Main spindle checkpoint checkpoint cell cycle. Medical search. Frequent questions

and the M (mitosis) phase, during which the duplicated chromosomes (known as the sister chromatids) separate into two daughter nuclei, and the cell divides into two daughter cells, each with a full copy of DNA. (wikipedia.org)
The main goal of mitosis is to accurately segregate chromosomes, such that each daughter cell inherits a full complement of genetic information. (rupress.org)
Luckily, eukaryotic cells not only possess an error-correction machinery deputed to rectify faulty attachments ( 2 ), but they also have a safeguard device, called the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), that temporarily halts cells in mitosis to provide them with the necessary time window to fix the errors. (rupress.org)
Likewise, a checkpoint during mitosis ensures that the cell's spindle fibres are properly aligned in metaphase before the chromosomes are separated in anaphase. (britannica.com)
Here, we challenge this view and show that HPV-18 E2 over-activates the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint (SAC) and induces DNA breaks in mitosis followed by aneuploidy. (docksci.com)
Alternatively in endocycles DNA replication (the S stage) and cell development take place lacking any intervening mitosis (M stage) phase resulting in polyploidy. (bioerc-iend.org)
The process of cell division or mitosis is tightly regulated and complex. (survivinpathway.com)
Human cancer cells are usually seen as a changes in the amount or organization of DNA because of mistakes in mitosis, causing chromosome instability and aneuploidy. (survivinpathway.com)
But what all these life forms have in common is that their genetic code is copied from cell to cell thanks to the process of mitosis, whereby the nucleus of a cell splits into two before the cell divides. (visionlearning.com)
The term mitosis refers specifically to the process whereby the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell splits into two identical daughter nuclei prior to cell division. (visionlearning.com)
The rate at which mitosis occurs depends on the cell type. (visionlearning.com)
An aurora kinase that localizes to the CENTROSOME during MITOSIS and is involved in centrosome regulation and formation of the MITOTIC SPINDLE. (lookformedical.com)
a vegetative division, whereby each daughter cell is genetically identical to the parent cell (mitosis), and a reproductive cell division, whereby the number of chromosomes in the daughter cells is reduced by half to produce haploid gametes (meiosis). (mathisfunforum.com)
In cell biology, mitosis is a part of the cell cycle, in which, replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei. (mathisfunforum.com)
The different stages of mitosis all together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle-the division of the mother cell into two genetically identical daughter cells. (mathisfunforum.com)
After growth, cell division by mitosis allows for continual construction and repair of the organism. (mathisfunforum.com)
Eukaryotic cell divisions can be classified as mitosis (equational division) and meiosis (reductional division). (mathisfunforum.com)
These small molecules exclusively eradicate human cancer cells during mitosis without impairing normal proliferating cells [ 6 - 8 ]. (oncotarget.com)
These results demonstrate that Cdk2-E activity is required for centrosome duplication during S phase and suggest a mechanism that could coordinate centrosome reproduction with cycles of DNA synthesis and mitosis. (umassmed.edu)
The final checkpoint occurs in the middle of mitosis. (pressbooks.pub)
Cell cycle analysis revealed arsenite-sensitive cells arrested in mitosis whereas arsenite-resistant cells did not, suggesting that induction of mitotic arrest occurs at lower intracellular arsenic concentrations. (uky.edu)

If DNA damage or abnormalities in spindle formation are detected at these checkpoints, the cell is forced to undergo programmed cell death, or apoptosis . (britannica.com)
For example, mutations in a protein called p53 , which normally detects abnormalities in DNA at the G1 checkpoint, can enable cancer-causing mutations to bypass this checkpoint and allow the cell to escape apoptosis. (britannica.com)
WD-repeat proteins are a large family found in all eukaryotes and are implicated in a variety of functions ranging from signal transduction and transcription regulation to cell cycle control and apoptosis. (embl.de)
Treating SCCHN cell lines with a pan-Aurora kinase inhibitor resulted in defective cytokinesis, polyploidy and apoptosis, which was effective irrespective of the EGFR status. (oncotarget.com)
Our results demonstrate that combined targeting of EGFR and Aurora kinases represents a therapeutic means to activate cell cycle checkpoints and apoptosis in SCCHN. (oncotarget.com)
The mode of arsenite-induced cell death was apoptosis. (uky.edu)
Arsenite-induced apoptosis is associated with cell cycle alterations. (uky.edu)
To attempt to identify the relationship of the key regulator molecules in paclitaxel-induced apoptosis using two metastatic cell lines: the human prostate carcinoma LNCaP line and the cervical carcinoma HeLa cell line. (johnshopkins.edu)
Analysis of synchronized HeLa cells demonstrated that endogenous bcl-2 is phosphorylated in a G 2 /M cell cycle- dependent manner without apoptosis. (johnshopkins.edu)
In addition, we confirmed that the death-decision of paclitaxel-induced apoptosis is not mediated by bcl-2 phosphorylation and believe that this decision may be mediated by the activated spindle assembly checkpoint. (johnshopkins.edu)
These paclitaxel resistant ovarian cells demonstrate: (1) Increased IC 50 for paclitaxel and docetaxel (10 to 75-fold) and cross-resistance to anthracyclines (2) Reduced cell apoptosis in the presence of paclitaxel (3) Gene depletion involving mitotic regulators BUB1 mitotic checkpoint serine/threonine kinase, cyclin BI (CCNB1), centromere protein E (CENPE), and centromere protein F (CENPF), and (4) Functional data validating gene depletion among mitotic regulators. (biomedcentral.com)
Normally, these cells are eliminated by apoptosis. (medscape.com)
mdm2 sequesters p53 and inhibits its function as G1-S checkpoint controller and apoptosis inducer. (medscape.com)

