• Each snRNP particle is composed of a snRNA component and several snRNP-specific proteins (including Sm proteins, a family of nuclear proteins). (wikipedia.org)
  • snRNA are often divided into two classes based upon both common sequence features as well as associated protein factors such as the RNA-binding LSm proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • The spliceosome is a large, protein-RNA complex that consists of five small nuclear RNAs (U1, U2, U4, U5, and U6) and over 150 proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • RNA alternative splicing (AS) is an important post-transcriptional mechanism enabling single genes to produce multiple proteins. (nature.com)
  • The spliceosome complex, composed of at least 170 proteins and several small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), is the key structure responsible for splicing in eukaryotes 10 . (nature.com)
  • This process is carried out by the human spliceosome machinery, in which over 300 proteins sequentially assemble with uridine-rich small nuclear RNA molecules (U snRNAs) to form distinct small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complexes (snRNPs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • One of the unique features of mitochondria is that they contain their own small, circular DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and independent machinery of ribosomal and transfer RNAs (ribonucleic acid) and ribosomes for synthesis of 13 proteins encoded by the mitochondrial DNA essential for oxidative phosphorylation. (fda.gov)
  • The rest of approximately 1,900 proteins (in humans) required for the performance of various mitochondrial functions are encoded by the nuclear DNA. (fda.gov)
  • Wehave isolated the cDNAs of human THEG major and THEG minor, containing thecomplete open reading frames, which encode putative nuclear proteins of379 amino acids and 355 amino acids, respectively. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • RNA is then translated into proteins by structures called ribosomes. (dekooktips.com)
  • Messenger RNA (mRNA) Carries information specifying amino acid sequences of proteins from DNA to ribosomes. (dekooktips.com)
  • Numerous fundamental cellular processes, including virtually every aspect of gene expression and regulation, depend on the cooperation of RNAs and proteins. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Specific RNAs and proteins associate to build up some of the most complex macromolecular machineries of living cells, such as ribosomes and spliceosomes, which mediate particular steps of gene expression. (fu-berlin.de)
  • RNAs and proteins can also engage in more transient interactions, for example during co-transcriptional regulation of RNA polymerases or during post-transcriptional regulation of (pre-)mRNA life cycles. (fu-berlin.de)
  • We investigate the molecular mechanisms, by which RNAs and proteins cooperate to bring about the biological functions of selected RNPs involved in transcription and pre-mRNA splicing. (fu-berlin.de)
  • The splicing prepares the pre-mRNA to produce the mature messenger RNA (mRNA), which then undergoes translation as part of the protein synthesis to produce proteins . (wikidoc.org)
  • Splicing includes a series of biochemical reactions , which are catalyzed by the spliceosome , a complex of small nuclear ribonucleo-proteins ( snRNPs ). (wikidoc.org)
  • Although the two splicing mechanisms described below do not require any proteins to occur, 5 additional RNA molecules and over 50 proteins are used and hydrolyzes many ATP molecules. (wikidoc.org)
  • These RNPs consist of four core proteins and one RNA, but it is not known how they assemble. (silverchair.com)
  • Both proteins are essential for stable H/ACA RNA accumulation. (silverchair.com)
  • This RNA is then able to leave the nucleus of the cell and travel to molecular factories called ribosomes that read the instructions encoded in RNA to make proteins. (databasefootball.com)
  • rRNA genes contain regions of variable DNA sequence that are unique to the species carrying the … Ribosomal RNA is transcribed from ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and then bound to ribosomal proteins to form small and large ribosome subunits. (printerresource.com)
  • PhaRNA, LLC offer several synthetic mRNAs encoding for some of the most common reporter proteins including Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), GFP-NLS (nuclear GFP localization), mCherry, firefly Luciferase (fLuc), renilla Luciferase (rLuc), gaussia Luciferase (gLuc) and beta-galactosidase (Gal). (pharna.com)
  • This hormone nuclear receptor complex activates gene transcription and synthesis of messenger RNA and cytoplasmic proteins. (nih.gov)
  • This is done by a complex of proteins and RNAs called spliceosome. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • Each RNA polymerase requires the assistance of several other proteins or protein complexes, called general (or basal) transcription factors, which must assemble into a complex on the promoter in order for RNA polymerase to bind and start transcription. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • Family of C2H2-type zinc fingers, present in matrin, U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein C and other RNA-binding proteins. (embl.de)
