• Researchers at Baylor College of Medicine and collaborating institutions have engineered immune cells to control two major life-threatening complications, namely graft-vs-host disease (GvHD) and cancer relapse, which typically emerge after treating leukemia with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). (texaschildrens.org)
  • Acute Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), one of the major complications of HSCT, is correlated to conditioning-induced gut barrier damage and may be predicted by pre-transplant serum citrulline level (Rashidi, BBMT 2018). (confex.com)
  • Serum citrulline was quantified by liquid chromatography in blood samples collected from consecutive patients who received an allogeneic HSCT in our institution between July 2014 and November 2019. (confex.com)
  • Adoptive transfer of hepatitis B virus (HBV) immunity may occur following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). (bvsalud.org)
  • Despite the improvement in the management of patients, allogeneic HSCT remains associated with severe immunological complications. (pasteur.fr)
  • Given the potential importance of MAIT cells in control of microbial infections and protection of epithelial surfaces, we investigated MAIT cell reconstitution in 43 children who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) after myeloablative conditioning for the treatment of malignant hematological disease. (cryostem.org)
  • The ability to correct genetic hematopoietic diseases by gene therapy has a number of advantages over current therapies that involve allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). (nih.gov)
  • We are evaluating whether allogeneic HSCT can reconstitute normal hematopoiesis in MonoMAC and reverse the hematological abnormalities in MDS, if MDS is present at the time of transplant. (nih.gov)
  • While allogeneic HSCT is the conventional curative treatment for immunodeficiency and MDS, patients with MonoMAC, because of an intact T-cell population and co-existing infection, represent a profile not generally encountered in the setting of allogeneic HSCT. (nih.gov)
  • The biological questions with MonoMAC center around whether the individual leukocyte compartments that are lost in MonoMAC (B-lymphocytes, NK cells, and monocytes) will be constituted with HSCT, and whether the residual recipient T-lymphocytes will represent an impediment to engraftment. (nih.gov)
  • Hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) is the transplantation of multipotent hematopoietic stem cells, usually derived from bone marrow, peripheral blood, or umbilical cord blood in order to replicate inside of a patient and to produce additional normal blood cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Infection and graft-versus-host disease are major complications of allogeneic HSCT. (wikipedia.org)
  • Autologous HSCT requires the extraction (apheresis) of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from the patient and storage of the harvested cells in a freezer. (wikipedia.org)
  • For other cancers such as acute myeloid leukemia, though, the reduced mortality of the autogenous relative to allogeneic HSCT may be outweighed by an increased likelihood of cancer relapse and related mortality, so the allogeneic treatment may be preferred for those conditions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Myeloablative allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is a major procedure usually accompanied by multifactorial malnutrition, prompting the recommendation of systematic artificial nutritional support. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Recently published data suggest that enteral nutrition (EN), given as systematic artificial nutrition support, could decrease grade III-IV graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and infectious events, which are associated with early toxicity after allo-HSCT and then have an impact on early transplant-related mortality (D100 mortality). (biomedcentral.com)
  • We report on the NEPHA trial: an open-label, prospective, randomised, multi-centre study on two parallel groups, which has been designed to evaluate the effect of EN compared to PN on early toxicity after an allo-HSCT procedure. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Two hundred forty patients treated with allo-HSCT for a haematological malignancy will be randomly assigned to two groups to receive either EN or PN. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is a major procedure, and is usually conducted to consolidate remission of haematological malignancies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Allo-HSCT includes administration of a chemotherapy-based conditioning regimen (myelo-ablative or non-myelo-ablative), followed by infusion of alloreactive haematopoietic stem cells, with the aim of inducing an active immunological anti-tumoral effect. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in thalassemia remains a challenge. (nih.gov)
  • Materials and methods: We measured serum concentration of REG3α, ST2, B-cell activating factor (BAFF), CXCL9 and elafin in a cohort of 77 patients submitted to Hematopoietic allogeneic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in our department. (unicatt.it)
  • Successful outcome following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is ultimately determined by the ability to achieve sustained engraftment and immune reconstitution, control of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and in patients with hematological malignancy the complete eradication of abnormal or malignant cells. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a curative therapy for various hematopoietic disorders. (ashpublications.org)
  • Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and infections are the major obstacles of HSCT, and their close relationship has been suggested. (ashpublications.org)
  • Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) remains the only curative therapy for sickle cell disease (SCD). (haematologica.org)
  • Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a standard form of cellular therapy for patients suffering from malignant hematological diseases. (lidsen.com)
  • However, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a very serious complication and a major cause of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic HSCT. (lidsen.com)
  • Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a serious complication that may occur in patients receiving allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). (lidsen.com)
  • Approximately 30-70% of patients who have undergone allogeneic (allo) hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) eventually experience chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) remains an important therapy for long term remission of many malignant and nonmalignant hematological disorders [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, allo-HSCT is a complicated and expensive procedure, particularly compounded by the challenges and costs associated with the management of its numerous associated complications. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a complication that occurs following allo-HSCT and is a major driver of posttransplant morbidity and mortality [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • An estimated 30-70% of allo-HSCT recipients, who survive more than 100 days after transplantation, develop cGVHD. (biomedcentral.com)
