Mammalian auditory cortex. Medical search. Frequent questions

Neurons in the auditory system respond best to sounds in a narrow range of frequencies. (jneurosci.org)
For example, cuprizone-induced demyelination promotes hyper- and depolarizing shifts of the resting membrane potential of auditory thalamocortical pathway neurons and reduction in action potential firing of primary auditory cortex (A1) neurons 7 . (biorxiv.org)
In both conditions (awake and anesthetized), the population of neurons endured a stable representation of auditory space, while single-cell spatial tuning was found to be extremely dynamic. (uni-muenchen.de)
To test this idea, we studied single neurons in macaque monkey intermediate visual (area V4) and somatosensory (area SII) cortex, using matched shape stimuli. (zotero.org)
In the case of the auditory system, that mapping is called tonotopy, in which neurons tuned to specific frequencies map across structures, extending even to the cochlea, the primary sensory organ for hearing. (jneurosci.org)
In previous years we showed that a subset of neurons in the higher-level auditory cortex of juvenile zebra finches exhibit highly selective auditory responses to the tutor song after song learning, suggesting an auditory memory trace of the experienced tutor song (Yanagihara and Yazaki-Sugiyama, 2016). (oist.jp)
We show that auditory responses of these selective neurons became greater when juveniles were paired with their tutors, while responses of non-selective neurons did not change (Fig 1). (oist.jp)
By combining these techniques, we visualize the anatomical structures of neurons in the primary auditory cortex anatomically and categorized them into group with their cell body shape and axon projection patterns. (oist.jp)
We are further trying identifying neurons anatomically after intracellular recording of their auditory physiological properties to match with the categorized group in volume data. (oist.jp)
Yanagihara S. and *Yazaki-Sugiyama Y. (2018) Social interaction with a tutor modulates responsiveness of specific auditory neurons in juvenile zebra finches. (oist.jp)
Accumulating evidence has also shown that neurons in many regions of the mammalian auditory cortex exhibit characteristic responses to harmonically related frequencies beyond the range of pitch. (primate-cognition.eu)
Kanold and his team recorded the activity of 8,078 brain cells, or neurons, in the auditory cortex brain region of 12 old mice (16-24 months old) and 10 young mice (2-6 months old). (jhu.edu)
Next, to see how auditory neurons performed directly during such hearing tests, the researchers used a technique called two-photon imaging to peer into the auditory cortex in the mice. (jhu.edu)
The role of expression and identity in the face-selective responses of neurons in the temporal visual cortex of the monkey. (uni-bielefeld.de)
Its advantage is not only its host of sensory inputs (visual, auditory, somatosensory), but its many multisensory neurons, and its distinct behavioral function: facilitating the detection, localization and orientation to external events. (wakehealth.edu)

Converging evidence from cytoarchitectural and neuroimaging measurements underlies the definition of 11 AFMs across core and belt regions of human auditory cortex, with likely homology to those of macaque. (mindspacelab.com)

Neuronal interactions between the hippocampus (HIP) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) mediate essential cognitive brain functions including spatial learning and fear extinction. (ovgu.de)
Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) demonstrated expression of all 12 genes in the cochlea, the auditory hindbrain and the non-auditory prefrontal cortex (PFC) at embryonic stage (E)16 and postnatal stages (P)0 and P30. (tau.ac.il)
In particular, prenatal cannabinoid treatment reduced the phosphorylated levels of ERK1/2 in selected subcellular compartments of hippocampus, frontal and prefrontal cortex, whereas no changes were observed in the total levels of these proteins. (researchgate.net)

Surprisingly, this was also the case in mice in which auditory cortical input to the midbrain had been removed by bilateral cortical lesions. (elifesciences.org)
One of their main targets is the inferior colliculus (IC), an obligatory midbrain relay for nearly all ascending auditory input. (elifesciences.org)
However, experimental evidence, especially from behaving animals, that could help explain what information the auditory midbrain and other subcortical sensory structures rely on their cortical input for is still very limited. (elifesciences.org)
There is also an adaptive fusion of auditory and visual space in this midbrain nucleus, providing for a common access to the motor pathways that control orientation behaviour. (ox.ac.uk)
The mammalian auditory midbrain, shown above, is part of the ascending auditory pathway, responsible for relaying sensory signals from the ear into the primary auditory cortex deep in the brain. (nih.gov)
We use two interrelated neural models to do this: one in the midbrain superior colliculus (SC) and one in association cortex. (wakehealth.edu)
The midbrain SC has proved to be a most effective model, but its principal features have been shown also to be operative in cortex. (wakehealth.edu)

