• The cochlear amplifier is a positive feedback mechanism within the cochlea that provides acute sensitivity in the mammalian auditory system. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the mammalian cochlea, wave amplification occurs via the outer hair cells of the organ of Corti. (wikipedia.org)
  • Abstract: The exquisite sensitivity and frequency discrimination of mammalian hearing derive from forces generated by outer hair cells (OHCs) within the auditory portion of the inner ear, the cochlea. (usc.edu)
  • Our group has pioneered the technique of using optical coherence tomography to measure sound-induced vibrations within the mammalian cochlea without opening the bone that surrounds it, thus minimizing artifacts. (usc.edu)
  • A/J mice showed evidence of hair cell loss in the base of the cochlea as early as 14 days of age and the magnitude and extent of loss increased rapidly during the following 2-5 months. (jax.org)
  • With sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), the damaged hair cells of the organ of Corti within the cochlea interfere with typical hearing and, as a result, cause impaired language development. (intechopen.com)
  • The ear has three compartments: (1) the outer ear, including the pina and the ear canal down to the tympanic membrane, (2) the air-filled middle ear, including the three ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes) and the connection to the pharynx (the auditory canal), and (3) the fluid-filled inner ear or cochlea, which contains the organ of Corti and the initial portion of the auditory nerve. (vin.com)
  • Conductive deafness is blockage of sound transmission through the outer and/or middle ear without damage to the cochlea. (vin.com)
  • Primary deafness results from destruction of hair cells in the cochlea without antecedent events. (vin.com)
  • Truncated abstract] The mammalian cochlea receives an efferent innervation which originates in the superior olive. (edu.au)
  • Therefore, we attempted to investigate the effects of putative dopamine depletion of the cochlea and found that application of the dopaminergic neurotoxin MPTP causes changes in both neural and hair cell responses which have not been reported before. (edu.au)
  • In fact, a team of researchers has recently used new findings from research on development of the inner ear to induce a few new cells in the guinea pig cochlea to become hair cells again proving that hair cell regeneration will be possible. (hearingreview.com)
  • The good news is that, for the first time in history, there are teams of investigators worldwide exploring the possibility that hair cell regeneration can be induced in the mammal and human cochlea. (hearingreview.com)
  • Recent studies indicate that the mammalian cochlea would only regenerate during embryonic development and early neonatal period, while adult hair cells lack this ability [5,6]. (biomedgrid.com)
  • Lining the inside of the cochlea are two types of sound-detecting cells, inner and outer hair cells, which convey sound information to the brain. (soundzcustom.com)
  • Scientists have known that the first step in hair cell birth starts at the outermost part of the spiraled cochlea. (soundzcustom.com)
  • Then, like sports fans performing "the wave" in a stadium, precursor cells along the spiral shape of the cochlea turn into hair cells along a wave of transformation that stops when it reaches the inner part of the cochlea. (soundzcustom.com)
  • Along the spiral path of the cochlea, levels of Activin A increased where precursor cells were turning into hair cells. (soundzcustom.com)
  • Follistatin, however, appeared to have the opposite behavior of Activin A. Its levels were low in the outermost part of the cochlea when precursor cells were first starting to transform into hair cells and high at the innermost part of the cochlea's spiral where precursor cells hadn't yet started their conversion. (soundzcustom.com)
  • In mice engineered to either overproduce follistatin or not produce Activin A at all, hair cells were late to form and appeared disorganized and scattered across multiple rows inside the cochlea. (soundzcustom.com)
  • Role of nitric oxide on purinergic signalling in the cochlea Harada, Narinobu 2010-06-08 00:00:00 In the inner ear, there is considerable evidence that extracellular adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) plays an important role in auditory neurotransmission as a neurotransmitter or a neuromodulator, although the potential role of adenosine signalling in the modulation of auditory neurotransmission has also been reported. (sagepub.com)