We report that CK2 is essential for porcine oocyte meiotic maturation by regulating spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). (biomedcentral.com)

Microtubule capture, however, is inherently error prone, and several cycles of attachment/detachment are often required before chromosomes achieve biorientation. (rupress.org)
I-t involves the synthesis of a microtubule and the full intracellular reorganization based device, which segregates the 2 identical copies of the chromosomes between daughter cells. (survivinpathway.com)
In addition, we found that spindle/chromosome structure was disrupted in CK2-inhibited oocytes due to the weakened microtubule stability, which is a major cause resulting in the activation of SAC. (biomedcentral.com)
We also employed the CK2-specific inhibitor CX-4945 to validate the effect of CK2 activity on the polar body extrusion, spindle assembly, microtubule stability and DNA damage level in porcine oocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
Depletion of PIP4KIIγ enhanced the spindle pole accumulation of mitotic centromere-associated kinesin (MCAK), a microtubule (MT)-depolymerizing kinesin, and resulted in a less stable spindle pole-associated MT. Depletion of MCAK can ameliorate PIP4KIIγ depletion-induced spindle abnormalities. (biomedcentral.com)
The spindle microtubule (MT) exhibits highly regulated dynamic instability, with frequent polymerization and depolymerization occurring at both the plus and minus ends. (biomedcentral.com)

and the metaphase-to-anaphase transition, also known as the spindle checkpoint. (wikipedia.org)
Cdc55 counteracts the Cdk1 phosphorylation of the APC/C subunit Cdc16 [ 11 ] [ 10 ] , keeping the spindle checkpoint assembly (SAC) active until the cell is prepared for anaphase. (encyclopedia.pub)
PIP4KIIγ accumulates at the spindle pole before anaphase, and is required for the assembly of functional bipolar spindles. (biomedcentral.com)
Our current results imply that PIP4KIIγ may restrain MT depolymerization at the spindle pole through attenuating PLK1-mediated activation of MCAK before anaphase onset. (biomedcentral.com)
Fin1-PP1 Helps Clear Spindle Assembly Checkpoint Protein Bub1 from Kinetochores in Anaphase. (fsu.edu)

A checkpoint is one of several points in the eukaryotic cell cycle at which the progression of a cell to the next stage in the cycle can be halted until conditions are favorable. (openstax.org)

The main mechanism of action of the cell cycle checkpoints is through the regulation of the activities of a family of protein kinases known as the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which bind to different classes of regulator proteins known as cyclins, with specific cyclin-CDK complexes being formed and activated at different phases of the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
Thus, our results identify an unexpected function of SGO2 in mitotically dividing cells and a mechanism of separase regulation that is independent of securin but still supervised by the SAC. (nature.com)
Cell cycle regulation is largely based on protein phospho-dephosphorylation events, catalyzed by cyclin dependent kinases (Cdks) and phosphatases (PPases), respectively. (encyclopedia.pub)
Your second year builds on this knowledge and covers areas such as gene regulation, cell biology and metabolism. (kent.ac.uk)
CK2 (casein kinase 2) is a serine/threonine-selective protein kinase that has been involved in a variety of cellular processes such as DNA repair, cell cycle control and circadian rhythm regulation. (biomedcentral.com)
Previous evidence points to numerous components of the spindle assembly checkpoint and mitotic regulation playing a major role in several cancers [ 11 , 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