These parallel tuning patterns imply analogous shape coding mechanisms in intermediate visual and somatosensory cortex. (zotero.org)
Multiple representations of the body within the primary somatosensory cortex of primates. (uni-bielefeld.de)
barrel cortex), and secondary somatosensory cortex (S2). (janelia.org)
I discuss plasticity in the somatosensory and auditory systems of visually deprived cats, mice, and humans. (cambridge.org)

The shell encapsulates and is extensively connected with the central nucleus of the IC, which forms part of the tonotopically organized core or lemniscal auditory pathway to the primary auditory cortex. (elifesciences.org)
In the horizontal plane, sound localization is achieved by means of binaural cues, which are processed and interpreted by the ascending auditory pathway. (uni-muenchen.de)
Modern studies have shown, however, that the inferior colliculus actually processes nearly all the input sent to the medial geniculate body and receives signals from the descending auditory pathway, as well as providing the motor integration necessary for auditory reflexes hypothesized by Cajal, making it a true hub for auditory signaling. (nih.gov)
Local excitatory circuits in different cortical areas are organized around a prominent descending pathway from L2/3→L5, suggesting that sensory cortices are elaborations on a basic motor cortex-like plan. (janelia.org)

It is also known as the posterior transverse temporal area, located superiorly within the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex. (wikipedia.org)
Mapped by German neurologist Korbinian Brodmann in 1909, the auditosensory cortex is one of the 52 cortical regions identified in the cerebral cortex according to their histological characteristics, density, shape, distribution and cell body size. (wikipedia.org)
Brodmann was the pioneer of cerebral cortex mapping. (wikipedia.org)
The hedgehog tenrec, Echinops telfairi, has certain basal mammalian features, like a cloaca and a sparsely differentiated brain with smooth cerebral hemispheres. (nih.gov)
Multimedia Cerebral Cortex Journal (Text & Images). (martindalecenter.com)
Yet you also have a large cerebral cortex sitting right on top of this limbic system that tempers and controls those emotions. (dummies.com)
The plasticity of sensory systems in higher centers of the brain, such as the cerebral cortex, is the basis for its adaptability to the environment. (cambridge.org)

The characteristics of neural activities in this cortex correspond with the physical properties of sound waves. (wikipedia.org)
Here, we used in vivo two-photon Ca 2+ imaging to probe the organization of the mouse primary auditory cortex and show that the spatial organization of neural response properties (frequency tuning) within the thalamorecipient layer (L3b/4) is more homogeneous than in supragranular layers (L2/3). (jneurosci.org)
This illustrates that subcortical auditory structures have access to a wealth of non-acoustic information and can, independently of the auditory cortex, carry much richer neural representations than previously thought. (elifesciences.org)
The results are valuable for researchers interested in how behavior impacts neural coding, as they urge us to focus the spotlight on non-cortical mechanisms of high-level activity in early auditory pathways. (elifesciences.org)
A map of auditory space in the mammalian brain: neural computation and development. (ox.ac.uk)
In visual cortex, stimulation outside the classical receptive field can decrease neural activity and also decrease functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) signal amplitudes. (zotero.org)
Astoundingly, although bird and mammalian brains look so different, we will see that both independently evolved similar neural solutions to become smart. (primate-cognition.eu)
Neural axis representing target range in the auditory cortex of the mustache bat. (uni-bielefeld.de)

Tonotopic gradients have been reported in A1 of many mammalian species including human, primate, and cat ( Kaas, 2011 ) (but see Abeles and Goldstein, 1970 ). (jneurosci.org)
Taken together, these findings suggest that a fundamental organizational principle of the primate auditory cortex is based on harmonicity. (primate-cognition.eu)
The output map of the primate motor cortex. (uni-bielefeld.de)