  • The activation of ligand-gated ionotropic P2X receptors and G protein-coupled metabotropic P2Y receptors has been reported to induce an increase of intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in inner hair cells (IHCs), outer hair cells (OHCs), spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs), and supporting cells in the cochlea. (sagepub.com)
  • In the cochlea of mouse embryos, it is highly expressed in prosensory cells and down-regulated at the onset of hair cell differentiation. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • In addition, Lin28B functions to enhance the regenerative competence of maturing supporting cells in the cochlea through cooperation with Follistatin, which inhibits Lin28B-induced TGF-ß signaling that can trigger proliferative quiescence [ 5 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Lin28A is required for hair cell regeneration in the mammalian cochlea, and may function in redundant processes with Lin28B [ 3 ] [ 5 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The mammalian inner ear contains sensory organs, the organ of Corti in the cochlea and cristae and maculae in the vestibule, with each comprised of patterned sensory epithelia that are responsible for hearing and balance. (biomedcentral.com)
  • NGS of RNA from inner ear sensory epithelial cells led to the identification of 455 miRNAs in both cochlear and vestibular sensory epithelium, with 30 and 44 miRNAs found in only cochlea or vestibule, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The origin of high-frequency activity of auditory brainstem neurons is the indefatigable sound-driven transmitter release of inner hair cells (IHCs) in the cochlea. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The origin of this high-rate activity is found in the cochlea, where inner hair cells (IHCs) transduce mechanical stimuli into receptor potentials, followed by faithful and indefatigable transmitter release at their ribbon synapses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These changes in micromechanics include depolymerization of actin filaments in stereocilia (in TTS), edema and swelling of stria vascularis, afferent nerve endings and supporting cells inside the cochlea. (drsanu.com)
  • Temporary threshold shift is also associated with buckling of supporting pillar cell bodies inside cochlea, while permanent shift is associated with focal hair cell loss and complete degeneration. (drsanu.com)
  • The latter contains three canals filled with a liquid: the first conducing the liquid to the tip of the Cochlea, the second taking it back, and the third containing the organ of hearing whose bottom is covered by hair cells. (mpai.community)
  • They also have ossicles - small ear bones and a tympanum, and a cochlea with sensitive hair. (bioexplorer.net)
  • Spiral ganglion neurons, cells of the stria vascularis, and vestibular hair cell densities, however, appeared normal in 20-week-old A/J mice. (jax.org)
  • Sensorineural (nerve) deafness is loss of auditory function because of loss of cochlear hair cells or auditory nerve neurons. (vin.com)
  • PNNs are supposed to control synaptic transmission and are frequently associated with neurons firing at high rates, including principal neurons of auditory brainstem nuclei. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We investigated whether either of the two overlapping branches that encompass NER, transcription-coupled repair or global genome repair, which are implicated in Cockayne syndrome and xeroderma pigmentosum group C, respectively, modulates cisplatin-induced hearing loss and cell death in the organ of Corti, the auditory sensory epithelium of mammals. (eur.nl)
  • Our results demonstrate that Csa and Csb deficiencies predispose to cisplatin-induced hearing loss and hair/supporting cell damage in the mammalian organ of Corti, and emphasize the importance of transcription-coupled DNA repair in the protection against cisplatin ototoxicity. (eur.nl)
  • Sympathetic ganglia comprises the thousands of afferent and efferent nerve cell bodies that run along either side of the spinal cord, connecting major organ systems, such as the renal system, to the spinal cord and brain. (nih.gov)
  • The inner ear is a highly sophisticated and intricate organ of the human body that enables auditory perception by connecting with the external environment. (biomedgrid.com)
  • The complex spiral organ structure of these cells makes them more susceptible to getting damaged, which can result in permanent hearing loss [7]. (biomedgrid.com)
  • The inner ear functions as the sensorineural receptor organ of the auditory system, converting an acoustic waveform into an electrochemical stimulus that can be transmitted to the CNS. (medscape.com)