As the eukaryotic cell cycle is a complex process, eukaryotes have evolved a network of regulatory proteins, known as the cell cycle control system, which monitors and dictates the progression of the cell through the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
The E2F gene family is a group of transcription factors that target many genes that are important for control of the cell cycle, including cyclins, CDKs, checkpoint regulators, and DNA repair proteins. (wikipedia.org)
The three pocket proteins are Retinoblastoma (Rb), p107, and p130, which bind to the E2F transcription factors to prevent progression past the G1 checkpoint. (wikipedia.org)
The proteins that play a role in stimulating cell division can be classified into four groups- growth factors , growth factor receptors , signal transducers, and nuclear regulatory proteins ( transcription factors ). (britannica.com)
Cells use special proteins and checkpoint signaling systems to ensure that the cell cycle progresses properly. (britannica.com)
However, the cell cycle and its checkpoint systems can be sabotaged by defective proteins or genes that cause malignant transformation of the cell, which can lead to cancer . (britannica.com)
This phenotype is associated with interaction of E2 with the Mitotic Checkpoint Complex (MCC) proteins Cdc20, MAD2 and BUBR1. (docksci.com)
The role of cell cycle checkpoint proteins is to integrate internal and external factors to determine whether the cell is prepared for progression of the cell cycle. (ptgcn.com)
The passage of a cell through the cell cycle is controlled by proteins in the cytoplasm. (ptgcn.com)
Cyclin-dependent kinases and tumor suppressor proteins are stimulators and modulators of cell division. (ptgcn.com)
The key role of checkpoint proteins is to detect DNA damage and send a signal to delay cell cycle advance until the damaged chromosomes are repaired (Figure 1). (ptgcn.com)
Single-cell imaging of ATP-reduced yeast mutants revealed that ATP levels in these mutants underwent stochastic and transient depletion, which promoted the cytotoxic aggregation of endogenous proteins and pathogenic proteins, such as huntingtin and α-synuclein. (waseda.jp)
We identified target proteins modified by phenanthrenes that cause exclusive eradication of human cancer cells. (oncotarget.com)
Progression through the cell cycle is accompanied by dramatic changes in cellular content and behavior, and involves a large number of proteins and processes. (biomedcentral.com)
My work provides mechanistic clues for cyclinspecific events during the cell cycle, demonstrates the usefulness of synthetic strategies in problem solving and also possibly resolves long-standing uncertainties regarding functions of some cell cycle proteins. (umassmed.edu)
Several genetic alterations have been described in SCCHN, including mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene and mutations in genes that encode cell cycle proteins such as p16 and cyclin D1. (oncotarget.com)
I am a plant cell biologist and protein biochemist at Oxford Brookes University with expertise in the structure and function of the plant endoplasmic reticulum (ER), membrane proteins and auxin biosynthesis using biochemical techniques as well as high-resolution live cell imaging. (brookes.ac.uk)
They provide the structure and shape necessary for proteins and DNA within cells so that they function properly. (dokumen.pub)
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) monitors chromosome attachment defects, and the assembly of SAC proteins at kinetochores is essential for its activation, but the SAC disassembly process remains unknown. (fsu.edu)

which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane of one cell into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. (mathisfunforum.com)
The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
These results provide a global view of the cell cycle and the method can be used to discover the dynamic coordination properties of functional components in other cellular processes. (biomedcentral.com)
S. mansoni USPs showed changes in expression levels for different life cycle stages indicating their involvement in cellular processes required for S. mansoni development. (biomedcentral.com)
According to this theory, the differences in phenotypes expressed by mediastinal germ cell tumors (MGCTs) and gonadal germ cell tumors may be explained by differences in the cellular environment between the gonad and the anterior mediastinum. (medscape.com)

To accomplish this delicate task, once each chromosome is faithfully duplicated through DNA replication, its identical sister chromatids must attach to spindle microtubules coming from opposite spindle poles through a process known as chromosome biorientation. (rupress.org)
In mitotic metaphase, typically the chromosomes (each with 2 sister chromatid that they developed due to replication in the S phase of interphase) arranged and sister chromatids split and distributed towards daughter cells. (mathisfunforum.com)

Compared to the eukaryotic cell cycle, the prokaryotic cell cycle (known as binary fission) is relatively simple and quick: the chromosome replicates from the origin of replication, a new membrane is assembled, and the cell wall forms a septum which divides the cell into two. (wikipedia.org)
The cell cycle checkpoints play an important role in the control system by sensing defects that occur during essential processes such as DNA replication or chromosome segregation, and inducing a cell cycle arrest in response until the defects are repaired. (wikipedia.org)
The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication (replication) to produce two daughter cells. (ptgcn.com)
The S. cerevisiae ORC binds to specific DNA sequences throughout the cell cycle but becomes active only when it binds to the replication initiator Cdc6. (imperial.ac.uk)
Meiosis results in four haploid daughter cells by undergoing one round of DNA replication followed by two divisions. (mathisfunforum.com)
All cell divisions, regardless of organism, are preceded by a single round of DNA replication. (mathisfunforum.com)
Both the initiation and inhibition of cell division are triggered by events external to the cell when it is about to begin the replication process. (openstax.org)
If the checkpoint mechanisms detect problems with the DNA, the cell cycle is halted, and the cell attempts to either complete DNA replication or repair the damaged DNA. (openstax.org)
We discovered that the main effect of obliterating this interaction is to delay cell cycle entry in budding yeast, such that cells begin DNA replication and budding only at a larger than normal cell size, possibly resulting from incomplete multi-site phosphorylation of several key substrates. (umassmed.edu)
The early preinvasive stage was characterized by cell-cycle checkpoint activation triggered by DNA replication stress and dramatic downregulation of basic transmembrane signaling processes that maintain epithelial/stromal homeostasis in the normal mucosa. (biomedcentral.com)