  • BACKGROUND: Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a well-established treatment modality for a variety of diseases. (koreamed.org)
  • PURPOSE: To identify the symptoms and signs of patients with dry eye disease (DED) after allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and analyze the correlations between these signs and symptoms. (koreamed.org)
  • BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Cells of innate immunity normally recover in the first weeks to months after allogenenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). (koreamed.org)
  • BACKGROUND: Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) can cure leukaemia. (koreamed.org)
  • CMV infection is one of most frequent infectious complications in patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). (cttjournal.com)
  • Despite treatment of CMV infection with antiviral drugs, CMV reactivation remains a major problem because it reduces the overall survival of patients after allo-HSCT. (cttjournal.com)
  • Figure 1 shows the number of CMV-specific T cells at the day +30 after allo-HSCT in patients with various modes of GVHD prophylaxis. (cttjournal.com)
  • Patients with more "aggressive" GVHD prophylaxis regimens (based on the use of high doses of post-transplant cyclophosphamide, T-cell depletion) have less CMV-specific T cells at +30 days after allo-HSCT. (cttjournal.com)
  • The "dot plot" shows the results of the study of CMV-specific T cells in one of the patients with T-depletion at +30 days after HSCT. (cttjournal.com)
  • Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation-associated thrombotic microangiopathy (HSCT-TMA) is a life-threatening syndrome that occurs in adult and pediatric patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and associated risk factors precipitate endothelial injury, leading to HSCT-TMA and other endothelial injury syndromes such as hepatic veno-occlusive disease/sinusoidal obstruction syndrome, idiopathic pneumonia syndrome, diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, capillary leak syndrome, and graft-versus-host disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here we discuss evidence for the role of lectin pathway activation in endothelial injury-associated complications of HSCT and how targeting complement activity may provide therapeutic benefit for patients with HSCT-TMA. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Since then, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has evolved to become a frequently used and effective therapy for many hematologic malignancies. (longdom.org)
  • In recent years, especially after the advent of reduced intensity conditioning in the late 1990s, allogeneic HSCT is increasingly used in older patients and as an effective salvage strategy for patients with lymphoma or myeloma not responding to chemotherapy or autologous HSCT. (longdom.org)
  • Immune-mediated complications, including fatal events, occurred in patients with cHL who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) after being treated with KEYTRUDA. (medicalmvp.com)
  • Patients with active, non-infectious pneumonitis, an allogeneic HSCT within the past five years (or greater than five years but with symptoms of GVHD [graft-versus-host disease]), active autoimmune disease, a medical condition that required immunosuppression, or an active infection requiring systemic therapy were ineligible for the trial. (medicalmvp.com)
  • Chronic graft- versus -host disease (cGvHD) is a major cause of morbidity after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). (haematologica.org)
  • Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is an important therapeutic option for patients with non-malignant diseases as well as high-risk and refractory hematopoietic malignancies. (haematologica.org)
  • As a result, HSCT is often attributed to an increased risk of health complications, the most severe being chronic graft- versus -host disease (cGvHD). (haematologica.org)
  • Graft versus host disease (GVHD), a severe immunogenic complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), represents the most frequent cause of transplant-related mortality (TRM). (hindawi.com)
  • Despite a huge progress in HSCT techniques and posttransplant care, GVHD remains a significant obstacle in successful HSCT outcome. (hindawi.com)
  • Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) offers the only curative modality for many hematological disorders. (hindawi.com)
  • Inherited genetic variants such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of candidate genes, encoding various cytokines, chemokines, and inflammatory regulators, have become a subject of interest of genetic studies searching for independent predictors of GVHD development and HSCT outcome [ 4 - 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Hepatitis B virus (HBV) flare is a serious problem following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), and the mortality rate is high if severe hepatitis occurs. (springeropen.com)
  • Hepatitis B virus (HBV) flare and reactivation after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a life-threatening complication in patients with HBV infection (Liang et al. (springeropen.com)
  • The Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is used in children as a definitive treatment for various oncological, immune deficiencies, hemoglobinopathy, and malignancies diseases that involve the hematological system, congenital metabolism disorders, among others. (bvsalud.org)
  • This is a quantitative, retrospective, observational, descriptive and analytical quantitative approach approaching the medical records of children and adolescents submitted to HSCT in a referral hospital service for this type of transplantation in the state of Rio Grande do Sul North (RN). (bvsalud.org)
  • The allogeneic HSCT was the most frequently performed (57.14%) and the most used source of Hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) was the peripheral blood (54.29%) and 5.71% of these patients developed the Graft versus Host Disease (GVHD), of which one was affected by acute GVHD and another by chronic GVHD. (bvsalud.org)
  • The profile of the clinical variables presented by the children and adolescents of this study shows that the most prevalent diagnosis was ALL, the most frequent toxicities were gastrointestinal, cardiac, respiratory and hematological, the most common HSCT was allogeneic peripheral blood and the greatest cause of mortality was sepsis. (bvsalud.org)
  • Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation not responded to other therapeutic modalities, with (HSCT) is used in children as a definitive treatment an increase in survival after transplantation, for different oncological, immune deficiencies, contributing to its use (YEILIPEK, 2014). (bvsalud.org)