It occupies the bilateral primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe of the mammalian brain. (wikipedia.org)
The primary auditory cortex lies medially in the superior temporal gyrus of the human brain. (wikipedia.org)
The auditosensory cortex is a differentiated anatomical area within the posterior-medial field of the transverse temporal gyrus of Heschl in the lateral sulcus. (wikipedia.org)
The cortex of transverse temporal gyrus of Heschl forms a homogeneous structural region with Brodmann area 22. (wikipedia.org)
The impulse reaches the auditory cortical projections on the superior temporal gyrus, which is the auditosensory cortex. (wikipedia.org)
We focused on the primary auditory cortex (A1) due to the crucial role that temporal precision plays in the processing of auditory information. (biorxiv.org)
Here, we demonstrate that this OFF temporal advantage is transferred to visual cortex and has a correlate in human perception. (zotero.org)
In auditory cortex, auditory field maps (AFMs) are defined by the combination of tonotopic gradients, representing the spectral aspects of sound (i.e., tones), with orthogonal periodotopic gradients, representing the temporal aspects of sound (i.e., period or temporal envelope). (mindspacelab.com)
Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed that the temporal expression pattern in the auditory hindbrain was more similar to the PFC than to the cochlea. (tau.ac.il)
We discuss two examples of processing the temporal order of external events: the auditory location detection system in birds and the visual direction detection system in flies. (mit.edu)

Developmental plasticity in the visual and auditory representations in the mammalian superior colliculus. (uni-bielefeld.de)

The language competence directly correlates with the ability of auditosensory cortex in terms of strength and frequency of neuronal activity. (wikipedia.org)

We found that exposure to WIN 55,212-2 significantly reduced BDNF levels in hippocampus and frontal cortex. (researchgate.net)

Her work in graduate school with Brian Wandell, Ph.D., focused on computational neuroimaging measurements of visual cortex organization and plasticity in humans and macaque. (intechopen.com)
Dr. Brewer's research focuses on visual, auditory, and multi-sensory neuroscience, using behavioral, genetic, and high-resolution neuroimaging techniques to investigate questions ranging from the fundamental organization of human visual and auditory cortex to plasticity in visual, auditory, and sensorimotor regions. (intechopen.com)
The plasticity of the mammalian brain - that is, its ability to adapt to environmental situations by changing its connectivity - is one of its most outstanding properties, distinguishing it from most other computational devices. (cambridge.org)

tDCS over motor cortex (M1), for instance, facilitates motor learning in stroke patients. (surrey.ac.uk)
In the present study we examined whether tDCS over the contralateral motor cortex enhances learning of grip-force output in a visually guided feedback task in young and neurologically healthy volunteers. (surrey.ac.uk)
Twenty minutes of 1 mA anodal tDCS were applied over the primary motor cortex (M1) contralateral to the dominant (right) hand, during the first half of a 40 min power-grip task. (surrey.ac.uk)

Their early auditory experience shapes their brain circuits for forming a memory of tutor song, then would affect later period of motor song learning and higher cognitive functions. (oist.jp)
Our lab has been interested in how songbirds detect their own species song for song learning and how early auditory experiences shape neuronal circuits in the brain, namely how to form a memory of tutor auditory experiences. (oist.jp)
Takashi Kudo & Yoko Yazaki-Sugiyama, Early auditory experience modifies neuronal firing properties in zebra finch auditory cortex. (oist.jp)

This chapter will review the evidence for CFM and cloverleaf cluster organization across human visual and auditory cortex and will discuss the utility of these measurements for determining cortical structure and function and for investigating what changes occur in sensory cortex following various types of trauma or disease. (intechopen.com)

This work suggests that behavior outcome information in the inferior colliculus persists in absence of top-down feedback from the auditory cortex. (elifesciences.org)
For comparison, we determined auditory evoked potentials (AEP) in the inferior colliculus and the auditory cortex. (nih.gov)
Cajal's microscopy studies led him to believe that the lateral leminiscus (A) received input from the cochlear and superior olivary nuclei, and carried some of it to the inferior colliculus (B), which integrated the signals necessary for auditory reflexes, while the bulk of the information was sent directly to the medial geniculate body (C), which then relayed the information on to the auditory cortex via the thalamo-cortical path (e). (nih.gov)
Such high acoustic processing demands were likely the evolutionary pressures driving the over-development at peripheral (cochlea), metencephalic (cochlear nucleus), mesencephalic (inferior colliculus), diencephalic (medial geniculate body of the thalamus), and telencephalic (auditory cortex) auditory processing levels in this species. (omeka.net)