Musacchio, A. The molecular biology of spindle assembly checkpoint signaling dynamics. (nature.com)
In your first year, your modules give you an insight into various biological and chemical disciplines, including biochemistry, cell and molecular biology, microbiology and physiology. (kent.ac.uk)
Members of the frog Xenopus genus are versatile model organisms used in developmental biology, cell biology, neuroscience, and toxicology research, among others. (cshlpress.com)

Progression through these checkpoints is largely determined by the activation of cyclin-dependent kinases by regulatory protein subunits called cyclins, different forms of which are produced at each stage of the cell cycle to control the specific events that occur therein. (wikipedia.org)
Current research suggests that mitotic kinases have a key role in regulating the cell cycle. (survivinpathway.com)
lation can be a preponderant regulatory mechanism of signal transduction cascades in eukaryotic cells that is catalyzed by kinases and reversed by protein phosphatases. (gabapathway.com)

Works in various organisms have revealed that the kinase is involved in centrosome separation, duplication and maturation as well as in bipolar spindle assembly and stability. (lookformedical.com)
Such dynamism is essential for assembling and positioning the bipolar spindle, searching for and docking with kinetochores, congressing and segregating chromosomes, and governing the spindle checkpoint [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Many important developmental procedures including proliferation development patterning and differentiation need the cell routine to be carefully coordinated with several signaling pathways. (bioerc-iend.org)
Hence the G1 phase the main period of cell growth is the target of many regulatory pathways and appears extremely variable in length (39). (bioerc-iend.org)
Several pathways involved in cell cycle and DNA repair were affected upon NV651 treatment. (lu.se)
CK2 is responsible for the phosphorylation of many substrates in various pathways within a cell, using ATP or GTP as the phosphate source [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Most of the identified module pairs cover cooperative pathways and components essential to the cell cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
S transition in the cell cycle, upregulated expression of tumor-promoting microenvironmental factors, and profound dysregulation of metabolic pathways (e.g., increased aerobic glycolysis, downregulation of pathways that metabolize drugs and xenobiotics). (biomedcentral.com)

J Cell Biol (2020) 219 (12): e202010053. (rupress.org)
Mol Cell Biol. (proteopedia.org)

Silencing the spindle assembly checkpoint: Let's play Polo! (rupress.org)
Silencing of the spindle assembly checkpoint involves two protein phosphatases, PP1 and PP2A-B56, that are thought to extinguish checkpoint signaling through dephosphorylation of a checkpoint scaffold at kinetochores. (rupress.org)
Stranglehold on the spindle assembly checkpoint: the human papillomavirus E2 protein provokes BUBR1-dependent aneuploidy. (docksci.com)
PP2A Cdc55 prevents the untimely activation of the mitotic exit in different ways: by the adaptation to the spindle assembly checkpoint, regulating the cohesin cleavage and by inhibiting Cdc14 release from the nucleolus ( Figure 1 ). (encyclopedia.pub)
The mitotic kinase monopolar spindle 1 (Mps1) is a key regulator of the Spindle assembly checkpoint, which ensures the correct chromosome segregation. (lu.se)
Our findings demonstrate that CK2 promotes the porcine oocyte maturation by ensuring normal spindle assembly and DNA damage repair. (biomedcentral.com)
In this study, we explored how PIP4KIIγ regulates the assembly of mitotic spindles. (biomedcentral.com)
To facilitate investigation of the mechanisms that control centrosome reproduction, a frog egg extract arrested in S phase of the cell cycle that supported repeated assembly of daughter centrosomes was developed. (umassmed.edu)
Initially, we asked whether paclitaxel-induced bcl-2 phosphorylation is triggered by the spindle assembly checkpoint via an active cdc2 kinase-dependent pathway and whether phosphorylation of endogenous bcl-2 is the signal that activates cell death machinery. (johnshopkins.edu)
We have generated model systems to explore drug resistance in ovarian cancer, which have revealed a key pathway related to the spindle assembly checkpoint underlying paclitaxel resistance in ovarian cell lines. (biomedcentral.com)
Lastly, through gene expression profiling we have demonstrated disruption of the spindle assembly checkpoint in the paclitaxel resistant cell lines, indicating a potential therapeutic pathway. (biomedcentral.com)

