Major excitatory amino acid transporter 4. Medical search. Frequent questions

Extracellular excitatory amino acids are mainly transported into cells by excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) expressed on astrocytes to avoid excessive excitation of neurons. (spandidos-publications.com)
Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) of the solute carrier family 1A (SLC1A) take up the neurotransmitter L-glutamate from the synaptic environment, which is necessary to keep the extracellular concentration low and prevent neurotoxicity 1 , 2 . (nature.com)
Subsequent to our kinetic identification of the transport process, significant advances have been achieved in the genetic and protein identification and characterization of the X AG - transporter class as EAATs (excitatory amino acid transporters). (biomedcentral.com)

Astrocytes are major producers of GSH, and they transport GSH to neurons via specific transporters, such as the excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) and the system xc- cystine/glutamate antiporter. (cellg8.com)
AEG‑1 is associated with glutamate excitotoxicity due to its reported function of repressing excitatory amino acid transporter 2 expression in astrocytes. (spandidos-publications.com)
Hence, it is of great significance to reveal the mechanism behind drug addiction, and thanks to the advancing technology in the neuroscience, accumulating studies help people understand how versatile astrocytes work in drug addiction indeed [ 4 ]. (degruyter.com)
[2] Astrocytes are the major source of cholesterol in the central nervous system. (atozwiki.com)
[4] Apolipoprotein E transports cholesterol from astrocytes to neurons and other glial cells, regulating cell signaling in the brain. (atozwiki.com)
[4] Astrocytes in humans are more than twenty times larger than in rodent brains, and make contact with more than ten times the number of synapses. (atozwiki.com)

EAAT2 accounts for 80-90% of this activity of extracellular excitatory amino acid uptake ( 7 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
In AST, AEG-1 causes glutamatergic excitotoxicity by downregulating the activity of the excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) promoter, leading to neuronal cell death in glioma-induced neurodegenerative disease ( 10 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

EAAT3 is also the major route of neuronal cysteine uptake. (wikipedia.org)
It is well-established that the secondary active transporters Glt Tk and Glt Ph catalyze coupled uptake of aspartate and three sodium ions, but insight in the kinetic mechanism of transport is fragmentary. (nature.com)
This study shows that EAAC1 functions as the high-affinity L-aspartate transporter that is responsible for the uptake and accumulation of aspartate in prostate cells. (biomedcentral.com)

However, the subcellular co-localization of the two neurotransmitter transporters remains to be established definitively by high resolution electron microscopy. (wikipedia.org)

Excitatory amino acid transporter 3 is a member of the high-affinity glutamate transporters which plays an essential role in transporting glutamate across plasma membranes in neurons. (wikipedia.org)
Cysteine is a component of the major antioxidant glutathione, and mice lacking EAAT3 exhibit reduced levels of glutathione in neurons, increased oxidative stress, and age-dependent loss of neurons, especially neurons of the substantia nigra. (wikipedia.org)
A study has shown that neurons in the ischemic penumbra may undergo apoptosis hours or days after ischemia and alleviating ischemia reperfusion injury is an achievable therapeutic goal in the early intervention of ischemic stroke aimed at limiting the amount of infarction ( 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
However, later intracellular marking techniques, in which dyes were injected from the electrode tips into the cytoplasm of the recorded neuron, revealed that horizontal cells, second order neurons postsynaptic to cones, were the source of the S-potentials (3, 4). (org.es)
EAAT1-2 are glial, EAAT3-4 are neuronal, and the mRNA of EAAT5 is distributed in the neurons and glia of retina. (silverchair.com)
Many structures and processes are involved in the development of a seizure, including neurons, ion channels, receptors, glia, and inhibitory and excitatory synapses. (medscape.com)

We searched PubMed and Web of Science from database inception to March 18th, 2023 for studies reporting GABA, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) 65/67, GABAA, GABAB, and GABAC receptors, GABA transporters (GAT) 1-3 and vesicular GAT in the brain, and GABA levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood. (bvsalud.org)
Neuroactive glutamate is classified as an excitatory amino acid (EAA) because glutamate binding onto postsynaptic receptors typically stimulates, or depolarizes, the postsynaptic cells. (org.es)