  • Specialized cell structures called ribosomes are the cellular organelles that actually synthesize the proteins (RNA transcription). (cdc.gov)
  • RNA processing in chloroplasts includes mRNA 5′- and 3′-end processing, intron splicing, and intercistronic cleavages of polycistronic messages, as well as typical tRNA and rRNA processing. (dekooktips.com)
  • They are messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). (dekooktips.com)
  • There are three types of RNA: mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA. (dekooktips.com)
  • Additional RNAs are involved in gene regulation and mRNA degradation. (dekooktips.com)
  • Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. (dekooktips.com)
  • mRNA is produced in the nucleus, as are all RNAs. (dekooktips.com)
  • There are three types of RNA involved in the translation process: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). (dekooktips.com)
  • The three main types of RNA directly involved in protein synthesis are messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA). (dekooktips.com)
  • Messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) are the three major types of RNA. (dekooktips.com)
  • This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of U11/U12-35K, also termed protein HM-1, or U1 snRNP-binding protein homolog, and is one of the components of the U11/U12 snRNP, which is a subunit of the minor (U12-dependent) spliceosome required for splicing U12-type nuclear pre-mRNA introns. (nih.gov)
  • While the first mRNA vaccines against an infectious disease have reached the market ( 1 , 2 ), many other medicinal products with RNA as an active substance (see Table 1 ), either vaccines against non-infectious diseases or non-vaccine drugs, are under development ( 3 - 18 ) or even approved ( 19 - 25 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • There are currently several products containing RNA on the market, and many are under development, among them mRNA, antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), small activating RNAs (saRNAs), micro-RNAs (mi-RNAs), RNA aptamers and RNA guides. (frontiersin.org)
  • The first class of small RNAs identified were the micro RNAs (miRNAs), which are small (~22 nt) non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression by base pairing to mRNAs where they direct either mRNA cleavage or repress translation [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In genetics , splicing is a modification of genetic information after transcription , in which introns of precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) are removed and exons of it are joined. (wikidoc.org)
  • In bacteria , a single RNA polymerase produces the primary transcript precursors for all three major classes of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA). (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • An anticodon is a trinucleotide sequence located at one end of a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule, which is complementary to a corresponding codon in a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence. (genome.gov)
  • In a cell, antisense DNA serves as the template for producing messenger RNA (mRNA), which directs the synthesis of a protein. (genome.gov)
  • The most widely understood role of RNA is in protein synthesis, which includes messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) (see Chapter 2). (printerresource.com)
  • Transcription is the process of copying genetic information from DNA into RNA, especially mRNA, by the enzyme RNA polymerase. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • It is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (especially mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • This releases the upstream portion of the transcript, which will serve as the initial RNA prior to further processing (the pre-mRNA in the case of protein-encoding genes). (stemcelldaily.com)
  • RNA polymerases read the codes from specific areas of the DNA and transcribe the information into a mRNA copy of the DNA. (cdc.gov)
  • They are located in the nucleolus and the Cajal bodies of eukaryotic cells (the major sites of RNA synthesis), where they are called scaRNAs (small Cajal body-specific RNAs). (wikipedia.org)
  • Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis. (dekooktips.com)
  • What are the three types of RNA and their role in protein synthesis? (dekooktips.com)
  • RNA synthesis is terminated intrinsically, when the elongation complex transcribes a stable RNA hairpin followed by a uridine-rich stretch, or with the aid of transcription termination factor ρ. (fu-berlin.de)
  • RNP-based processive anti-termination underlies the switching from immediate-early to delayed-early gene expression in other lambdoid phages as well as ribosomal RNA synthesis in Escherichia coli . (fu-berlin.de)
  • Huang YH, Said N, Loll B, Wahl MC (2019) Structural basis for the function of SuhB as a transcription factor in ribosomal RNA synthesis. (fu-berlin.de)
  • RNA polymerases differ from DNA polymerases in that they can initiate the synthesis of new strands in the absence of a primer. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The transcribed region of a gene contains the template for synthesis of an RNA, which begins at the start point. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The involvement of RNA in such fundamental processes as protein synthesis and RNA processing has led to the idea that ribozymes were more common in early life. (printerresource.com)