These findings reveal a transformation of sensory representations that occurs between layers within the auditory cortex, which could generate sequentially more complex analysis of the acoustic scene incorporating a broad range of spectrotemporal sound features. (jneurosci.org)
The auditory cortex is considered crucial for the integration of acoustic and contextual information and is thought to share the resulting representations with subcortical auditory structures via its vast descending projections. (elifesciences.org)
However, in the mammalian auditory system many aspects of this hierarchical organization remain undiscovered, including the prominent classes of high-level representations (that would be analogous to face selectivity in the visual system or selectivity to bird's own song in the bird) and the dominant types of invariant transformations. (zotero.org)
Here we review the recent progress that begins to probe the hierarchy of auditory representations, and the computational approaches that can be helpful in achieving this feat. (zotero.org)

Furthermore, focal demyelination in A1 permanently disrupts its tonotopic organization 8 and auditory frequency-specific responses in MGB 9 . (biorxiv.org)

In particular, the invariance of complex cell responses in primary visual cortex against small translations is commonly interpreted as a signature of an invariant coding strategy possibly originating from an unsupervised learning principle. (zotero.org)
Recent neuroimaging and neurophysiology experiments have identified regions of non-primary auditory cortex in humans and non-human primates that exhibit selective responses to harmonic pitches. (primate-cognition.eu)

Auditory researchers stand to benefit from a three dimensional brain atlas of this species, due to its considerable contribution to auditory neuroscience. (omeka.net)

The impacts of myelin and demyelination are particularly evident in the auditory system, where precise coding and maintenance of timing information of sound stimuli are critical for normal auditory tasks, including spatial hearing and sound localization 6 . (biorxiv.org)
Because of the independent mobility of difference sense organs, gating mechanisms are incorporated into the auditory representation to provide up-to-date information about the spatial orientation of the eyes and ears. (ox.ac.uk)

Abnormalities in this region are responsible for many disorders in auditory abilities, such as congenital deafness, true cortical deafness, primary progressive aphasia and auditory hallucination. (wikipedia.org)
The auditosensory cortex defines Brodmann area 42, which is part of the primary auditory cortex. (wikipedia.org)
The discovery provided insight into the anatomical network within the primary cortex. (wikipedia.org)
Within the primary auditory cortex, the auditosensory cortex extends posteromedially over the gyrus. (wikipedia.org)
The primary auditory cortex includes the auditosensory cortex (Brodmann area 42) and the auditopsychic cortex (Brodmann area 41). (wikipedia.org)
The primary function of the auditosensory cortex is the sense of hearing. (wikipedia.org)
Here, we investigate the transformation of the representation of sound frequency in mouse primary auditory cortex (A1). (jneurosci.org)
The auditory cortex (AC), as its primary cortical relay station, has traditionally been thought to broadly and stationary represent the contralateral hemifield of auditory space. (uni-muenchen.de)
This chapter reviews the differences in specific structural and functional characteristics of human visual cortex among young adults, healthy aging adults, and patients with dementia, with a primary focus on those with Alzheimer's disease (AD). (intechopen.com)
Across sensory modalities, a key organizing principle is the mapping of specific sensory inputs in a spatially ordered manner at multiple levels, from primary afferents to higher cortex. (jneurosci.org)

The auditosensory cortex takes part in the reception and processing of auditory nerve impulses, which passes sound information from the thalamus to the brain. (wikipedia.org)
It is the initial cortical destination of auditory nerve impulses from the thalamus. (wikipedia.org)

Auditosensory cortex is the part of the auditory system that is associated with the sense of hearing in humans. (wikipedia.org)
Given the widespread existence of the harmonicity in many aspects of our hearing environment, it is natural to expect that it be reflected in the evolution and development of the auditory systems of both humans and animals, in particular the auditory cortex. (primate-cognition.eu)
On the upside, Kanold believes that because of the mammalian brain's flexible learning potential, it can be "taught" to address the fuzziness in older animals, including humans. (jhu.edu)

Abstract: The embodied mammalian brain evolved to adapt to an only partially known and knowable world. (rctn.org)

Sensory information from the periphery arrives in the cortex via thalamocortical afferents that terminate in the middle (thalamorecipient) cortical layers. (jneurosci.org)

Physiological and behavioral studies have revealed that SC multisensory integration depends on the functional integrity of converging projections that descend from different regions of association cortex. (wakehealth.edu)