Cell cycle checkpoints are control mechanisms in the eukaryotic cell cycle which ensure its proper progression. (wikipedia.org)
Each checkpoint serves as a potential termination point along the cell cycle, during which the conditions of the cell are assessed, with progression through the various phases of the cell cycle occurring only when favorable conditions are met. (wikipedia.org)
Those complexes, in turn, activate different downstream targets to promote or prevent cell cycle progression. (wikipedia.org)
As the cell routine machinery continues to be extremely conserved through progression it is today clear the fact that cell routine has been improved in different and novel methods to adapt to brand-new developmental applications elaborated during progression (26). (bioerc-iend.org)
During cell-cycle progression, substrates of a single master regulatory enzyme can be modified in a specific order. (biomedcentral.com)
This ordering of substrate modification allows a small number of master regulators to carry out their functions over a large time window with high temporal resolution, enabling precise and robust control of the numerous processes underlying cell cycle progression [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

This finding is consistent with the idea that Rac1 is situated downstream of Rap1 in the signaling pathway that induces scattering of v Abl/3T3/wtCbl cells. (survivinpathway.com)
In normal cells, mdm2 availability is controlled by ARF, the product of the p14ARF gene located on INK4a/ARF locus, which binds with mdm2 and induces its degradation. (medscape.com)

https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202002020 ) now show that a critical function of these phosphatases in checkpoint silencing is removal of Polo kinase at kinetochores, which would otherwise autonomously sustain the checkpoint. (rupress.org)
In addition, we review the main pre-clinical and clinical studies concerning Aurora kinase inhibitors currently under investigation. (survivinpathway.com)
Ectopic kinase overexpression in any culture cell line leads to polyploidy and centrosome amplification. (lookformedical.com)
Those transformed cells form tumours when implanted in immunodeficient mice, indicating that the kinase is an oncogene. (lookformedical.com)
A previous screen of a human kinase and phosphatase shRNA library to select genes that mediate arsenite induction of spindle abnormalities resulted in the identification of phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate 4-kinase type-2 gamma (PIP4KIIγ), a phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2)-synthesizing enzyme. (biomedcentral.com)
Paclitaxel-induced G 2 /M cell cycle arrest correlated with cdc2 kinase activity and bcl-2 phosphorylation. (johnshopkins.edu)

Kinetochores are proteinaceous assemblies that reside at the centromeric region of chromosomes and are key to this process by capturing spindle microtubules ( 1 ). (rupress.org)

The G1 checkpoint, also known as the restriction point in mammalian cells and the start point in yeast, is the point at which the cell becomes committed to entering the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
The G 1 checkpoint, also called the restriction point (in yeast), is a point at which the cell irreversibly commits to the cell division process. (openstax.org)
Such interactions were not known for the G1 class of cyclins, which are instrumental in helping the cell decide whether or not to commit to a new cell cycle, a function that is non-redundant with B-type cylins in budding yeast. (umassmed.edu)
Using the yeast cell cycle as an example, we identified 101 cooperative module associations among 82 modules, and importantly, we established a cell cycle-specific cooperative module network. (biomedcentral.com)

Attachment of each kinetochore to a spindle fiber is assessed at the M checkpoint. (openstax.org)

Unfortunately, the dyes killed the cells, and since the structures under the microscope were difficult to see as it was, Flemming's forerunners weren't sure they were seeing anything characteristic of a live, functional cell. (visionlearning.com)
These data suggest that arsenite has potential for treatment of solid tumors but a functional spindle checkpoint is a prerequisite for a positive response to its clinical application. (uky.edu)
5] Mutation of ARF, reported in 71% of intracranial germ cell tumors, results in mdm2 accumulation and functional impairment of p53. (medscape.com)

its long-term silencing affects cell survival and cell cycle distribution as well as decreases CDK1 activity correlated with reduced phosphorylation of CDK1. (proteopedia.org)
Sil phosphorylation in a Pin1 binding domain affects the duration of the spindle checkpoint. (proteopedia.org)
Both LNCaP and HeLa cells were continuously exposed to clinically achievable concentrations of paclitaxel and observed for activation of programmed cell death as measured by cytotoxic dose-response curves, poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase cleavage, bcl-2 phosphorylation, and the activation of caspase-7 (interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme (ICE)-LAP3). (johnshopkins.edu)

