to function properly, leading to various conditions including infertility, anemia and immunodeficiency. (biomedcentral.com)
  • First proposed by Schofield in 1978 [ 3 ], the niche hypothesis posits that specific locations or microenvironments within tissues prevent the maturation of resident stem cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We started with the earliest steps in neural development (neurogenesis and neuronal cell fate specification) and gradually worked our way toward later steps (neuronal morphogenesis and the assembly of a functional neuronal circuit). (ucsf.edu)
  • Cell competition shape mammalian morphogenesis - Ellis et al. (colorado.edu)
  • The starting point for this work was the lab's 2011 Current Biology paper showing that when columnar cells packed in an epithelium divided, their upper (apical) end briefly ballooned out to allow the cell's nucleus to move into that region. (stowers.org)
  • In other words, if you pointed a tiny camera in your gut toward dividing epithelial cells of its lining, you would "see" the mitotic spindle looking like a symmetrical web, exactly like it did in your high school biology textbook. (stowers.org)
  • Five members of the Plk family have been discovered in humans and these serine/threonine kinases have emerged as key players by performing crucial functions in the cell cycle, DNA damage response and neuron biology [ 2 - 6 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • Ultimately, a better understanding of the biology of the Drosophila intestinal stem cells will help with diagnosis, treatment, and cures of various conditions that affect the human gastrointestinal tract. (utsw.edu)
  • These findings also provide evidence for how co-regulation of antagonistic signals mediates tissue homeostasis and how disconnect between these signals can lead to abnormal tissue homeostasis ( Journal of Cell Biology 201, 945-61, 2013 ). (utsw.edu)
  • The concept of the cellular niche represents one of the central paradigms in stem cell biology. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The worm benefits from many of the advantages of yeast as a genetically tractable organism for these kinds of studies while offering the unique opportunity to probe how these pathways have been extended and modified in the context of a multicellular animal undergoing development to produce diverse cell types such as muscles, nerves, and polarized epithelia. (wormbook.org)
  • However, the mechanisms by which scrib KD cells are killed by wild-type cells are largely unknown. (nature.com)
  • We therefore took advantage of this recent observation to investigate the mechanisms of cell competition. (nature.com)
  • To investigate the mechanisms of scrib KD -mediated cell competition, we first asked whether it is mediated by soluble factors, as in other cases of in vitro cell competition 6 , 24 . (nature.com)
  • When these mechanisms become corrupted or break down, there can be serious consequences, including compromised tissue function, overgrowth of cells, and cancer. (utsw.edu)
  • Using the Drosophila intestine as a model, our lab is working to better understand the mechanisms that guide normal and abnormal tissue functions, particularly in gastrointestinal organs such as the small and large intestines and stomach. (utsw.edu)
  • have begun to reveal new components and new mechanisms associated with intracellular membrane traffic in a variety of cell types. (wormbook.org)
  • Eukaryotic cells rely on de novo nucleation mechanisms to generate actin filaments in order to elicit spatial and temporal remodeling of their actin cytoskeleton. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These cells classified into several subtypes based on the hormones they produce in both mammals and insects. (bioone.org)
  • The alphabeta tubulin heterodimer is the structural subunit ofmicrotubules, which are cytoskeletal elements that are essential forintracellular transport and cell division in all eukaryotes. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • In the fruit fly Drosophila, it has been suggested that nearly equal numbers of two subtypes of EEs (Allatostatin A: AstA and Diuretic hormone 31 : Dh31) are alternately produced from the intestinal stem cells in the posterior midgut. (bioone.org)
  • This effect on longevity is apparently correlated with the midgut senescence phenotypes as a result of direct hormone action through both hormone receptors expressed in the enteroblasts or other midgut cell types. (bioone.org)
  • By illustration, a large number of zebrafish and mouse mutants with vestibular system involvement have been developed. (nih.gov)
  • The process of gastrulation is linked to determination of mesodermal cell fates, such that patterning of tissue fates and patterning of cell behavior are interconnected. (nature.com)
  • Over time, transcription of key factors expands across the rest of the placode and cells switch their behavior from predominantly intercalating to predominantly apically constricting as their position approaches the invagination pit. (elifesciences.org)
  • Our work illustrates that the dynamic patterning of the expression of transcription factors and downstream morphogenetic effectors ensures positionally fixed areas of cell behavior with regards to the invagination point. (elifesciences.org)
  • Given the similarities between Drosophila and mammalian intestinal homeostasis, identifying the mechanism by which BMP-signaling regulates ISC proliferation in our model system will presumably have broad clinical implications for the diagnosis and treatment of colon cancer. (utsw.edu)