  • Accordingly, in ecdysozoan and vertebrate model organisms, orthologs of Pax2/5/8 are among others involved in the formation of the midbrain/hindbrain boundary, the auditory/geosensory organ systems, and the excretory system. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A coordinated tempo-spatial expression of transcription factors is required for cell type specification and the differentiation of the three germ layers into distinct organ systems during bilaterian ontogeny [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Intracochlear structures (the inner hair cells, outer hair cells, and auditory nerve fibers) were clearly visualized at the individual cellular level. (advancedotology.org)
  • These images reflect the ability of OCT to provide images of the inner hair cells, outer hair cells, and auditory nerve fibers (ex vivo). (advancedotology.org)
  • When the noise exposure is so severe, a discrete but direct mechanical disruption results in a toxic mixing of endolymph and perilymph through microbreaks in the structural framework of the cochlear duct which leads to loss of hair cells and their corresponding nerve fibers. (drsanu.com)
  • Death of the sensory cell can lead to progressive Wallerian degeneration and loss of primary auditory nerve fibers. (drsanu.com)
  • The causes of sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents in nondividing cell populations, such as cochlear hair and supporting cells, are poorly understood, as are the specific DNA repair pathways that protect these cells. (eur.nl)
  • Progenitor cell therapy may also allow functional reorganization of the auditory pathways including primary auditory cortex (Heschl's gyrus). (intechopen.com)
  • In order to serve as a guide for the future development of pertinent therapeutic interventions, this review provides a systematic overview of recent research progress on the mechanisms disclosing cochlear hair cell injury as well as a detailed account of the molecular pathways regulating mammalian hair cell regeneration. (biomedgrid.com)
  • It is relatively well documented that transcription factors and signaling pathways are critically involved in the formation of inner ear structures and in the development of hair cells. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • A comprehensive identification of miRNAs in the sensory epithelia and their gene targets will enable pathways of auditory and vestibular function to be defined. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, we used Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) to identify the most prominent miRNAs in the inner ear and to define miRNA-target pairs that form pathways crucial for the function of the sensory epithelial cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The results provide further support of the essential regulatory role of miRNAs in inner ear sensory epithelia and in regulating pathways that define development and growth of these cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In preclinical and clinical studies, progenitor cell therapy (cord blood and mesenchymal stem cells) has shown promise in reversing the underlying pathology of SNHL, the loss of cochlear sensory hair cells. (intechopen.com)
  • Hair cell regeneration was not a major topic of research in hearing science until 1986-87. (hearingreview.com)
  • Hair cell regeneration occurring after hair cells were destroyed. (hearingreview.com)
  • We and others are working hard to understand the molecular chain of events responsible for hair cell regeneration in species where it occurs. (hearingreview.com)
  • We have also discovered one gene (and there will be others) that is responsible for turning off the production of hair cells during development and may be involved in preventing regeneration. (hearingreview.com)
  • From discovery of molecules that could induce regeneration in laboratory animals, it could be as little as another 10 years until we achieve hair cell regeneration in humans. (hearingreview.com)
  • At the same time, the mechanism of hair cell regeneration may be related to gene regulation and epigenetic mechanism. (biomedgrid.com)
  • In the future, with the continuous focus of research hotspots, the mechanism of inner ear hair cell regeneration and the therapeutic drugs derived from it will gradually be explained clearly. (biomedgrid.com)
  • Investigating the mechanisms underlying hearing loss and regeneration caused by cochlear hair cells is therefore crucial from a clinical standpoint. (biomedgrid.com)
  • In parallel, his research program focuses on inner ear hair cell development and regeneration. (stanford.edu)