In the brain, excitatory amino acid transporters are crucial in terminating the postsynaptic action of the neurotransmitter glutamate, and in maintaining extracellular glutamate concentrations below neurotoxic levels. (wikipedia.org)
Dynamic target of seizure control in management of epilepsy is achieving balance between factors that influence excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and those that influence inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). (medscape.com)

Excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAAT3), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC1A1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
The dependence of EAAT3 internalization on the DAT also suggests that the two transporters might be internalized together. (wikipedia.org)
The neuronal excitatory amino acid transporter EAAC1/EAAT3: does it represent a major actor at the brain excitatory synapse? (wikipedia.org)
The authors studied the effects of volatile anesthetics on one type of glutamate transporters, excitatory amino acid transporter type 3 (EAAT3), and the role of protein kinase C in mediating these effects. (silverchair.com)
Excitatory amino acid transporter type 3 was expressed in Xenopus oocytes by injection of EAAT3 mRNA. (silverchair.com)

The neuronal and epithelial human high affinity glutamate transporter. (wikipedia.org)
The identification of EAAC1 as the high-affinity L-aspartate transporter now permits studies to elucidate the mechanism of hormonal regulation of EAAC1 gene expression, and to investigate the mechanism by which the cellular environment effects the functioning of EAAC1 as an aspartate transporter or as a glutamate transporter. (biomedcentral.com)
The kinetic properties are representative of the Na+- dependent high-affinity glutamate-aspartate transporters referred to as the X AG - class of amino acid transporters. (biomedcentral.com)
An important unresolved issue was the identification of the putative prostate high-affinity L-aspartate transporter. (biomedcentral.com)
Glutamate is incorporated into these cell types through a high affinity glutamate transporter located in the plasma membrane. (org.es)

The Î³-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic system is the primary inhibitory neurotransmission system in the mammalian brain. (bvsalud.org)
The main groups include sodium channel blockers, calcium current inhibitors, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) enhancers, glutamate blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, hormones, and drugs with unknown mechanisms of action (see the image below). (medscape.com)
The levels of SV creatine were higher than those of other known neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine and serotonin, but lower than glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). (elifesciences.org)

Combined with previous pre-equilibrium binding studies, a full kinetic mechanism of structurally characterized aspartate transporters of the SLC1A family is now emerging. (nature.com)
In contrast, in citrate-producing prostate cells, aspartate is an essential amino acid that must be derived from circulation. (biomedcentral.com)
The present report is concerned with the identification of this putative L-aspartate transporter in rat and human prostate cells. (biomedcentral.com)
In other cells (predominantly excitable tissue cells), EAAC1 has been reported to function as a glutamate transporter rather than as an aspartate transporter. (biomedcentral.com)
In these specialized prostate cells, aspartate is an essential amino acid that is derived from circulation. (biomedcentral.com)
In cortical tissue slices L-aspartate increased brain metabolism concentration-dependently, L-ornithine significantly slowed it at higher concentrations (100 μmol/L), and the effects of LOLA was largely dependent on the balance of its two constituent amino acids. (edu.au)

Dopamine is another important monoamine that is a major part of your body's reward- motivation system. (shreddedsports.com)
These medications work via blocking dopamine transporters or inhibiting reuptake. (shreddedsports.com)

All the amino acid transporters mentioned in this study were addressed by the existing solute carrier (SLC) gene nomenclature system for amino acid transporters. (edu.au)

Glutamate transporters play an important role in maintaining extracellular glutamate homeostasis. (silverchair.com)
Glutamate transporters play an important role in removing glutamate from extracellular space into cells. (silverchair.com)

Some neuroactive compounds are amino acids, which also have metabolic functions in the presynaptic cell. (org.es)
Roles of neuroactive amino acids in ammonia neurotoxicity. (cdc.gov)

Glycine is one of the major inhibitory neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. (hindawi.com)
The main pathologic impairment is the inability of glycine, which is one of the major inhibitory neurotransmitters in the central nervous system, to display its inhibitory effects, particularly in the brain stem [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)