  • Graft versus host disease is a major complication of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. (ausmed.com.au)
  • Developed for decision-makers, this Graft vs. Host Disease - Epidemiology Forecast - 2032 report provides a detailed panorama on the incidence and prevalence of this severe complication of allogeneic stem cell transplantation in the United States, EU4 (Germany, France, Italy, and Spain) and the United Kingdom, and Japan. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • Graft-versus-host disease is a potentially serious complication of allogeneic stem cell transplantation. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • As an allogeneic transplant recipient, the patient might experience either form of Graft vs. Host Disease, either form, or neither. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • The graft cells recognize the recipient tissues as foreign and mount an immune response against them. (scientificeducationsupport.com)
  • A team of hematology marrow transplant department of the Saint-Louis Hospital AP-HP, the Paris University and INSERM (U976 unit) in collaboration with the Pasteur Institute, led the work on graft against host disease (GVHD) using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry to study the metabolome of allogeneic patients at Saint-Louis hospital AP-HP. (pasteur.fr)
  • Graft against the host (GVHD) is a major complication that may occur after a allograft, and is characterized by tissue damage induced by donor immune cells which react against those of the recipient. (pasteur.fr)
  • These results published in the journal Nature Communications highlight the major changes in the human metabolome after allograft, associated with alterations of the patient's metabolism or its microbiota, which may represent potential therapeutic targets new for the prevention or treating the graft against the host (GVHD). (pasteur.fr)
  • The use of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is the most potent immunotherapeutic treatment for hematologic diseases, but its practical use is impeded by acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). (cryostem.org)
  • Invention Summary: Currently there is no effective therapy for prevention or treatment of radiation therapy-induced gastrointestinal (GI) tract injury This is also true for Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) which remains a major complication after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, a widely-used therapy for hematologic malignancies. (rutgers.edu)
  • Second, the use of the patient's own bone marrow cells for gene replacement does not result in graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), a major complication of current allogeneic transplant. (nih.gov)
  • In cases where there is a myelo-ablative-conditioning regimen, drug-induced toxicities, immunosuppression-induced infections and acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) are responsible for 15-25% of early mortalities (D100 mortality) [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The incidence of grade II-IV acute and chronic graft versus host disease (GvHD) was 23.6% and 12.9% respectively. (nih.gov)
  • Graft versus host disease (GVHD) is an immune-mediated condition resulting from a complex interaction between donor and recipient adaptive immunity. (medscape.com)
  • Autologous graft versus host disease (GVHD) involving the skin of a patient's arm appeared shortly after signs of engraftment appeared. (medscape.com)
  • CD8 + CTL-recognizing minor H antigens on tumor cells can be isolated posttransplant and could contribute to the graft- versus -tumor effect. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is a curative therapy for hematological malignancies, but its efficacy is limited by graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). (lidsen.com)
  • This life-threatening disorder develops when donor (graft) immune cells cause inflammatory damage to recipient (host) tissues. (lidsen.com)
  • Nevertheless, acute and chronic rejection, graft versus host disease, and the inability to identify suitable donors continue to be challenges and limit broader application of cell and organ transplantation to the many patients that could benefit. (lidsen.com)
  • BACKGROUND: This study aimed to assess the outcome of stem cell transplantation (SCT), including overall survival (OS), failure-free survival (FFS) and graft-versus-host disease (GvHD)-free/failure-free survival (GFFS), and to analyze prognostic. (koreamed.org)
  • Their relevance in terms of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). (koreamed.org)
  • In a newly reported study, an experimental antibody treatment largely prevented gastrointestinal acute graft versus host disease (GI-aGVHD) in the intestines of mice and non-human primates (NHPs) given a bone marrow transplant-allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (allo-HCT)-but without causing broad immune suppression. (genengnews.com)
  • And even when a bone marrow transplant is curative for leukemia or lymphoma, GVHD-in which T cells in the donor graft attack the recipient's own tissues-can still be fatal. (genengnews.com)
  • Acute Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is a life-threatening complication after leukemia treatment with allogeneic stem cell transplantation i.e. the transplantation of cells from another person. (gesundheitsindustrie-bw.de)
  • Graft-versus-host disease ( GvHD ) is a syndrome , characterized by inflammation in different organs. (wikipedia.org)
  • White blood cells of the donor's immune system which remain within the donated tissue (the graft) recognize the recipient (the host) as foreign (non-self). (wikipedia.org)
  • GvHD can also occur after a blood transfusion , known as Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease or TA-GvHD if the blood products used have not been gamma irradiated or treated with an approved leukocyte reduction system. (wikipedia.org)
  • All four survived after T-cell therapy without relapse for more than 30 months without suffering graft-vs.-host-disease and required no additional anti-leukemic treatment, according to the study. (fredhutch.org)
  • An obstacle to survival is that the beneficial graft-vs.-tumor effect of a transplant can be offset by concurrent GVHD. (fredhutch.org)
  • This suggests that lymphocytes present in engrafted donor stem cells can cause a concurrent therapeutic graft-vs.-tumor effect. (fredhutch.org)
  • Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a common - and potentially fatal - complication following bone marrow and solid organ transplants. (web.app)
  • Graft versus host disease occurs as a result of stem cell transplant rejection. (web.app)
  • GVHD prophylaxis Graft versus host disease (GVHD) is one of the major causes of death in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. (web.app)
  • Acute graft versus host disease (aGVHD) is a common complication following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) caused by cellular and inflammatory factors, including those arising from monocytes and dendritic cells as integral parts of the immune system. (magiran.com)