  • Consistent with this activity, functional analyses in mice suggest that Lin28B plays an important role in hair cell development and regeneration. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • In neonatal murine cochlear organoids and explants, Lin28B antagonizes the activity of let7 miRNA and increases Akt-mTORC1 signaling to promote hair cell regeneration from immature supporting cells by inducing their de-differentiation and proliferation as well as by directly converting them into hair cells [ 3 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Thus, Lin28B functions in hair cell regeneration through mitotic and non-mitotic mechanisms, which are dependent on mitotic division or trans-differentiation of supporting cells into hair cells, respectively. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • This suggests that coactivation of Lin28B and Follistatin may represent an endogenous mechanism mediating reprogramming of supporting cells for hair cell regeneration. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • These currents may be involved in shaping the receptor potential, implying crucial importance for the properties of afferent auditory signals. (jneurosci.org)
  • We addressed the function of BK Ca by recording sound-induced responses of afferent auditory nerve (AN) fibers from mice with a targeted deletion of the pore-forming α-subunit of BK Ca ( BKα −/− ) and comparing these with voltage responses of current-clamped IHCs. (jneurosci.org)
  • gem homozygous receptor mutant HCs display normal cell viability, afferent synaptogenesis, and peripheral innervation, yet exhibit strongly reduced extracellular potentials (∼50% of wild-type potentials). (jneurosci.org)
  • The suppression of the cochlear microphonic suggests that dopamine receptor influence is not confined to the primary afferent dendrite may also include the active process of the outer hair cells. (edu.au)
  • Less is known about their role in mammalian inner hair cells (IHCs), mechanosensory cells with unusually large BK Ca currents. (jneurosci.org)
  • Recent studies showed that extracellular ATP induced nitric oxide (NO) production in IHCs, OHCs, and SGNs, which affects the ATP-induced Ca2+ response via the NO-cGMP-PKG pathway in those cells by a feedback mechanism. (sagepub.com)
  • This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of using optical coherence tomography (OCT) to provide information about cochlear microanatomy at a cellular level, specifically of cochlear hair cells in mammals. (advancedotology.org)
  • We now know that all vertebrates, except mammals, can regenerate new hair cells in the inner ear after native hair cells are damaged or destroyed. (hearingreview.com)
  • The work on mammals now is at a point where we can induce a small amount of cell division in the inner ear in a dish (that is, in a culture), as well as in vivo (occurring within a living organism). (hearingreview.com)
  • I feel that, within 5-10 years, we could easily find out if it s possible to regenerate hair cells at robust levels sufficient to restore hearing in mammals. (hearingreview.com)
  • When I started this work, somebody said to me that I d never be able to restore the complexity and intricacies of hair cells in humans or other mammals. (hearingreview.com)
  • However, it is susceptible to genetic defects, noise exposure, ototoxic drugs, and aging, because mammals have limited ability to regenerate spontaneously, hair cell loss or damage may lead to permanent hearing loss. (biomedgrid.com)
  • Unlike their counterparts in other mammals and birds, human hair cells cannot regenerate. (soundzcustom.com)
  • Among the mammals, only human beings have a predominantly two-legged (bipedal) posture, a fact that has greatly modified the general mammalian body plan. (rincondelvago.com)
  • Mammals are also known for a great diversity of outer ears. (bioexplorer.net)
  • Applications include improved cochlear implant development, inner ear regenerative techniques, inner ear surgery, and auditory physiology. (stanford.edu)
  • The mechanisms by which neural precursor cells (NPCs) enhance functional recovery from spinal cord injury (SCI) remain unclear. (pdesignals.com)
  • By searching Pubmed, CNKI, Wanfang and other large databases, this review summarizes the damage mechanisms of cochlear hair cells mainly involve the breakage of tip links, mechanical damage of the core of the ciliary fiber actin, synaptic damage, as well as Oxidative stress by ROS intervention system. (biomedgrid.com)
  • During residency, he undertook a two-year NIH-sponsored research fellowship investigating mechanisms of hair cell degeneration. (stanford.edu)
  • Other less explained, but identified metabolic cochlear mechanisms of NIHL includes outer hair cell plasma membrane fluidity , role of glucocorticoid receptors and oxidative stress . (drsanu.com)
  • Noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) is defined as reduction in auditory acuity (hearing ability) associated with long term exposure to loud sounds. (drsanu.com)