The peripheral auditory capabilities of this species were investigated by means of distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE). (nih.gov)
Recently, evidence mounted that the mammalian peripheral and central auditory systems share a number of genes critical for proper development and function. (tau.ac.il)

Classically, perception is considered to rely on the flow of information from the sensory periphery via a sequence of hierarchically-organized brain structures up to the cortex. (elifesciences.org)
The auditory system comprises the auditory periphery, engaged in sound transduction and the central auditory system, implicated in auditory information processing and perception. (tau.ac.il)

One of the fundamental properties of mammalian brains is that sensory regions of cortex are organized into multiple, functionally specialized cortical field maps (CFMs). (intechopen.com)

Furthermore, the auditory impulse is recognised, organised and interpreted as sensory information. (wikipedia.org)

Performing chronic two-photon-calcium imaging in the AC of awake and anesthetized mice, I characterized the effects of anesthesia on auditory space representation. (uni-muenchen.de)

The experiments described in this review have demonstrated that the SC contains a two-dimensional map of auditory space, which is synthesized within the brain using a combination of monaural and binaural localization cues. (ox.ac.uk)

Such visual cortex changes have been shown to underlie many of the behavioral deficits that develop in healthy aging and AD. (intechopen.com)
Measurements of disordered visual cortex in dementia patients may be possible early in the course of neurodegeneration and thus may be useful for improving early diagnosis of these devastating diseases. (intechopen.com)
Multiple adjacent CFMs, in turn, have now been shown by multiple laboratories to be organized in visual and auditory cortex into a macrostructural pattern called the cloverleaf cluster. (intechopen.com)
This necessitates a highly plastic relationship between the visual and auditory systems, both during postnatal development and in adult life. (ox.ac.uk)
In this personal perspective, we discuss the ongoing struggle of visual models to catch up with the visual cortex, identify key reasons for the relatively rapid improvement of artificial systems and models, and identify open problems for computational vision in this domain. (zotero.org)
In all, we suggest a computational theory for recurrent processing in the visual cortex in which the significance of local measurements is evaluated on the basis of a broader visual context that is represented in terms of contour code patterns. (zotero.org)
On a macrostructural level, AFMs are grouped into cloverleaf clusters, an organizational structure also seen in visual cortex. (mindspacelab.com)
The effects of early visual experience on the cat's visual cortex and their possible explanation by Hebb synapses. (uni-bielefeld.de)

Tonotopy, the spatially ordered gradient of neuronal frequency preference, originates in the cochlea and is preserved through all stages of the auditory system to varying degrees. (jneurosci.org)
This bears implication for auditory rehabilitation and evolution of the auditory system. (tau.ac.il)
To analyze to which extent microRNAs (miRNAs) belong to genes shared between both systems, we characterize the expression pattern of 12 cochlea-abundant miRNAs in the central auditory system. (tau.ac.il)
Altogether, our data indicate that miRNAs represent a relevant class of genetic factors functioning across the auditory system. (tau.ac.il)
Given the importance of gene regulatory network (GRN) components for development, physiology and evolution, the 12 miRNAs provide promising entry points to gain insights into their molecular underpinnings in the auditory system. (tau.ac.il)

Future research can now use these AFMs to investigate specific stages of auditory processing, key for understanding behaviors such as speech perception and multimodal sensory integration. (mindspacelab.com)

By surface-rendering these delineations and extrapolating from cortical landmarks and data from previous studies, we generated overlays that estimate the locations of classic functional subregions within mustached bat auditory cortex. (omeka.net)

Receptive fields of single neurones in the cat's striate cortex. (uni-bielefeld.de)

Both methods show that the auditory range of E. telfairi extends well into ultrasonic frequencies, with a region of highest sensitivity at around 16 kHz. (nih.gov)
The low-frequency limit of auditory processing is found at frequencies of about 2-3 kHz. (nih.gov)

He grouped several cortical regions based on their nervous function, two of which are areas 41 and 42 for auditory processing. (wikipedia.org)
The perception of auditory signals came as a nervous impulse from the inner ear to the cochlear nuclei of the brainstem, which is the first relay station. (wikipedia.org)
Substantial knowledge of auditory processing within mammalian nervous systems emerged from neurophysiological studies of the mustached bat (Pteronotus parnellii). (omeka.net)

After a lesion, the density of cells containing tenascin-R transcripts increased significantly in the inferior olivary nucleus and in the white matter of the cerebellar cortex. (researchgate.net)

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