  • Graft versus host disease (GVHD) represents the most frequent cause of TRM. (hindawi.com)
  • Shortly before graft infusion, GVHD prophylaxis (immunosuppression) is started. (hindawi.com)
  • Furthermore, administration of immunosuppressive agents, including calcineurin inhibitors and steroids for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), may exacerbate HBV replication (Xunrong et al. (springeropen.com)
  • Areas of interest include the role of the microbiota (the trillions of bacteria living in and on our bodies), nutrition, and exercise in modulating HCT outcomes such as graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and infections. (dukecancerinstitute.org)
  • Both patients had consistent infectious pneumonia and graft-versus-host disease after stem cell transplantation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Because the patient developed concomitant intestinal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), cyclosporine, sirolimus, and mycophenolate mofetil were administered to maintain immunosuppression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Adoptive Allogeneic T-cell therapy (ATCT) might be curative for MM, however current ATCT protocols often lead to graft versus host disease (GvHD). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Transplanting only tumor reactive donor T cells that mediate a graft-versus-myeloma (GvM) but not GvHD may overcome this problem. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Much of the curative potential of allografts is attributed to the graft-versus-tumor (GvT) response that aims to destroy residual tumor cells that persist after induction therapy and ASCT [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Candidates for HSCTs include pediatric cases where the patient has an inborn defect such as severe combined immunodeficiency or congenital neutropenia with defective stem cells, and also children or adults with aplastic anemia who have lost their stem cells after birth. (wikipedia.org)
  • This strategy stopped donor T cells from infiltrating and attacking the intestines, a major site of severe GVHD, but did not block the T cells' infection- and cancer-fighting capabilities. (genengnews.com)
  • It is the prototype of the primary immunodeficiency diseases and is caused by numerous molecular defects that lead to severe compromise in the number and function of T cells, B cells, and occasionally natural killer (NK) cells. (medscape.com)
  • Stem cell transplantation for severe autoimmune disorders, with side effects and attitudes towards second donation: A comparison of related and unrelated haematopoietic stem cell donors, J Clin Apher. (netlify.app)
  • Mucosal damage to the vagina can result in severe pain and scarring , and appears in both acute and chronic GvHD. (wikipedia.org)
  • Acute GvHD of the GI tract can result in severe intestinal inflammation, sloughing of the mucosal membrane, severe diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. (wikipedia.org)
  • If the GvHD is severe and requires intense immunosuppression involving steroids and additional agents to get under control, the patient may develop severe infections [12] as a result of the immunosuppression and may die of infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • In immunocompromised populations, such as patients with AIDS and recipients of solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplants, BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) can reactivate and cause several diseases, which can lead to death in their severe forms. (biomedcentral.com)
  • GVHD can be mild, moderate or severe - even life threatening. (drcremers.com)
  • He or she will assess GVHD a grade from I (mildest) to IV (most severe). (drcremers.com)
  • Acute GVHD ranges from mild, moderate or severe, and can be life-threatening if its effects are not controlled. (drcremers.com)
  • Chronic GVHD can be mild (with later improvement) or more severe, persistent and incapacitating. (drcremers.com)
  • Before undergoing an allogeneic stem cell transplant, the patient will receive high doses of chemotherapy or radiation to destroy the diseased cells and prepare the body for the donor cells. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • In these cases, the recipient's immune system is usually destroyed with radiation or chemotherapy before the transplantation. (wikipedia.org)
  • The patient is then treated with high-dose chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy with the intention of eradicating the patient's malignant cell population at the cost of partial or complete bone marrow ablation (destruction of patient's bone marrow's ability to grow new blood cells). (wikipedia.org)
  • Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is also sometimes used for solid tumors (eg, some germ cell tumors) that respond to chemotherapy. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Interestingly, chemotherapy, including hydroxyurea, has been associated with acute leukemia in JAK2 V617F-negative stem cells in some PV patients. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Upper GI enteric GVHD occurs in approximately 13% of patients who receive HLA-identical transplants and manifests as anorexia and dyspepsia without diarrhea. (medscape.com)
  • GvHD occurs when the transplanted immune cells are overly active and damage the receiving patient's healthy tissue. (gesundheitsindustrie-bw.de)
  • GvHD occurs when the donor's immune system's white blood cells reject the recipient. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2 cGvHD is a multisystemic disorder that occurs due to foreign donor immune cells attacking the recipient's tissues. (haematologica.org)
  • GVHD occurs in about 30-50% and 70% of recipients allografted from matched related and matched unrelated donors, respectively [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Acute GVHD occurs most frequently 30-40 days after engraftment. (hindawi.com)
  • Besides the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6), the increased expression of receptor repertoire (pattern recognition receptors, PRR) on APCs, mostly macrophages and dendritic cells, occurs as a result of the release of endogenous and exogenous antigens (damage-associated molecular patterns, DAMPs, and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs). (hindawi.com)
  • Chronic GVHD usually occurs at about three months post-transplant, although in some cases it may not develop for a year or more after the transplant. (drcremers.com)
  • In this model, treatments can be evaluated initially as single agents for their activity in GVHD prophylaxis, unlike in human patients, where new interventions must be combined with drugs used for routine GVHD prevention. (genengnews.com)
  • The patients with "aggressive" GVHD prophylaxis are the most likely candidates for cell therapy. (cttjournal.com)
  • In 2014, according to the World Marrow Donor Association, stem-cell products provided for unrelated transplantation worldwide had increased to 20,604 (4,149 bone-marrow donations, 12,506 peripheral blood stem-cell donations, and 3,949 cord-blood units). (wikipedia.org)