  • This all suggests that the time-domain acuity of the human auditory system may have been more important than frequency-domain acuity and explains why its time-frequency uncertainty is so much superior to that of an FFT analyser (and its close relative, the sinc-kernel of digital sampling). (stereophile.com)
  • Temporal acuity manifests a survival characteristic, one with origins that must reach back to much earlier in the mammalian timeline than the emergence of homo sapiens . (stereophile.com)
  • The outer ear comprises the pinna (the noticeable cartilage material section covered in skin, hair, or hair) and also the ear canal. (thehealthesenior.biz)
  • It comprises four pairs of sensory cells that are located dorsolaterally and ventrolaterally in the episphere of the trochophore. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The mammalian genome comprises nuclear DNA (nDNA) derived from both parents and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that is maternally inherited and encodes essential proteins required for oxidative phosphorylation. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • The main component of the cochlear amplifier is the outer hair cell (OHC) which increases the amplitude and frequency selectivity of sound vibrations using electromechanical feedback. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, the frequency ranges for which the auditory system can use ITDs and ILDs significantly overlap, and most natural sounds will have both high and low frequency components, so that the auditory system will in most cases have to combine information from both ITDs and ILDs to judge the location of a sound source. (wikipedia.org)
  • Rapid effects of steroid hormones on free intracellular calcium in T84 colonic epithelial cells. (sagepub.com)
  • The precise mechanism by which Lin28B and let7 miRNA regulate mTORC1 activity in cochlear epithelial cells awaits further investigation. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The development, cell fate, patterning, and innervation of both the sensory and nonsensory regions of the inner ear are governed by tight regulation involving, among others, transcription factors and microRNAs (miRNAs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Via positional cloning, we show that mutations in a zebrafish LTCC encoding gene, cav1.3a , underlie the auditory-vestibular defects of gemini ( gem ) circler mutants. (jneurosci.org)
  • In order to further identify and characterize miRNAs in the mammalian inner ear, we used NGS for the first time to identify miRNAs in cochlear and vestibular sensory epithelia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • ATP may participate in auditory neurotransmission by modulating [Ca2+]i in the cochlear cells. (sagepub.com)
  • That waxy build-up is a sexy combo of those oiling secretions, jettisoned skin cells and dirt and dust entraped there while trying to enter your ear. (deafgz.com)
  • That waxy build-up is an attractive combo of those oiling secretions, discarded skin cells and also dirt and also dirt caught there while attempting to enter your ear. (thehealthesenior.biz)
  • Although the etiologies of hearing loss are diverse, hair cell (HC) damage and/or loss as well as spiral ganglion neuron (SGN) degeneration represent the most common causes. (biomedgrid.com)
  • Knowing where hair cells start their development, Doetzlhofer and her team went in search of molecular cues that were in the right place and at the right time along the cochlear spiral. (soundzcustom.com)
  • And so, it seems, based on our findings like in the ear, the two proteins perform a balancing act on precursor cells to control the orderly formation of hair cells along the cochlear spiral. (soundzcustom.com)
  • In these animals, precursor cells transformed to hair cells too early, causing hair cells to appear prematurely all along the cochlear spiral. (soundzcustom.com)
  • These enzymes are located within the marginal cells of the stria and the underlying spiral ligament. (medscape.com)
  • Gene targets were identified for each of these miRNAs, including Arhgap12, a GTPase activating protein, for miR-6715-3p, implicating this miRNA in sensory hair cell bundle development, actin reorganization, cell adhesion and inner ear morphogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We will present a summary of the effect of hearing loss on auditory development, existing preclinical and clinical data on progenitor cell therapy, and its potential role in the (re)habilitation of non-genetic SNHL. (intechopen.com)