Consequently, depletion of PLK1 has been shown to counteract the PIP4KIIγ depletion-induced instability of spindle pole-associated MT and cell resistance to arsenite. (biomedcentral.com)
The abnormally high number of centrosomes found in many human tumor cells can lead directly to aneuploidy and genomic instability through the formation of multipolar mitotic spindles. (umassmed.edu)
The cell carrying this abnormality is relatively protected against apoptotic death because of the oncogenic effect of CCND2, leading to re-initiation of cell cycle and genomic instability. (medscape.com)

Treatment with the novel cyclophilin inhibitor NV651, presented a potent antiproliferative effect in HCC cell lines via cell cycle perturbations arresting cells in the mitotic phase. (lu.se)
Targeting the cell cycle has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy in cancer treatment with special interest in the mitotic phase. (lu.se)
The G 2 checkpoint bars entry into the mitotic phase if certain conditions are not met. (openstax.org)
The second checkpoint bars the entry to the mitotic phase if certain conditions are not met. (pressbooks.pub)

Angiopoietin4(ANGPT4) which plays a significant role in endothelial cell proliferation, survival, angiogenesis and expansion in tumors and other pathological states is a significant regulator of tumor angiogenesis. (bvsalud.org)
Related studies show that ANGPT4 encourages the proliferation, survival and invasion of tumor cells, while promoting the expansion of the tumor vascular system and affecting the tumor immune microenvironment. (bvsalud.org)
Aurora A overexpression in many malignant tumor types suggests that it may be directly involved in NEOPLASTIC CELL TRANSFORMATION. (lookformedical.com)
Mechanistic investigations demonstrated the key role of the identified genes in the balance between death and survival of tumor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Notably, surgical treatment has also the potential advantage of removing chemoradioresistant residual tumor foci, with a higher local control and possibly better survival, since resistance of cancer cells to CRT remains a major therapeutic drawback. (biomedcentral.com)
Extra-gonadal germ cell tumors (EGGCTs) represent 5-10% of all germ cell tumor (GCTs). (medscape.com)
In Norway, a recent study by Dueland et al estimated the incidence of extra-gonadal germ cell tumor (EGGCTs) at 0.5 per 100,000 population per year. (medscape.com)

Our studies provide a conceptual framework for understanding how ordered modification can be established among substrates of the same regulatory enzyme, and facilitate our understanding of how precise temporal control is achieved by a small number of master regulators to ensure a successful cell division cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
The dynamics of the expression of the main flowering regulators was consistent with previous reports: notably, the expression of FLOWERING LOCUS C ( FLC ) decreased over the course of the time series while expression of LEAFY ( LFY ) increased. (biomedcentral.com)

During many years the Cdks were considered the main component of the cell cycle control system. (encyclopedia.pub)

Higher intracellular arsenic levels induced cell cycle arrest in the S-phase and G 2 -phase in SK-Mel-3 and SK-Mel-28 cells, respectively. (uky.edu)
The lack of arsenite-induced mitotic arrest in resistant cell lines was associated with a weakened spindle checkpoint resulting from reduced expression of spindle checkpoint protein BUBR1. (uky.edu)
Our results indicate that the events associated with paclitaxel-induced cytotoxicity are connected to each other and represent the signaling network of paclitaxel-induced mitotic arrest and cell death. (johnshopkins.edu)

Mitotic cell division enables sexually reproducing organisms to develop from the one-celled zygote, which itself was produced by meiotic cell division from gametes. (mathisfunforum.com)

A375 and SK-Mel-2 cells were sensitive to clinically achievable concentrations of arsenite, whereas SK-Mel-3 and SK-Mel-28 cells required supratherapeutic levels for toxicity. (uky.edu)
Inhibition of glutathione synthesis, glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity, and multidrug resistance protein (MRP) transporter function attenuated arsenite resistance, consistent with studies suggesting that arsenite is extruded from the cell as a glutathione conjugate by MRP-1. (uky.edu)
ICP-MS analysis indicated that arsenite-resistant SK-Mel-28 cells did not accumulate less arsenic than arsenite-sensitive A375 cells, suggesting that resistance was not attributable to reduced arsenic accumulation but rather to intrinsic properties of resistant cell lines. (uky.edu)