  • Peripheral blood has largely replaced bone marrow as a source of stem cells, especially in autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, because stem cell harvest is easier and neutrophil and platelet counts recover faster. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The patient had undergone autologous peripheral blood stem-cell transplantation to treat ovarian cancer. (medscape.com)
  • Two-platform method was used to calculate absolute CMV (NLV/TPR)-specific CD3+CD8+ cell counts in peripheral blood. (cttjournal.com)
  • Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated by Ficoll-Hypaque gradient from the blood samples collected at days 0, 7, 14, 28, and final day of transplantation. (magiran.com)
  • On October 29, 2019, the patient underwent allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation from a full match (6/6) unrelated donor (man, blood type O, aged 37) (Fig. 1 a) at Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The patient's own stored stem cells are then transfused into his/her bloodstream, where they replace destroyed tissue and resume the patient's normal blood-cell production. (wikipedia.org)
  • It could be interesting to know whether citrulline kinetics could also represent a biomarker for conditioning toxicity, non-relapse mortality (NRM), and GvHD. (confex.com)
  • The primary endpoint will assess the effect of EN on D100 mortality. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The impacts of nutritional support should exceed the limits of nutritional status improvement: EN may directly reduce immunological and infectious events, as well as decrease early transplant-related morbidity and mortality. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Background: GvHD is one of the major complication after stem cell transplantation affecting transplant-related mortality. (unicatt.it)
  • The acute or fulminant form of the disease (aGvHD) is normally observed within the first 10 to 100 days post-transplant, [9] [10] and is a major challenge to transplants owing to associated morbidity and mortality. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, because donor stem cells are not selected for specificity for leukemia antigens and commonly recognized proteins expressed by many other host tissues, substantial morbidity and mortality from GVHD can occur. (fredhutch.org)
  • Other conditions treated with stem cell transplants include sickle cell disease, myelodysplastic syndrome, neuroblastoma, lymphoma, Ewing's sarcoma, desmoplastic small round cell tumor, chronic granulomatous disease, Hodgkin's disease and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
  • The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved omidubicel-onlv (Omisirge) for reducing infections and hastening neutrophil recovery for blood cancer patients aged 12 years and older who are undergoing allogeneic umbilical cord blood stem cell transplants. (medscape.com)
  • No surgery or 12 Jun 2020 Side Effects of Blood Cell Transplants. (netlify.app)
  • GvHD is commonly associated with bone marrow transplants and stem cell transplants . (wikipedia.org)
  • Umbilical cord hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been restricted mainly to children because there are too few stem cells in umbilical cord blood for an adult. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Nelly Zarate, a risk management framework liaison for DHR Health, was the only woman of the Umbilical cord blood contains stem cells, which can be used as an alternative to bone marrow to av C Sia · 2004 · Citerat av 6 - The generation of autoantibodies to islet cells can be observed for as many as 10 years transplant donated by diabetic HLA-identical siblings, or allogeneic donors [21, 22]. (netlify.app)
  • The results of these studies highlight major changes in the human metabolome after allograft, associated with the patient's metabolism alterations and its microbiota, and could represent new potential therapeutic targets for the prevention or treatment of GVHD. (pasteur.fr)
  • It may be autologous (the patient's own stem cells are used), allogeneic (the stem cells come from a donor) or syngeneic (from an identical twin). (wikipedia.org)
  • Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation may be autologous (using the patient's own cells) or allogeneic (using cells from a donor). (msdmanuals.com)
  • 1. Definition: GVHD develops when the donor's immune cells mistakenly attack the patient's normal cells. (drcremers.com)
  • the disease is a side effect that is common after an allogeneic bone marrow transplant. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • Since July 2016, Dr He has been appointed as the medical lead in Bone Marrow Transplant at the Olivia Newton-John Centre in Austin Hospital after the successful establishment of Victoria's third adult allogeneic transplant unit. (epworth.org.au)
  • In this lecture, GvHD clinical nurse consultant Alex Rivalland discusses the pathophysiology, risk factors and treatment of this potentially life-threatening condition. (ausmed.com.au)
  • The diagnosis of GvHD relies almost entirely on clinical signs, and can only be confirmed by biopsy of target organs. (cryostem.org)
  • Neither pre-transplant clinical characteristics nor transplant characteristics are reliably predictive of GvHD outcomes. (cryostem.org)
  • These outcomes are expected to have a major impact, because the panels of biomarkers are likely to be applied in future GvHD therapeutic trials as surrogate marker for clinical response, and the biomarkers have potential as GvHD-specific therapeutic targets. (cryostem.org)
  • This project represents a pre-clinical model for gene transfer into hematopoietic stem cells. (nih.gov)
  • The long-term objective is to develop strategies that will allow levels of expression of CD18 in hematopoietic cells of children with leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) that are sufficient to reverse the clinical phenotype. (nih.gov)
  • The American Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN) and the French-speaking society of clinical nutrition and metabolism (SFNEP) recommend nutritional support during haematopoietic transplantation for patients who are malnourished or have decreased intake or decreased intestinal absorption over a prolonged period (grade B) [ 11 , 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Chronic GVHD may be an extension of acute GVHD, may occur de novo in patients who never have clinical evidence of acute GVHD, or may emerge after a quiescent interval after acute GVHD resolves. (medscape.com)
  • Patients were monitored for donor engraftment of myeloid and lymphoid cells, for clinical response by serial imaging, and for immunologic response by in vitro isolation of donor-derived CD8 + CTLs recognizing recipient minor histocompatibility (H) antigens. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Many of the clinical complications of PV relate directly to the increase in blood viscosity associated with red cell mass elevation and indirectly to the increased turnover of red cells, leukocytes, and platelets with the attendant increase in uric acid and cytokine production. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • 28 Apr 2020 In the case of allogeneic donors, the stem cells must be a good match for the the lysed red cell material can cause clinical complications. (netlify.app)