  • Interestingly, Lin28B inhibits the processing of mature let7 miRNA, which functions to induce cell cycle exit in progenitor cells [ 2 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Studies using a zebrafish model further illustrate an important role of Lin28A in the recovery of progenitor cells. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • It is equipped with flask-shaped (ampullary) cells and in some mollusks with additional peripheral cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • and phospholipid overlay assays were performed in mammalian cells combined with docking and homology modeling. (123dok.net)
  • Standard plate count and MTT assays showed the dose dependent decrease in the bacterial cell viability. (cetp-signal.com)
  • Hearing development is generally divided into the 3 anatomical regions ( inner ear , middle ear , outer ear ) each having separate origins. (edu.au)
  • Snakes lack both an outer ear and a tympanic middle ear, which in most tetrapods provide impedance matching between the air and inner ear fluids and hence improve pressure hearing in air. (biologists.com)
  • birds ' ears are complex - they have an outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear. (bioexplorer.net)
  • Cisplatin is a common and effective chemotherapeutic agent, yet it often causes permanent hearing loss as a result of sensory hair cell death. (eur.nl)
  • and unlike Xpc−/− mice, Csa−/− and Csb−/− mice lose hearing and manifest outer hair cell degeneration after systemic cisplatin treatment. (eur.nl)
  • Hearing loss is the most common sensory deficit in humans, and may also be so in companion animals where it affects all mammalian species. (vin.com)
  • These hair cells are a major player in hearing loss, and knowing more about how they develop will help us figure out ways to replace hair cells that are damaged. (soundzcustom.com)
  • An estimated 90% of genetic hearing loss is caused by problems with hair cells or damage to the auditory nerves that connect the hair cells to the brain. (soundzcustom.com)
  • So, once hair cells are damaged, hearing loss is likely permanent. (soundzcustom.com)
  • These damages may show up as the mechanical transduction complex of hair cells not functioning properly, the loss of certain ribbon synapses, or even the direct death of hair cells. (biomedgrid.com)
  • A cross-talk between NO and ATP may therefore exist in the auditory signal transduction. (sagepub.com)
  • The external ear makes up the pinna (the noticeable cartilage material portion covered in skin, fur, or hair) as well as the ear canal. (deafgz.com)
  • Sound waves reach the outer ear, are guided through a canal, and they hit a thin membrane called Drum whose oscillations are propagated to three tiny bones, Called the Hammer, the Anvil, and the Stirrup, they amplify the oscillations. (mpai.community)
  • Scientists in our field have long been looking for the molecular signals that trigger the formation of the hair cells that sense and transmit sound," says Angelika Doetzlhofer, Ph.D., associate professor of neuroscience at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. (soundzcustom.com)
  • The wave of the liquid causes the hair cells to move and their bending activates a neural response in the auditory nerve fibbers of the eighth cranial nerve to the brain. (mpai.community)
  • Inner ear hair cells are a central component of the auditory system. (biomedgrid.com)
  • Certainly, the auditory system is the main source of vertigo in the majority of circumstances. (deafgz.com)
  • Cochleae of 9-week-old A/J mice exhibit inner and outer hair cell loss from the basal turn through the apical turn, with outer hair cell loss at the base being severest. (jax.org)
  • Hair cell loss occurred earlier and was much more severe and widespread in A/J mice than in B6 mice during the first 5 months of age. (jax.org)
  • We report that cochlear hair cells and supporting cells in transcription-coupled repair-deficient Cockayne syndrome group A (Csa−/−) and group B (Csb−/−) mice are hypersensitive to cisplatin, in contrast to global genome repair-deficient Xpc−/− mice, both in vitro and in vivo. (eur.nl)
  • Using genetic tools in mice, researchers at Johns Hopkins Medicine say they have identified a pair of proteins that precisely control when sound-detecting cells, known as hair cells, are born in the mammalian inner ear. (soundzcustom.com)
  • On the outer wall of this compartment is a special vascular bed, the stria vascularis, that is responsible for maintaining the high K + and low Na + levels. (vin.com)
  • The basic principles of this local control are illustrated in the images below and are outlined as follows: First, an anatomic barrier exists between perilymph and endolymph, and it consists of Reissner membrane, the stria vascularis, and the reticular lamina formed by tight junctions between the apices of hair cells and the adjacent supporting cells (see the image above). (medscape.com)
  • The higher cell viability observed in the HMGB1 knocked-down group after stimulation with H 2 O 2 indicated the possible negative effect of HMGB1 on cellular lifespan. (frontiersin.org)