Oocytes pretreated with any of the three protein kinase C inhibitors alone (chelerythrine, staurosporine, or calphostin C) did not affect basal transporter current. (silverchair.com)
If viewed from the synaptic cleft, the protein will look like a pseudo-symmetrical rosette shown in the picture below composed of 10 different alpha and 4 different beta subunits. (proteopedia.org)
In Library, lysine-10( H3K9) vision gene has required a green protein-protein for visual studies and lacks visually one of the unknown conditions known with acid( Peters et al. (erik-mill.de)
preferentially, post-translational amino-acid JmjC increases are activated provided and conserved to regulate pentose cell polysaccharides with antimicrobial program protein and Clot positions. (erik-mill.de)
1 A new paper 1 reports on how the loss of autophagy along with beta cell expression of IAPP (amyloid islet polypeptide, also called amylin), a 37 amino acid protein coexpressed and released by pancreatic beta cells along with insulin, results in the death (apoptosis) of beta cells. (life-enhancement.com)

The main problem in hyperekplexia is the incomplete development of inhibitory mechanisms or exaggerated stimulation of excitatory mediators. (hindawi.com)
Some neurotransmitters cause an electrical signal to be transmitted down the cell ("excitatory") while others can block the signal (inhibitory). (mindd.org)

Glutamate is incorporated into the vesicles by a glutamate transporter located in the vesicular membrane. (org.es)

Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is an endogenous tryptophan (Trp) metabolite known to possess neuroprotective property. (mdpi.com)
All monoamines are derived from the amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan and are dubbed "the feel good neurotransmitters. (shreddedsports.com)

Meta-analysis of association between obsessive-compulsive disorder and the 3' region of neuronal glutamate transporter gene SLC1A1" (PDF). (wikipedia.org)
Negative association findings and research involving the serotonin transporter gene, FMR1, RELN, WNT2, HOXA1, and HOXB1 genes may be found elsewhere on this site . (neurotransmitter.net)
Interestingly, creatine release was reduced in slices from mice lacking either the gene that codes for an enzyme called AGAT (which is necessary for creatine production), or the gene that codes for the SLC6A8 creatine transporter. (elifesciences.org)

The transport domains are mobile and move through the lipid bilayer (alike an elevator) when translocating the amino acid substrate and co-transported ions across the membrane 13 . (nature.com)
Glucose is the major substrate for ATP synthesis through glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), whereas intermediary metabolism through the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle utilizes non-glucose-derived monocarboxylates, amino acids, and alpha ketoacids to support mitochondrial ATP and GTP synthesis. (molvis.org)

The homeostatic regulation of amino acid concentrations is crucial for optimal brain function and development. (edu.au)

1987. Ammonia emissions and their role in acid deposition. (cdc.gov)

Neurotransmitter molecules can also bind onto presynaptic autoreceptors and transporters, regulating subsequent release and clearing excess neurotransmitter from the cleft. (org.es)

Despite countless in vitro and in vivo research on these amino acids' activities, many fundamental concerns about their metabolic function in different brain areas and pathophysiological conditions remain unanswered. (edu.au)

Dysfunction of glutamate transporters causes glutamate accumulation that results in glutamate-mediated neuronal injury, which has been implicated in the pathophysiology of ischemic brain damage and other neurodegenerative disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. (silverchair.com)
Different amino acid transporters at cell membranes work together to facilitate the movement of amino acids into and out of the brain. (edu.au)
In the framework of this thesis, the effects of exogenous administration of several non-essential amino acids and the participation of their specific transporters in brain metabolism were investigated in Guinea pig cortical brain slices and mouse brain tissues using a targeted neuropharmacological and metabolomic strategy. (edu.au)
Nootropic also increases levels of acetylcholine, the excitatory neurotransmitter in your brain that tells you to wake up. (shreddedsports.com)
Hypoglycemia causes convulsions by increasing glutamate, the main excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
In another set of experiments, brain slices were incubated in aCSF containing 1 or 5 mM 15 N-labeled NH 4 Cl and 5 mM unlabeled glucose. (123dok.net)

Cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs) have become a global public health problem and ischemia‑reperfusion injury, the major cause of neurological impairment exacerbation, is closely related to excitotoxicity. (spandidos-publications.com)

Importantly, whereas the major causes of dementia are currently untreatable, some cases of dementia may be accounted for by risk factors that can be modified. (biomedcentral.com)