  • Reporting results of a pilot clinical trial in the Feb. 27 issue of the journal Science Translational Medicine , researchers describe the use of T-cells that were taken from a donor, programmed in the lab to recognize the Wilm's Tumor Antigen 1 (WT1) and kill leukemia cells, grown in large numbers, and then infused into patients to promote anti-leukemic activity. (fredhutch.org)
  • Researchers undertook the clinical trial because relapse remains a leading cause of death after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for patients with high-risk leukemias. (fredhutch.org)
  • My research focuses on strategies to reduce complications of HCT and ranges from preclinical studies using murine models of HCT to Phase 1 and Phase 2 clinical trials. (dukecancerinstitute.org)
  • By then infusing the animals with B10.D2 T cells from only the TCR Vβ 2, 3 and 8.3 families appropriately pre-activated in vitro, we saw a vigorous GvM response without any clinical or histological signs of GvHD or disease relapse, which translated into long-term, disease-free survival. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Recent advances in the understanding of immunological mechanisms of GVHD have shown that activation of donor immune cells is tightly regulated by the microenvironment tissue or digestive microbiota changes after transplantation. (pasteur.fr)
  • Indoles derivatives are ligands of the receptor Aryl Hydrocarbon (AhR), which regulates the activation and differentiation of immune cells and could therefore contribute to limiting the risk of immune reaction to allogeneic origin of GVHD. (pasteur.fr)
  • One concern about the procedure is that immune cells in cord blood do not have experience with the viruses responsible for latent infections, leading to a higher percentage of naive T cells and thus increased vulnerability to reactivation of cytomegalovirus or Epstein-Barr virus infection. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In prior studies , Maillard and colleagues found that the GVHD-causing activity of donor immune cells-especially T cells-requires the Notch signaling pathway. (genengnews.com)
  • immune cells may be removed from the donated sample in order to reduce the risk. (netlify.app)
  • The mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells with restricted T cell receptor (TCR) usage, which are preferentially localized in mucosal tissues (liver, lung and gut) and respond to microbial infection by rapidly producing cytokines and cytotoxic effectors. (cryostem.org)
  • Although roles of bacterial and viral infections in the pathophysiology of GVHD are well described, impacts of fungal infection on GVHD remain to be elucidated. (ashpublications.org)
  • Hastening the return of the body's white blood cells can reduce the possibility of serious or overwhelming infection associated with stem cell transplantation," Peter Marks, MD, PhD, director of the FDA's Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, said in an agency press release . (medscape.com)
  • Cite this: FDA OKs Stem Cell Therapy to Reduce Infection Risk in Blood Cancer Patients - Medscape - Apr 18, 2023. (medscape.com)
  • Peptic ulcer disease can also be due to Helicobacter pylori infection, the incidence of which is increased in PV, while the pruritus associated with this disorder may be a consequence of mast cell activation by JAK2 V617F. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • In fact, LAM treatments showed high resistance and recurrence rates in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection (CHB) undergoing liver transplantation (Perrillo et al. (springeropen.com)
  • A reduced number of white blood cells ( leukocytes ) increases the risk of infection. (aa-pnh.org)
  • Since the body's own defence system does not function sufficiently with a reduced number of neutrophils , a subtype of white blood cells, such an infection can take a life-threatening course within hours and lead to blood poisoning (septicaemia). (aa-pnh.org)
  • Immunosuppression before and after allogeneic transplant has been found to dramatically improve allograft survival and, despite side effects, has been a mainstay of patient management. (lidsen.com)
  • The study, headed by researchers at Penn Medicine and Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, demonstrated that antibody blockade of the Notch signaling pathway improved post-transplant survival and protected against gastrointestinal GVHD in particular. (genengnews.com)
  • The team confirmed that the Notch pathway involvement in GVHD was conserved across species, and demonstrated in their animal models that just a single dose of the DLL4-blocking antibody given immediately before stem cell transplantation greatly increased survival and prevented signs of GVHD in the intestines, but without causing global immunosuppression. (genengnews.com)
  • SCID is considered a pediatric emergency because survival depends on expeditious stem cell reconstitution, usually by bone marrow transplantation (BMT). (medscape.com)
  • SEATTLE - Feb. 27, 2013 - In a significant advance for harnessing the immune system to treat leukemias, researchers at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center for the first time have successfully infused large numbers of donor T-cells specific for a key anti-leukemic antigen to prolong survival in high-risk and relapsed leukemia patients after stem cell transplantation. (fredhutch.org)
  • Their isolation and infusion into MM-bearing mice resulted in a vigorous GvM response without induction GvHD and long-term survival. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These data demonstrate that a transplantation protocol involving only selective tumor-reactive donor T cell families is an effective immunotherapy and results in long-term survival in a mouse model of human MM. The results highlight the need to develop similar ATCT strategies for MM patients that result in enhanced survival without symptoms of GvHD. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Survival of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) beyond 7 years remains rare even after autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) and treatment with novel agents [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These data highlight the possibility that tumor-specific ATCT may lead to long-term disease-free survival without GvHD in patients with MM. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Studies have shown that a subtype of lymphocyte in the body's own immune system attacks cells in the bone marrow, and this autoimmune process prevents the development of new blood cells. (aa-pnh.org)
  • His main research interests are in leukaemic stem cells, CLL, GVHD and autoimmune blood disorders such as immune thrombocytopenia. (epworth.org.au)