  • The difference in reduction of cell viability under light (20.7%) and dark conditions (21.3%) was statistically non-significant at 1 mu g mL(-1) concentration this website and 2 h interaction period. (cetp-signal.com)
  • Prestin densely lines the lipid bilayer of the outer hair cell membranes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Small amounts of carbohydrates also occur in cell membranes, but, in contrast to plants and many invertebrate animals, humans have little structural carbohydrate in their bodies. (rincondelvago.com)
  • The physical substance of the human organism, composed of living cells and extracellular materials and organized into tissues, organs, and systems. (rincondelvago.com)
  • Water is found in the extracellular fluids of the body (the blood plasma, the lymph, and the interstitial fluid) and within the cells themselves. (rincondelvago.com)
  • In addition, such extracellular materials as hair and nails are composed of protein. (rincondelvago.com)
  • Here, precursor cells start transforming into hair cells. (soundzcustom.com)
  • Looking more closely at why overproduction of follistatin results in disorganized hair cells, the researchers found that high levels of this protein caused precursor cells to divide more frequently, which in turn made more of them convert into inner hair cells in a haphazard way. (soundzcustom.com)
  • After damage occurred, there were indeed new hair cells generated by renewed cell division in several species of fully mature birds. (hearingreview.com)
  • Most reptiles are oviparous , although several species of squamates are viviparous , as were some extinct aquatic clades [5] - the fetus develops within the mother, using a (non-mammalian) placenta rather than contained in an eggshell . (hyperlinked.wiki)
  • I also consider the possible role of NO in the ATP-induced Ca2+ signalling in SGNs and supporting cells. (sagepub.com)
  • The somatic motor is the OHC cell body and its ability to elongate or contract longitudinally due to changes in membrane potential. (wikipedia.org)
  • Phospholipids and the steroid compound cholesterol are major components of the membrane that surrounds each cell. (rincondelvago.com)
  • Like lipids, proteins are an important constituent of the cell membrane. (rincondelvago.com)
  • Stem Cells and Development. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Approximately half of congenital SNHL is hereditary and is the result of genetic mutations causing improper development of cochlear hair cells. (intechopen.com)
  • To figure out how exactly Activin A and follistatin coordinate hair cell development, the researchers studied the effects of each of the two proteins individually. (soundzcustom.com)
  • Doetzlhofer notes that her research in hair cell development, although fundamental, has potential applications to treat deafness caused by damaged hair cells: "We are interested in how hair cells evolved because it's an interesting biological question," she says. (soundzcustom.com)
  • Accumulating evidence highlights emerging functions of RBPs in the post-transcriptional regulation of inner ear development and hair cell function. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Pax2/5/8 -expressing cells are present in regions where the future sensory cells such as the polyplacophoran esthetes are situated and hence Pax2/5/8 expression probably predates sensory cell development during ontogeny. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Immune 72: After dark in the library with Ellen Rothenberg September 23, 2023 From Cornell University in Ithaca New York, Vincent and Cindy meet with Ellen Rothenberg to review her career in science, starting with work on retroviruses to unraveling transcriptional networks underlying T-cell development and signaling. (microbe.tv)
  • Cells are of the ampullary sensory cell type, exhibit serotonin-like and FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity and are innervated by the cerebral commissure [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • LIN28 (LIN28A and LIN28B) proteins are highly conserved small cytoplasmic RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) that function as pluripotency factors, regulating the transition from self-renewal to a differentiated cell fate [ 1 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The Agency sought information about the overall utility, advantages, and limitations of hair analysis and how these factors would affect informed decisions on a site-specific basis. (cdc.gov)
  • Typical of mammalian structure, the human body shows such characteristics as hair, mammary glands, and highly developed sense organs. (rincondelvago.com)