GSH synthesis and recycling are regulated by a variety of factors, including oxidative stress, cytokines, and growth factors, which can modulate the expression and activity of key enzymes involved in GSH metabolism, such as gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4). (cellg8.com)

It is likely that the creatine molecules are then transported into a synaptic vesicle located in a presynaptic neuron that expresses a creatine transporter (CreaT) called SLC6A8. (elifesciences.org)

This transporter selectively accumulates glutamate through a sodium-independent, ATP-dependent process (Naito and Ueda, 1983, Tabb and Ueda, 1991, Fykse and Fonnum, 1996), resulting in a high concentration of glutamate in each vesicle. (org.es)
Glutamate transporters maintain the concentration of glutamate within the synaptic cleft at low levels, preventing glutamate-induced cell death (Kanai et al. (org.es)

Antiepileptic drugs can be grouped according to their major mechanism of action. (medscape.com)

Description: A sandwich ELISA kit for detection of Interferon Regulatory Factor 4 from Rat in samples from blood, serum, plasma, cell culture fluid and other biological fluids. (operatiebrp.nl)
The urine and blood amino acids, the urine sulphite test, and the serum uric acid were all within normal ranges. (hindawi.com)

To overcome the complication that purified transporters may adopt right-side-out or inside-out membrane orientations upon reconstitution, thereby confounding the kinetic analysis, we employed a rapid method using synthetic nanobodies to inactivate one population. (nature.com)

Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Rat Interferon Regulatory Factor 4 (IRF4) in Tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids. (operatiebrp.nl)

Results from RNA sequencing revealed that AEG‑1 modulated neuronal morphology and development by regulating the expression of numerous genes, such as ubiquitin C, C‑X‑C motif chemokine ligand 1, MMP9, Notch1, neuropilin 1 and ephrin type‑A receptor 4. (spandidos-publications.com)

The immunoreactivity levels of well-characterized antibodies, for all major retinal cells and their compartments, were obtained using our established semiquantitative confocal and imaging techniques. (molvis.org)

When ischemic stroke occurs, cerebral ischemia and hypoxia cause the release of excessive excitatory amino acids, mainly glutamic acid and aspartic acid, which exert excitotoxic effects on the central nervous system. (spandidos-publications.com)

Studies on the physiological effects of sulfamic acid and ammonium sulfamate. (cdc.gov)

Parallel to the link between psychiatric symptoms and autoimmunity in autoimmune diseases, neuroimmunological abnormalities occur in classical psychiatric disorders (for example, major depressive, bipolar, schizophrenia, and obsessive-compulsive disorders). (biomedcentral.com)
In 2000, Berman et al published the first double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial evaluating the use a single dose of 0.5 mg/kg ketamine over 40 minutes in eight patients with recurrent unipolar major depression and one with bipolar disorder, which showed progressive decreases in depressive symptoms within 3 days of treatment. (uspharmacist.com)

These calpains work as a heterodimer, comprising a big (80 kDa) and a little (28 kDa) subunit (1,4,5). (exposed-skin-care.net)

At present, the majority of previous studies have focused on the function of AEG-1 in the development and progression of various malignancies such as gastric cancer, breast cancer and malignant glioma ( 3 , 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

Postnatal maturation is associated with major changes in astrocyte biology. (nature.com)

Anatomy34

Organisms14

Diseases6

Chemicals and Drugs136

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment15

Phenomena and Processes35

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science4

EAATs3

Astrocytes6

EAAT22

Uptake3

Neurotransmitter transporters1

Neurons6

Receptors2

Postsynaptic2

EAAT35

High affinity5

GABA3

Aspartate6

Dopamine2

Solute1

Extracellular2

Neuroactive2

Glycine2

Protein5

Inhibitory2

Vesicular1

Tryptophan2

Gene3

Substrate2

Crucial1

Ammonia1

Subsequent1

Metabolic1

Brain6

Closely related1

Importantly1

Metabolism1

Presynaptic1

Concentration2

Mechanism1

Serum2

Kinetic1

Cell1

Neuronal1

Retinal1

System1

Effects1

Bipolar2

Work1

Function1

Biology1