  • Elongation involves the synthesis of RNA by RNA polymerase along the DNA template. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • RNA synthesis occurs in the 5' → 3' direction with the RNA polymerase catalyzing a nucleophilic attack by the 3-OH of the growing RNA chain on the alpha-phosphorus atom on an incoming ribonucleoside 5-triphosphate. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • In addition, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encodes 2 ribosomal RNA genes and 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes necessary for the intramitochondrial synthesis of these 13 polypeptides. (medscape.com)
  • These are small RNA molecules that play an essential role in RNA biogenesis and guide chemical modifications of ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) and other RNA genes (tRNA and snRNAs). (wikipedia.org)
  • The other two forms of RNA, ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA), are involved in the process of ordering the amino acids to make the protein. (dekooktips.com)
  • Base modifications occur primarily in tRNA and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and occur after the RNA is transcribed. (printerresource.com)
  • Sequential assembly of the human spliceosome on RNA transcripts regulates splicing across the human transcriptome. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The AU-rich element RNA-binding protein 1 (AUF1) is an RNA-binding protein, which can both stabilize and destabilize the transcripts of several cancer-related genes. (nature.com)
  • The primary transcripts are modified and trimmed to produce the mature RNAs. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • To such effect, I want to perform an RNA-Seq experiment in order to analyze potential rRNA transcripts isoforms and processing sites. (printerresource.com)
  • Although thousands of sncRNA genes are known to exist in the human genome, no single database provides searchable, unified annotation, and expression information for full sncRNA transcripts and mature RNA products derived from these larger RNAs. (lisanwanglab.org)
  • To this end we used deep sequencing (GRO-seq and PRO-seq) and analyzed nascent mtDNA-encoded RNA transcripts in diverse human cell lines and metazoan organisms. (biorxiv.org)
  • The characterization of new miRNA target genes and a unique profile for crasiRNAs has allowed for insight into multiple RNA mediated processes in the tammar, including gene regulation, species incompatibilities, centromere and chromosome function. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We report that the positions of minor, U12 introns are conserved in orthologous genes from human and Arabidopsis to an even greater extent than the positions of the major, U2 introns. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Genes are transcribed by enzymes called RNA polymerases that generate a single-stranded RNA identical in sequence (with the exception of U in place of T) to one of the strands of the double-stranded DNA. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Eukaryotic genes are transcribed in the nucleus by three different RNA polymerases , each principally responsible for one of the major classes of RNA. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Antioxidant genes such as ferritin are transcriptionally activated in oxidative stress via the antioxidant responsive element (ARE), to which nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) binds and activates transcription. (embl.de)
  • Arsenic exposure of human HaCaT keratinocytes induced nuclear accumulation of PRMT1 and PRMT4, histone H4R3 and H3R17 methylation proximal to the ARE, but not to the non-ARE regions of ferritin genes. (embl.de)
  • Whithout mutations we would know very little about inheritance and the existence of genes. (intechopen.com)
  • Distel, D. L., DeLong, E. F., and Waterbury, J. Epub … Bacterial Identification by 16S rRNA Gene Sequence Analysis Background All bacteria contain 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes of approximately 1500 base pairs (bp) in length. (printerresource.com)
  • In the vast majority of eukaryotes, OXPHOS is operated by genes encoded by two genomes - most in the nuclear genome (nDNA) and 37 in the short circular mitochondrial genome (mtDNA). (biorxiv.org)
  • However, as mtDNA transcription was mostly studied in vitro, little remains known about the mode and tempo of in vivo OXPHOS genes' transcription residing on the mtDNA. (biorxiv.org)
  • It may facilitate 5' splice site recognition in the minor spliceosome and play a role in exon bridging, interacting with components of the major spliceosome bound to the pyrimidine tract of an upstream U2-type intron. (nih.gov)
  • The major spliceosome splices introns containing GU at the 5' splice site and AG at the 3' splice site. (wikidoc.org)
  • The minor spliceosome is very similar to the major spliceosome, however it splices rare introns with different splice site sequences. (wikidoc.org)
  • While the minor and major spliceosomes contain the same U5 snRNP , the minor spliceosome has different, but functionally analogous snRNPs for U1, U2, U4, and U6, which are respectively called U11 , U12 , U4atac, and U6atac. (wikidoc.org)