  • Here, we focus on the Drosophila ovarian germline stem cell niche and review recent studies that have begun to reveal how intricate crosstalk between various signaling pathways regulates stem cell maintenance, how the extracellular matrix modulates the signaling output of the niche and how epigenetic programming influences cell development and function both inside and outside the niche to ensure proper tissue homeostasis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Stem cells are essential for tissue homeostasis, particularly in organs that exhibit high rates of cellular turnover such as the skin, intestine and hematopoietic system. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Overproliferation of stem cells is equally undesirable and can disrupt normal tissue homeostasis, possibly contributing to tumor formation and growth. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The best understood of these involves myosin-II-dependent constriction around the cell equator, but both Dictyostelium and mammalian cells also use a parallel, adhesion-dependent mechanism to generate furrows. (biologists.com)
  • Cell competition is a quality control mechanism that eliminates unfit cells. (nature.com)
  • Here we report an orthogonal mechanism of cell competition, whereby cells compete through mechanical insults. (nature.com)
  • Enteroendocrine cells (EEs) are evolutionarily conserved gastrointestinal secretory cells that show scattered distribution in the intestinal epithelium. (bioone.org)
  • Using the relatively simple Drosophila peripheral nervous system (PNS) to discover the genetic program that controls its development, they aim to uncover evolutionarily conserved core programs that control different steps of neural development in animals. (ucsf.edu)
  • A number of studies have shown that incoming axons can regulate the proliferation and differentiation of their synaptic target cells. (wiringthebrain.com)
  • A similar situation has been demonstrated in the mammalian brain, where axons from the visual thalamus induce the proliferation and differentiation of the primary visual cortex (Dehay et al. (wiringthebrain.com)
  • Interestingly, we found that the growth rate of scrib KD cells is not affected by conditioned medium from competing cultures ( Fig. 1b and Supplementary Fig. 1c ). (nature.com)
  • Interestingly, dBruce mutant males are sterile, but a lack of increased caspase activity in these mutants suggests that dBruce may also play nonapoptotic roles. (caltech.edu)
  • Interestingly, regardless of the adaptation protocols, none of the cells acquired a preference for the direction orthogonal to the original P-N axis. (inhibitorkits.com)
  • Interestingly, cells within tumors often exhibit a hierarchy of malignant potential, giving rise to the notion that small populations of cancer stem cells may be responsible for propagating certain cancers [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 2007). Thus, the final differentiation of cells in the optic lobe requires the prior pathfinding of retinal axons to this area. (wiringthebrain.com)
  • We are employing a combination of genetic, biochemical, and biological approaches to precisely determine how intestinal stem cell division, number, and differentiation occurs throughout the course of normal development. (utsw.edu)
  • Our research focuses on developmental pathways that regulate hematopoietic cell growth and differentiation and are disrupted in the course of neoplastic transformation, particularly in leukemias and lymphomas. (stanford.edu)
  • Specialized microenvironments called niches help maintain stem cells in an undifferentiated and self-renewing state. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The existence of niches has long been predicted from mammalian studies, but identifying stem cells in their native environments in vivo has remained a challenge in most vertebrates. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Many of the mechanistic insights into how niches regulate stem cell maintenance have been obtained using invertebrate models such as Drosophila . (biomedcentral.com)
  • These insights will probably inform the study of mammalian niches and how their malfunction contributes to human disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Enterocytes secrete various ligands to promote the proliferation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) in response to injury, ensuring rapid tissue repair. (utsw.edu)
  • The genetic bases for these mutants have not yet been established. (nih.gov)
  • Our strategy is to use the relatively simple Drosophila peripheral nervous system (PNS) to discover the genetic program that controls its development. (ucsf.edu)
  • In addition to these basic issues concerning leukemia pathogenesis, we are devising new diagnostic procedures for detecting and monitoring leukemia patients based on molecular genetic abnormalities in the malignant cells. (stanford.edu)
  • We demonstrate that SCAR activity is essential to drive myosin-II-independent cytokinesis, and stabilises the furrow, ensuring symmetrical division. (biologists.com)
  • This will be done for young and old wildtype fly hearts and for the hearts of two myosin heavy chain mutants and a troponin mutant. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • CherryTemp is a one-of-a kind device for the study of thermosensitive mutants and cytoskeleton dynamics. (cherrybiotech.com)
  • It has previously been shown that scrib KD MDCK cells are eliminated when co-cultured with wild-type MDCK cells through cell death and delamination (see ref. 23 and Supplementary Fig. 1a and Supplementary Movie 1 , left), while monocultures of scrib KD cells are viable (see ref. 23 and Supplementary Fig. 1b and Supplementary Movie 1 , right). (nature.com)
  • Growth rate (doubling time) profiles showed that scrib KD cells in pure cultures divide, albeit at a reduced rate, to reach a steadily maintained number ( Supplementary Fig. 1d ), whereas under competing conditions, their numbers collapse following initial growth ( Fig. 1a ). (nature.com)