Extragonadal germinal cell syndromes are rare tumors that predominantly affect young males. (medscape.com)
Literature suggests that the only known risk factor for extragonadal germ cell tumors (EGCTs) is Klinefelter syndrome (47XXY), which is associated with mediastinal nonseminomatous germ cell tumors. (medscape.com)
In extragonadal germ cell tumors, no evidence of a primary malignancy is present in either the testes or ovaries by radiologic imaging or physical examination. (medscape.com)
Extragonadal germ cell tumors produce a rich symptomatology and may reach large volumes if they arise in silent areas. (medscape.com)
Controversy remains regarding the origin of extragonadal germ cell tumors (EGGCTs). (medscape.com)
The classic theory suggests that germ cell tumors (GCTs) in these areas are derived from local transformation of primordial germ cells misplaced during embryogenesis. (medscape.com)
Some retroperitoneal extragonadal germ cell tumors may represent metastases from a testicular cancer, with subsequent spontaneous necrosis of the primary tumour. (medscape.com)
Hematologic malignancies are frequently associated with mediastinal germ cell tumors. (medscape.com)
Highly differentiated yolk-sac tumors make up 30% of mediastinal germ cell tumors, providing a possible basis for this association. (medscape.com)
The balance of the p53-mdm2 interaction has been shown to be disrupted in intracranial germ cell tumors (ICGCTs). (medscape.com)
This abnormality was reported in 90% of seminomatous and 55% of nonseminomatous intracranial germ cell tumors (NS-ICGCTs) examined. (medscape.com)

Their activity prevented the binding of NuMA to α-tubulin and kinesins in human cancer cells, and caused aberrant spindles. (oncotarget.com)
The most efficient cytotoxic activity of the phenanthridine PJ34, caused significantly smaller aberrant spindles with disrupted spindle poles and scattered extra-centrosomes and chromosomes. (oncotarget.com)
During this stage of germ cell development, aberrant chromatid exchange events associated with crossing over can occur. (medscape.com)

The stages G1, S, and G2 make up interphase, which accounts for the span between cell divisions. (britannica.com)
through all stages from the cell routine may be thoroughly modified during advancement to be able to meet the demands of a given Dalcetrapib cell at specific stages. (bioerc-iend.org)
Cyclophilin overexpression is a common event in fibrotic tissues playing a key role in different stages of the fibrotic process, including inflammation, hepatocyte death, and activation of the hepatic stellate cells leading to increased collagen production. (lu.se)
Studies using Xenopus cell-free extracts, oocytes, eggs, embryos, larval stages, and adult frogs have yielded important insights into a multitude of key biological processes-from mechanisms underlying the cell cycle to embryonic development to human disease. (cshlpress.com)

Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) usually undergo a vegetative cell division known as binary fission, where their genetic material is segregated equally into two daughter cells. (mathisfunforum.com)

Finally, transcription factors within the nucleus must initiate the transcription of genes involved in cell proliferation. (britannica.com)

Detection of mRNA expression of SAC-related genes in colon cancer cell lines. (biomedcentral.com)
Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of these genes identified an overrepresentation of genes related to the cell cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
We discovered an unprecedented burst of differential expression of cell cycle related genes at one particular point during transition to flowering. (biomedcentral.com)

Proper chromosome duplication is assessed at the G 2 checkpoint. (openstax.org)
Proper chromosome duplication is assessed at the G2 checkpoint. (pressbooks.pub)

Third, this activation must stimulate a signal to be transmitted, or transduced, from the receptor at the cell surface to the nucleus within the cell. (britannica.com)

CX-4945, as a first oral bioavailable CK2 small molecule inhibitor, exerts anti-proliferative activity in human cancer cells by inhibiting cell cycle and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway [ 17 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Chromosomes are made of a material called chromatin, which is dispersed throughout the cell nucleus during interphase. (visionlearning.com)

The primary concern of cell division is the maintenance of the original cell's genome. (mathisfunforum.com)

While the contribution of these mechanisms to cell and tissue identity is widely accepted, their role in physiological and pathological contexts within tissues is just beginning to be appreciated. (imperial.ac.uk)
The timing of events in the cell cycle is controlled by mechanisms that are both internal and external to the cell. (openstax.org)
These results are consistent with previous studies and demonstrate that our methodology is effective for studying cooperative mechanisms in the cell cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
We have generated paclitaxel resistant ovarian cell lines from their corresponding native cell lines to determine driver mechanisms of drug resistance using gene expression arrays. (biomedcentral.com)
These pre-clinical models were used to observe cytotoxicity, cell cycle modulation and changes in gene expression to examine the mechanisms driving drug resistance. (biomedcentral.com)

Cells were exposed to an incremental dose escalation of paclitaxel (2 nM) for approximately 2 passages, up to a final concentration of 25 nM, once paclitaxel resistance was achieved. (biomedcentral.com)

To help elucidate the interactions between Rap1 and Rac1 in the signaling that leads to spreading of v Abl/3T3/wtCbl cells, we evaluated the effect of Rap1 depletion on cell spreading caused by activated Rac1. (survivinpathway.com)

Moreover, mutations where to buy microzide pills in haploid germ cells. (cre8tivepixels.com)
Mistakes in the duplication or distribution of the chromosomes lead to mutations that may be passed forward to every new cell produced from an abnormal cell. (openstax.org)

Malignant transformation of germ cells is the result of a multistep process of genetic changes. (medscape.com)