  • Self-splicing occurs for rare introns that form a ribozyme , performing the functions of the spliceosome by RNA alone. (wikidoc.org)
  • Bacteria transcribe their genomes with the help of multi-subunit RNA polymerases (RNAPs), which comprise two large β and β' subunits that form the active site, two regulatory α subunits and an ω subunit that supports RNAP assembly. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Eukaryotes have three types of RNA polymerases (I, II and III), each responsible for transcribing different types of RNA. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • Eukaryotic RNA polymerases do not terminate transcription at a specific site but rather transcription can stop at varying distances downstream of the gene. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • Splicing, or the removal of introns, is a major aspect of post-transcriptional modification, and takes place only in the nucleus of eukaryotes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The major class, which is far more abundant in eukaryotic cells, splices primarily U2-type introns. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, we show that alterations in RNA splicing patterns across the human transcriptome that occur in conditions of restricted cellular PRPF8 abundance are defined by the altered splicing of introns with weak 5′ splice sites. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Many eukaryotic precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs) bear coding regions (exons) interspersed with non-coding intervening sequences (introns). (fu-berlin.de)
  • U2- dependent spliceosomes, or major spliceosomes, remove over 99% of introns, whereas U-12 dependent spliceosomes remove less than 0.5% of introns. (jcu.edu)
  • [ 13 ] The mitochondrial genome is remarkably concise, containing little noncoding capacity and no introns. (medscape.com)
  • The viral nucleoprotein (NP) is the major component of the viral ribonucleoprotein. (nih.gov)
  • It contains a conserved RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), followed by an adjacent glycine-rich region, and Arg-Asp and Arg-Glu dipeptide repeats rich domain, making U11/U12-35K a possible functional analog of U1-70K. (nih.gov)
  • The α 2 ββ'ω core enzyme cooperates with transcription factors and responds to signals on DNA templates and nascent RNAs to achieve full functionality in vivo . (fu-berlin.de)
  • Our analyses indicate that NAF1 binds NAP57 and escorts it to the nascent H/ACA RNA and that GAR1 then replaces NAF1 to yield mature H/ACA RNPs in Cajal bodies and nucleoli. (silverchair.com)
  • snRNAs and small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are not the same and neither is a subtype of the other. (wikipedia.org)
  • Small RNAs have proven to be essential regulatory molecules encoded within eukaryotic genomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Differential sensitivities of all three transcription events, synthesizing the rRNAs, mRNAs, and light-strand RNAs, was shown to exist to a small molecular weight factor(s) present in the cytoplasm, and the availability of energetic substrates. (caltech.edu)
  • These short RNAs participate in a diverse array of cellular processes including gene regulation, chromatin dynamics and genome defense. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As part of the genome sequencing initiative for the tammar, we have explored the evolution of each of the major classes of mammalian small RNAs in an Australian marsupial for the first time, including the first genome-scale analysis of the newest class of small RNAs, centromere repeat associated short interacting RNAs (crasiRNAs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • We examined each of these small RNA classes with respect to the newly assembled tammar wallaby genome for gene and repeat features, salient features that define their canonical sequences, and the constitution of both highly conserved and species-specific members. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study encompasses the first analyses of the major classes of small RNAs for the newly completed tammar genome, validates preliminary annotations using deep sequencing and computational approaches, and provides a foundation for future work on tammar-specific as well as conserved, but previously unknown small RNA progenitors and targets identified herein. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Small RNAs play important roles in many aspects of pre- and post-transcriptional gene regulation, epigenetic modifications, chromosome segregation and genome structure. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Two other major roles for noncoding RNA are in genome defense and in genetic regulation. (printerresource.com)
  • Using an RNA genome, many viruses are known to encode their genetic information. (printerresource.com)
  • A. Ribosomal RNA analysis StructRNAfinder - predicts and annotates RNA families in transcript or genome sequences. (printerresource.com)
  • Simplified, all viruses consist of a protein shell (capsid) that protects the viral genome (DNA or RNA). (lu.se)
  • Later analysis has shown that these RNA were high in uridylate and were established in the nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Spliceosomes catalyse splicing, an integral step in eukaryotic precursor messenger RNA maturation. (wikipedia.org)