  • Intervening before any symptoms of GVHD appear made the long-term protection possible. (genengnews.com)
  • If you're donating blood stem cells, the medicine they give you to help your body make more of these cells The doctor may order Tylenol® to relieve these symptoms. (netlify.app)
  • 3. Dry Eyes can be one of the first symptoms of GVHD. (drcremers.com)
  • These symptoms may also be caused by something other than chronic GVHD, but you should report them to your doctor immediately so that you can be evaluated. (drcremers.com)
  • Aplastic anemia due to the progressive failure of the bone marrow, malignant neoplasias such as acute myeloid leukemia, liver tumors and squamous cell carcinoma are some of the possible evolutions of Fanconi Anemia. (bvsalud.org)
  • The Role of Cytochrome P450 2J2 in Cancer: Cell Protector, Therapeutic Target, or Prognostic Marker? (lidsen.com)
  • This is the first time patients have received an infusion of WT1 specific T-cells, and thus also the first demonstration that such cells can provide a therapeutic anti-leukemic effect, as has been suggested from earlier vaccine trials that induce less potent responses," said Philip Greenberg, M.D. , corresponding author and head of the Immunology Program at Fred Hutch. (fredhutch.org)
  • Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) is a curative treatment used for many hematologic malignancies and congenital or acquired anomalies of hematopoiesis. (pasteur.fr)
  • The Allogeneic bone-marrow transplantation represents the only curative treatment and requires a compatible donor HLA. (longdom.org)
  • Acute GVHD can occur soon after the transplanted cells begin to appear in the recipient. (drcremers.com)
  • It's more likely to occur in patients who previously have had acute GVHD, but it may still appear without prior acute GVHD. (drcremers.com)
  • However, citrulline trajectories were not correlated to OS (p = 0.1), NRM (p=0.24), cumulative incidence of acute GvHD (p=0.39) or chronic GvHD (p=0.2). (confex.com)
  • Our main areas of interest included the treatment of chronic GvHD, managing the multiple facets of GvHD treatment, and the tools available for risk stratification of GvHD. (scientificeducationsupport.com)
  • In recent experiments, we have also found that a four protein panel including ST2, CXCL9, MMP3 (matrix metaaloproteinase) and osteopontin is associated with the diagnosis of chronic GvHD. (cryostem.org)
  • Elafin and ST2 levels varied according to both acute and chronic GvHD occurrence. (unicatt.it)
  • Chronic GVHD describes a more diverse syndrome developing after day 100. (medscape.com)
  • Like many conditions, chronic GVHD is easier to treat if detected early. (drcremers.com)
  • Most patients with chronic GVHD experience skin problems that may start with a rash and itching. (drcremers.com)
  • Campath is a fully human monoclonal antibody that selectively targets the CD52 antigen, which is expressed more prominently on malignant lymphocytes than other cells. (broomeoncology.com)
  • The binding of Campath stimulates destruction of the malignant lymphocytes and reduction or elimination of cancerous cells throughout the bone marrow, blood and lymph system. (broomeoncology.com)
  • There is no evidence of (new) development of connective tissue in the bone marrow ( fibrosis ) or invasion of the bone marrow by malignant cells or cells outside the bone marrow. (aa-pnh.org)
  • ALL likely begins with the malignant transformation of either B or T cell progenitor cells. (amgenoncology.com)
  • An increased risk for the development of malignant neoplasias in individuals with Fanconi Anemia has been reported, and this is progressive after bone marrow transplantation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Abbey Jenkins, president and CEO of Gamida, called the approval "a major advancement in the treatment of patients with hematologic malignancies that we believe may increase access to stem cell transplant and help improve patient outcomes. (medscape.com)
  • I am dedicated to the treatment of hematologic malignancies through cellular therapies such as hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT). (dukecancerinstitute.org)
  • In experiments with mouse models of GVHD, the researchers showed that blocking a particular Notch activator known as DLL4 effectively prevented GVHD when administered within the first days after transplantation. (genengnews.com)
  • This phase I trial assessed the safety, efficacy, and immunologic responses to minor histocompatibility antigens following nonmyeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation as treatment for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Clones from three patients with a partial response or stable disease recognized antigens expressed on renal cell carcinoma tumor cells. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma with allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation after nonmyeloablative conditioning with fludarabine/total body irradiation is feasible and may induce tumor regression or stabilization in some patients. (aacrjournals.org)
  • BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) is a member of the Polyomaviridae family, and it was first identified in 1971 by electron microscopy of the urine and uroepithelial cells of a renal transplant recipient [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Patients with massive splenomegaly are particularly prone to thrombotic events because the associated increase in plasma volume masks the true extent of the red cell mass elevation measured by the hematocrit or hemoglobin level. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • 42%) in women is mandatory to avoid thrombotic complications. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Our aim is to enhance knowledge of GvHD through the multichannel dissemination of global advances related to its classification, diagnosis, treatment, and management. (scientificeducationsupport.com)
  • What biomarkers for diagnosis and monitoring of treatment of GvHD? (cryostem.org)
  • Other laboratory studies that may aid in diagnosis include the red cell count, mean corpuscular volume, and red cell distribution width (RDW), particularly when the hematocrit or hemoglobin levels are less than 60% or 20 g/dL, respectively. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The immune cell receptor channel P2X7 and its ligand adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) have been implicated in GVHD pathogenesis. (lidsen.com)
  • This review presents a complex summary of GVHD pathogenesis with focus on references considering basic biological processes such as DNA damage response and cellular senescence. (hindawi.com)
  • With the growing understanding of GVHD pathogenesis, there is increasing attraction to non-HLA genotype as a tool to GVHD prediction in the last ten years [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • This review summarizes the updated GVHD pathogenesis linking GVHD with biological processes such as DNA damage response (DDR) and cellular senescence (Figure 1 ). (hindawi.com)