  • Using this method we were able to obtain an ftsZ conditional mutant in Mycobacterium smegmatis and a fadD32 conditional mutant in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, confirming their essentiality for bacterial growth in vitro. (omicsdi.org)
  • These data, combined with the inability of dBruce to block death induced by the apical caspase Dronc or the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family member Debcl/Drob-1/dBorg-1/Dbok, suggest that dBruce regulates cell death at a novel point. (caltech.edu)
  • This study found that auxilin (Aux) restricts intestinal stem cell (ISC) proliferation mainly through EGFR signaling. (sdbonline.org)
  • fluid apparently regulates the microenvironment of hematopoietic stem cells, where Igf signaling regulates progenitor proliferation (Orkin and Zon, 2008 and Zhang and Lodish, 2004). (inhibitorkits.com)
  • Nowhere is that clearer on a cellular level than in the case of epithelial sheets, single layers of cells that line every body cavity from the gut to mammary glands. (stowers.org)
  • As long as epithelial cells pack tightly and adhere to their neighbors, the cellular business of building tissue barriers and constructing ducts goes smoothly. (stowers.org)
  • Plk3 is expressed throughout the cell cycle and involved in cellular response to DNA damage [ 9 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • Identifying and manipulating age- and mutation-dependent modifiers of cardiac function using the Drosophila model. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • The niche model is consistent with many observations made in mammalian cell transplantation experiments, but difficulties in unequivocally identifying individual stem cells within their native environment prevented further testing of this hypothesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • After his postdoctoral studies, Dr. Ohlstein joined Columbia University Medical Center where he was an Associate Professor of Genetics and Development and a member of the Columbia Stem Cell Initiative. (utsw.edu)
  • To use Drosophila genetics to identify core programs that control dendrite development, we developed a simple assay system. (ucsf.edu)
  • As division began, the mitotic spindle (which faithfully distributes chromosomes into each daughter cell) invariably oriented itself parallel to the apical surface of the epithelium. (stowers.org)
  • New findings from his lab published in the July 21 advance online issue of Nature demonstrate that the way the mitotic spindle-the machinery that separates chromosomes into daughter cells during cell division-aligns relative to the surface of the cell layer is essential for the maintenance of epithelial integrity. (stowers.org)
  • In addition, compared to the mono-treatment, combination of Polo-like kinase 1 inhibition with anti-mitotic or DNA damaging agents boosts more severe mitotic defects, effectually triggers apoptosis and strongly inhibits proliferation of cancer cells with functional p53. (oncotarget.com)
  • This newly formed cystoblast undergoes four incomplete mitotic divisions to form an interconnected 16-cell cyst. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This suggests that cells are more difficult to reverse when their original tuning is sharp. (inhibitorkits.com)
  • We are using live-imaging and quantitative methods to compare wild-type placodes and mutants that either show disrupted cell behaviors or an initial symmetrical placode organization, with both resulting in severe impairment of the invagination. (elifesciences.org)
  • Cell division requires the tight coordination of multiple cytoskeletal pathways. (biologists.com)
  • This review summarizes recent work elucidating endocytic pathways, primarily in the worm germ line and coelomocytes, and also touches on diverse studies of secretion, especially in ectodermal cells of epithelial character. (wormbook.org)
  • Terminal filament stacks (light green) begin to form and signal to adjacent somatic cells through the Delta-Notch pathway, inducing them to become cap cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This activity may be a facilitating step in turning on the cell-division pathway that produces sperm and egg cells. (natureasia.com)
  • Here we show that scrib KD cells are out-competed by wild-type cells through mechanical insults rather than molecular exchange. (nature.com)
  • We find that scrib KD cells are hypersensitive to compaction and that this is due to elevation of baseline p53 levels, which is both necessary and sufficient to induce hypersensitivity to crowding and confer a mechanical loser status. (nature.com)
  • Overall, this work demonstrates that mechanical forces can be responsible for the elimination of cells during cell competition and that p53 levels play a key role both in instructing the mechanical loser status and in the execution of mechanical cell competition. (nature.com)
  • 2) Investigate the effect of aging on passive mechanical properties of Drosophila myocardium with cardiac-specific overexpression of the transcription factor FOXO, which is known to rejuvenate cardiac performance and promote muscle proteostasis in senescent flies. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Plk1, the most thoroughly characterized member among the mammalian Plks, has multiple important roles in mitosis and cytokinesis, such as centrosome maturation, bipolar spindle formation, kinetochore-microtubule dynamics, activation of the anaphase promoting complex, chromosome segregation and execution of cytokinesis [ 3 , 4 , 13 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • implying that this complex has functional roles that extend beyond its ability to regulate cell adhesion. (jneurosci.org)