  • They do so by catalyzing site-specific pseudouridylation of ribosomal and spliceosomal small nuclear RNAs, by processing ribosomal RNAs, and by stabilizing telomerase RNA. (silverchair.com)
  • RNA is a single-stranded nucleic acid that is composed of three main elements: a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar and a phosphate group. (dekooktips.com)
  • In addition to C/D RNPs, H/ACA RNPs form one of the two major classes of small nucleolar RNPs (snoRNPs) functioning in nucleoli and Cajal bodies. (silverchair.com)
  • Sequenceanalysis of these PCR products demonstrated that the smaller transcript(THEG minor) lacks 72 bp which was also observed for the mouse Theg. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • Database searchesidentified two genomic clones on chromosome 19 harboring the human THEGgene, which is approximately 14 kb pairs in size, contains eight exons,and comparison of the two cDNA sequences with the genomic sequenceindicated that the smaller transcript lacks exon 3. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • In these processes, transcript-borne regulatory RNAs alone or in conjunction with protein factors assemble on the surface of RNAP and accompany the enzyme during further transcription by an RNA looping mechanism, rendering the elongation complex resistant to pause and/or termination signals downstream of the original modification site. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Trans-splicing is a form of splicing that joins two exons that are not within the same RNA transcript. (wikidoc.org)
  • It results in a complementary, antiparallel RNA strand called a primary transcript. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • They include coding mRNAs and non-coding (nc) RNAs among them antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), micro-RNAs (miRNAs), small activating RNAs (saRNAs), RNA aptamers and RNA guides. (frontiersin.org)
  • Following a complex process of miRNA transcription, processing, and nuclear export, miRNAs are further processed by the RNaseIII enzyme, Dicer, and its cofactor TRBP. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mitochondrial ATP production via the oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS) is the major energy resource in eukaryotes. (biorxiv.org)
  • Transcription in eukaryotes is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of transportable complementary RNA replica. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • Competition for PRPF8 availability alters the transcription-coupled splicing of RNAs in which weak 5′ splice sites predominate, enabling diversification of human gene expression during biological processes like mitosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The yeast GO Slim terms are higher level terms that best represent the major S. cerevisiae biological processes, functions, and cellular components. (yeastgenome.org)
  • A gene is a segment of DNA that functions as a unit to generate an RNA product or, through the processes of transcription and translation, a polypeptide chain. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Removal of the mitochondria from the cellular environment simplified the investigations of the nuclear-cytoplasmic influences upon the mitochondrial transcription. (caltech.edu)
  • Influenza viruses are negative strand RNA viruses that replicate in the nucleus of the cell. (nih.gov)
  • A splicing mistake in even a single nucleotide can be devastating to the cell, and a reliable, repeatable method of RNA processing is necessary to ensure cell survival. (wikipedia.org)
  • When applied to large-scale transcriptomics projects with diverse taxonomic sampling, our new method is expected to rapidly expand our knowledge on RNA splicing mechanisms for a wide range of viruses. (nature.com)
  • RNA splicing plays important roles in viral replication and virus-host interactions 38 . (nature.com)
  • Alternative splicing enables expression of multiple messenger RNAs ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Several methods of RNA splicing occur in nature. (wikidoc.org)
  • Self-splicing may also be very ancient, and may have existed in an RNA world that was present before protein. (wikidoc.org)
  • Mammalian H/ACA RNPs are essential for ribosome biogenesis, premessenger RNA splicing, and telomere maintenance. (silverchair.com)
  • The patients bore mutations in the gene RNU4ATAC , which is an essential part of the RNA splicing complex. (databasefootball.com)
  • There are two sets of machinery that can splice RNA in the cell - the major splicing complex and the minor splicing complex. (databasefootball.com)
  • The major splicing complex is so essential to the cell that defects in this process are lethal at the single cell stage and never observed in patients. (databasefootball.com)
  • Splicing is major event in the propagation of HIV-1. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Splicing factor such as Serine Arginine rich splicing factor (SRSF1) [ 16 ] regulate HIV-1 transcription whereas, Small nuclear RNAs [ 17 ] inhibit HIV-1 replication through excessive RNA Splicing. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While mitochondrial energy is vital for the survival of cells, these organelles also play an important role in the execution of apoptosis (programmed cell death), a process that serves as a major defense mechanism to remove unwanted and potentially dangerous cells. (fda.gov)