  • GVHD pathogenesis corresponding to transplant time axis is shown in 3 phase-based concepts in the middle of the scheme. (hindawi.com)
  • Biological processes underlying GVHD pathogenesis are shown at the bottom of the scheme. (hindawi.com)
  • The current understanding of aGVHD pathogenesis can be summarized as (1) initial tissue damage induced by the conditioning regimen followed by the denudation of auto- and alloantigens accompanied by massive inflammatory cytokine secretion ("cytokine storm") activating APCs, (2) auto- and alloantigen presentation mediated by APCs together with the costimulatory signaling prime donor's cytotoxic T lymphocytes and their proliferation, and (3) the migration of activated cellular effectors toward GVHD target tissues. (hindawi.com)
  • GVHD, which can be a serious and fatal complication, is an immune reaction that is initiated by donor T cells in response to recipient alloantigens. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Successfully transplanting cells and organs from a donor into an immunologically disparate recipient is one of the greatest treatment advances in the history of medicine. (lidsen.com)
  • The doctor performing the transplant will decide which procedure will be used to extract the stem cells based on what he or she thinks will be best for the recipient. (netlify.app)
  • The degree of HLA disparity between donor and recipient is a well-known and widely accepted independent risk factor for GVHD development [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The histocompatibility differences between the donor and the recipient, the presence of donor's immunocompetent cells, and the inability of the recipient to reject these cells were defined as the basic pathogenic prerequisites for GVHD development by Billingham in 1966 [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In certain circumstances, MAIT cells are also able to produce IL-22, a cytokine involved in gut epithelial protection during inflammatory intestinal damage. (cryostem.org)
  • In addition to allogeneic HCT, procedures associated with high risk of GVHD include transplantation of solid organs containing lymphoid tissue and transfusion of unirradiated blood products. (medscape.com)
  • A start-up called yuri on Lake Constance enables made-to-measure experiments on the ISS for stem cells, artificial organs, surfaces and materials. (gesundheitsindustrie-bw.de)
  • Maillard, together with co-senior and co-corresponding author Leslie S. Kean, MD, PhD, a professor of pediatrics at Harvard Medical School and director of pediatric stem cell transplant at Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, and lead author Victor Tkachev PhD, an assistant professor of surgery at Mass General Brigham, have long sought to prevent this fatal complication. (genengnews.com)
  • Follow patients closely for early evidence of transplant-related complications, and intervene promptly. (medicalmvp.com)
  • Since GvT responses involve T-cell recognition of tumor-specific peptides presented by MHC molecules [ 14 ], it may be possible to identify and select donor T cells that provide beneficial GvT responses but minimal GvHD risk. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A new combination of therapies may now prevent GVHD all together. (web.app)
  • The white blood cells present within the transplanted tissue then attack the recipient's body's cells, which leads to GvHD. (wikipedia.org)
  • [11] About one-third to one-half of allogeneic transplant recipients will develop acute GvHD. (wikipedia.org)
  • The GvHD Hub shares new data, evidence-based articles, therapy approvals, expert opinions, and international congress coverage to treatment teams and researchers around the world. (scientificeducationsupport.com)
  • EN and PN need to be prospectively compared in order to assess their impacts and to provide treatment guidelines. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The FDA's "approval is an important advance in cell therapy treatment in patients with blood cancers. (medscape.com)
  • For their newly reported study Maillard and his lab teamed up with Tkachev, Kean, and colleagues to test the anti-DLL4 strategy using an antibody called REGN421 in a large animal model of GVHD, which the Boston researchers developed to better simulate the human immune system and the effects of GVHD treatment, and allowing them to test the effects of targeting a single pathway. (genengnews.com)
  • Founded in partnership with the European LeukemiaNet in 2018, the GvHD Hub is guided by an international steering committee of experts in the field of GvHD. (scientificeducationsupport.com)
  • Jun 21, 2018 Kalytera's CBD candidate has completed two phase 2a studies in the prevention of GVHD. (web.app)
  • Discovery and availability of biomarkers suitable for screening high risk patients using early, non-invasive, blood tests specific for GvHD-therapy resistance would significantly aid in the management of patients with this disease and would allow for rational drug development and drug approval by regulatory authorities. (cryostem.org)
  • Throughout the last years, many serum proteins were been proposed as possible biomarkers for GvHD. (unicatt.it)
  • [5] Biomarkers can be used to identify specific causes of GvHD, such as elafin in the skin. (wikipedia.org)
  • In approximately 15% of patients, however, myelofibrosis is accompanied by significant extramedullary hematopoiesis, hepatosplenomegaly, and transfusion-dependent anemia, which are manifestations of stem cell failure. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Papillary atrophy, macroglossia, melanic pigmentation and squamous cell carcinoma are the most common oral manifestations on the tongue. (bvsalud.org)
  • In large patient populations, we have shown a CD56 bright natural killer (NK) population to strongly associate with a lack of cGvHD and we hypothesize that these cells function to suppress cGvHD. (haematologica.org)
  • We aimed to isolate and define the characteristics of regulatory NK (NK reg ) cells associated with suppression of cGvHD. (haematologica.org)
  • Moreover, this is the first paper to clearly establish that a CD56 bright CD3 - CD16 - perforin- NK reg population associates with a lack of cGvHD and has several unique characteristics, including the suppression of helper T-cell function in vitro. (haematologica.org)
  • With further investigation we may decipher the mechanism of NK reg suppression and operationalize expansion of NK reg cells associated with cGvHD suppression. (haematologica.org)
  • Various immune-suppressive cell populations appear to associate with suppression of cGvHD, including T reg cells, B reg cells, M2 macrophages, dendritic cells, and CD56 bright natural killer (NK) cells. (haematologica.org)
  • we developed a T cell-replete haploidentical allo-HCT model of aGVHD in nonhuman primates," they wrote. (genengnews.com)
  • The aim of this study was to assess whether the lnc-DC plays a role in patients with aGVHD by measuring its expression levels compared to non-aGVHD patients on specific time intervals following transplantation. (magiran.com)