As the cell progresses through G1, depending on internal and external conditions, it can either delay G1, enter a quiescent state known as G0, or proceed past the restriction point. (wikipedia.org)
Dalcetrapib The former which take place in most metazoans except mammals follow fertilization and can be very quickly (significantly less than 10 min in embryo) (7 35 furthermore they absence the G1 and G2 difference phases and specific checkpoint handles which make sure that confirmed step is certainly properly attained before development progresses to another step from the routine (8). (bioerc-iend.org)

Used jointly these total outcomes claim that can be an important regulator from the cell routine in the preimplantation embryo. (bioerc-iend.org)

Bacterial cell division happens through binary fission or budding. (mathisfunforum.com)

First, a growth factor must bind to its receptor on the cell membrane . (britannica.com)
I am committed to interdisciplinary research, and an example of the successes gained from this approach is the project with Prof A Nabok (Engineering Sheffield Hallam University) using total internal reflection ellipsometry to quantify protein-membrane interactions on native plant membranes and human cell lines. (brookes.ac.uk)

Mammalian SNF5 is essential for normal cell viability, and loss or mutation of the human SNF gene is the molecular basis for familial malignant rhabdoid tumorigenesis. (umassmed.edu)
The current study examines factors influencing sensitivity to arsenic using human malignant melanoma cell lines. (uky.edu)

The G 1 checkpoint determines whether all conditions are favorable for cell division to proceed. (openstax.org)

cell cycle , the ordered sequence of events that occur in a cell in preparation for cell division . (britannica.com)
For a stimulatory signal to reach the nucleus and "turn on" cell division, four main steps must occur. (britannica.com)
On the two-cell stage transcription from the zygotic genome takes place and is necessary for the next cleavages to occur (11). (bioerc-iend.org)
Before division can occur, the genomic information that is stored in chromosomes must be replicated, and the duplicated genome must be separated cleanly between cells. (mathisfunforum.com)
These checkpoints occur near the end of G 1 , at the G 2 /M transition, and during metaphase ( Figure 10.10 ). (openstax.org)

Throughout the 19th century, as microscopes developed, scientists had been seeing clues of structures in dividing cells of eukaryotes . (visionlearning.com)

We have generated isogenic paclitaxel resistant cell lines from their corresponding native cell lines which reflect the 3 most common ovarian histologic subtypes, these include serous, clear cell and endometrioid subtypes [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Recent studies have examined the consequences of epigenetic marks and cell cycle control, which has led to more research regarding cell division cancer, emphasizing the fact that the cell division process requires accurate checkpoints to avoid genetic damage. (ptgcn.com)
Papillary thyroid cancer This could sometimes bring about cell death or contribute actively to, or even travel, cyst devel-opment. (survivinpathway.com)
ANGPT4 expression is enhanced in many cancer cells. (bvsalud.org)
The cytotoxic activity of the phenanthrenes in a variety of human cancer cells is attributed by these findings to post translational modifications of NuMA and kinesins HSET/kifC1 and kif18A. (oncotarget.com)
Interestingly, our recent studies disclosed a group of small phenanthrene molecules that exclusively eradicate human cancer cells. (oncotarget.com)
Squamous cell cancer of the head and neck (SCCHN) is the sixth leading cause for cancer deaths worldwide. (oncotarget.com)
Cancer Cell (2023) 41 (3): 585. (aacrjournals.org)
Human ovarian cancer cell lines TOV21G (representing clear cell ovarian carcinoma) and TOV112D (representing endometrioid adenocarcinoma) were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA). The human ovarian epithelial-serous cell line COV504 was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy29

Organisms10

Diseases9

Chemicals and Drugs118

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment13

Phenomena and Processes89

Information Science3

Health Care3

Mitosis21

Apoptosis13

Regulating spindle assembly checkpoint1

Microtubule6

Anaphase5

Halted until conditions are favorable1

Regulation6

Proteins19

Cellular5

Sister chromatids2

Replication10

Biology3

Kinases3

Bipolar spindle2

Pathways6

Biol2

Assembly11

Progression6

Induces2

Kinase6

Kinetochores1

Yeast4

Attachment1

Functional3

Phosphorylation3

Instability3

Mitotic phase4

Tumor7

Regulators2

CDKs1

Arrest3

Meiotic1

Arsenite3

Tumors11

Aberrant3

Stages4

Known as binary fission1

Proliferation1

Genes3

Chromosome duplication2

Activation1

MOLECULE1

Chromatin1

Cell's1

Mechanisms5

Resistance1

Depletion1

Mutations2

Germ cells1

Progresses2

Regulator1

Binary fission1

Membrane2

Malignant2

Favorable1

Occur5

Eukaryotes1

Resistant cell lines1

Cancer8