  • A precise coordination between mitochondrial and nuclear DNA is, therefore, crucial for optimum mitochondrial function. (fda.gov)
  • Alternatively, diagnosis may be established by muscle biopsy with histochemistry and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis for major rearrangements. (medscape.com)
  • Located within the mitochondrial matrix, and lacking the efficient repair mechanisms available to nuclear DNA, mtDNA has a relatively high rate of mutation. (medscape.com)
  • respiratory burst (the rapid release of Reactions of oxygen radicals with Mitochondrial oxidative phosphor- reactive oxygen species from cells) cel ular components can deplete an- ylation is a major source of oxy- that involves nicotinamide adenine tioxidants, can cause direct oxidative gen radicals of endogenous origin. (who.int)
  • A survey of the tammar gonadal piRNAs shows that these small RNAs are enriched in retroelements and carry members from both marsupial and tammar-specific repeat classes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Another class of important small RNAs is the piRNAs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Small RNAs including short-interfering (si)RNAs and piRNAs, and long RNAs such as long intergenic noncoding (linc)RNAs can direct histone modifications and cytosine methylation. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • What are the three main types of RNA describe their roles quizlet? (dekooktips.com)
  • Noncanonical G.A base pairs play important structural and functional roles in ribonucleic acids (RNA). (aaai.org)
  • Moreover, RNA-protein complexes (RNPs) provide glimpses at the molecular ancestry of modern cells, which most likely evolved from an RNA-dominated world. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Furthermore, mitochondria are major sites of production of reactive oxygen species. (fda.gov)
  • NBs are dynamic nuclear domains that contain an expanding list of enriched components with conserved functions across many species. (rupress.org)
  • Changing the conditions for the transcription reactions allowed the identification of a processing pathway for the small ribosomal RNA species, and an RNA species from the region surrounding the origin of light-strand replication with novel electrophoretic properties. (caltech.edu)
  • A ribosome contains a large and small ribosomal subunit. (dekooktips.com)
  • Three major forms of DNA are double stranded and connected by interactions between complementary base pairs. (dekooktips.com)
  • Human pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a major nuclear receptor that upregulates the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes such as CYP3A4. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Additionally, the subcellular localization of mouse THEG wasconfirmed by a green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein of mouseTHEG which was found mainly in the nucleus of transfected NIH3T3 cells.These data suggest that both human and mouse THEG are specificallyexpressed in the nucleus of haploid male germ cells and are involved inthe regulation of nuclear functions. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • By interrogating the site of H/ACA RNA transcription, we dissected their biogenesis in single cells and delineated the role of the non-core protein NAF1 in the process. (silverchair.com)
  • This new library includes the conformation determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. (aaai.org)
  • These results suggest that paraspeckles play a role in trapping nuclear PXR in the absence of the ligand to negatively regulate transactivation of its downstream gene. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The nuclear trafficking of the viral components mobilizes cellular import factors at different stages, making these host-pathogen interactions promising targets for new therapeutics. (nih.gov)
  • The RNA components of snRNPs interact with the intron and may be involved in catalysis. (wikidoc.org)
  • The results suggested that although the two viruses shared major AS features, dramatic AS divergences were observed. (nature.com)
  • Drug resistance in viruses represents one of the major challenges of healthcare. (lu.se)
  • There, he has established a discovery chemistry group that focuses on developing first-in-class inhibitors for newly emerging biological targets, including resistant alleles of existing targets, as well as inhibitors of well-validated targets, such as Her3 and RAS, that have previously been considered recalcitrant to small molecule drug development. (stanford.edu)
  • In particular, the 5'-G-A-3'/3'-A-G-5' motif and three of its sequence variants have a relatively high occurrence in 16S and 23S ribosomal RNA. (aaai.org)
  • Pausing and termination can be further modulated by elongation factors, such as N-utilization substances A and G. Some regulatory factors or RNAs can stably insulate RNAP from the destabilizing effects of terminators over long distances (processive anti-termination). (fu-berlin.de)
  • It was recently discovered, however, that the disease is not X-linked and is caused by mutations in the small nuclear RNA noncoding gene RNU4ATAC . (databasefootball.com)