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Olfactory PathwaysOlfactory BulbOlfactory Receptor NeuronsSmellOdorsOlfactory MucosaOlfactory NerveVomeronasal OrganReceptors, OdorantOlfactory PerceptionOlfaction DisordersArthropod AntennaeNeuropilAnomuraZinc SulfateCadmium RadioisotopesSensory Receptor CellsMushroom BodiesOlfactory Marker ProteinPheromonesNeuronsReceptors, PheromonePrazepamSexual Behavior, AnimalNasal SeptumColubridaeOlfactory Nerve InjuriesBrainAnal SacsBehavior, AnimalProto-Oncogene Proteins c-fosAxonsChemoreceptor CellsEsthesioneuroblastoma, OlfactoryTRPM Cation ChannelsNeurons, AfferentMice, Inbred C57BLUrineDendritesAnimals, NewbornNasal CavityImmunohistochemistryPentanolsSex CharacteristicsAction PotentialsSense OrgansRats, Sprague-DawleyNerve Tissue ProteinsMice, TransgenicAmygdalaMicrovilli
NeuronsAccessory olfactory bulbMucosaReceptorsEpitheliumCortexNeurodegenerationMouse olfactoryVomeronasal organDysfunctionNasal cavityGlomeruliPerceptionHippocampusReceptor signaliImpairmentDistantly relatedOdoursBrainSensitivityCuesPeripheral nervouStimuliOlfactionMiceSmellExploratoryGlomerular layerParallelMetabolismNeuronMolecularNeuralBehaviouralInsectSystemSensesNerveDegenerationCircuitsGenesTissuesHumansNoseGustatory
Neurons15
  • Using optophysiological recordings of projection neurons, we compared the responses of these two pathways to 27 known honey bee pheromonal compounds emitted by the brood, the workers, and the queen. (jneurosci.org)
  • We show that while queen mandibular pheromone is processed by l-ALT (lateral antennal lobe tract) neurons and brood pheromone is mainly processed by m-ALT (median antennal lobe tract) neurons, worker pheromones induce redundant activity in both pathways. (jneurosci.org)
  • As humans age, the number of olfactory neurons steadily decreases. (medscape.com)
  • In addition to the olfactory neurons, the epithelium is composed of supporting cells, Bowman glands and ducts unique to the olfactory epithelium, and basal cells that allow for the regeneration of the epithelium, including the olfactory sensory neurons. (medscape.com)
  • The glomerular layer receives direct input from olfactory nerves, made up of the axons from approximately ten million olfactory receptor neurons in the olfactory mucosa , a region of the nasal cavity . (wikidoc.org)
  • The ends of the axons cluster in spherical structures known as glomeruli such that each glomerulus receives input primarily from olfactory receptor neurons that express the same olfactory receptor . (wikidoc.org)
  • Glomeruli are also permeated by dendrites from neurons called mitral cells , which in turn output to the olfactory cortex . (wikidoc.org)
  • As a neural circuit, the olfactory bulb has one source of sensory input (axons from olfactory receptor neurons of the olfactory epithelium), and one output (mitral cell axons). (wikidoc.org)
  • By analogy to similar parts of the brain such as the retina , many researchers have focused on how the olfactory bulb filters incoming information from receptor neurons in space, or how it filters incoming information in time. (wikidoc.org)
  • Among motor symptoms and signs, the cardinal ones (bradykinesia, rest tremor, and rigidity) are mainly ascribed to the loss of dopaminergic neurons [ 4 ], but those involving posture, balance, and gait are largely secondary to degeneration of nondopaminergic pathways and significantly contribute to impairment and disability in advanced PD patients [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Olfactory bulb output neurons (mitral and tufted cells) receive exclusive input from a single glomerulus, and project broadly to all nine regions of the olfactory cortex. (fsu.edu)
  • The ventral striatum and dorsal striatum collectively form the striatum, which is the main component of the basal ganglia.The dopaminergic neurons of the mesolimbic pathway project onto the GABAergic medium spiny neurons of the nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle. (cognitive-liberty.online)
  • Aijón, J. (1997) Calretinin- and parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons in the rat main olfactory bulb do not express NADPH-diaphorase activity. (uv.es)
  • Together, these findings show that food-odour-responsive neurons comprise an olfactory subcircuit that listens to hunger state through thalamic NPY release, and more generally, provide mechanistic insights into how internal state regulates behaviour. (nature.com)
  • A ubiquitous, cytoplasmic protein found in mature OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS of all VERTEBRATES. (bvsalud.org)
Accessory olfactory bulb9
Mucosa2
  • Lesions of or removal of the vomeronasal organ did not disrupt the preferences of sexually satiated males for a novel female, but elimination of main olfactory system function by ZnSO4 treatment of the olfactory mucosa did abolish such preferences. (nih.gov)
  • Neuropeptide Y enhances olfactory mucosa responses to odorant in hungry rats. (nature.com)
Receptors2
  • It is a specialized pseudostratified neuroepithelium containing the primary olfactory receptors. (medscape.com)
  • To stimulate the olfactory receptors, airborne molecules must pass through the nasal cavity with relatively turbulent air currents and contact the receptors. (medscape.com)
Epithelium3
  • (B) A coronal section of the main olfactory epithelium, dorsal to the upper right. (frontiersin.org)
  • The olfactory bulb is supported and protected by the cribriform plate which in mammals, separates it from the olfactory epithelium , and which is perforated by olfactory nerve axons. (wikidoc.org)
  • It receives axonal input from the vomeronasal organ , a distinct sensory epithelium from the main olfactory epithelium that detects pheremones, among other chemical stimuli. (wikidoc.org)
Cortex5
  • Associational connections were studied in slices of anterior piriform (olfactory) cortex, and Schaffer-commissural synapses were studied in slices of hippocampus. (jneurosci.org)
  • Input-output curves and paired-pulse plasticity were not significantly altered in KO compared with WT mice in either the olfactory cortex or hippocampus. (jneurosci.org)
  • These findings prompted us to examine LTP in the primary olfactory (piriform) cortex. (jneurosci.org)
  • How does glomerular identity and location influence odor coding in the olfactory cortex? (fsu.edu)
  • The mammalian telencephalon, which comprises the cerebral cortex, olfactory bulb, hippocampus, basal ganglia (striatum and globus pallidum), and amygdala, is a highly complex and evolutionarily advanced brain structure. (intechopen.com)
Neurodegeneration2
  • Others may interfere with neuroinflammatory pathways and susceptibility to neurodegeneration. (techscience.com)
  • Intermediate and advanced PD stages are characterized by motor fluctuations and dyskinesia, which depend on complex mechanisms secondary to severe nigrostriatal loss and to the problems related to oral levodopa absorption, and motor and nonmotor symptoms and signs that are secondary to marked dopaminergic loss and multisystem neurodegeneration with damage to nondopaminergic pathways. (hindawi.com)
Mouse olfactory1
  • Uncoupling stimulus specificity and glomerular position in the mouse olfactory system. (fsu.edu)
Vomeronasal organ1
Dysfunction2
  • This review describes ways the SARS-CoV-2 virus might cause olfactory dysfunction, as well as possible treatments for long-term anosmia, including smelling exercises, corticosteroids and tissue engineering. (acs.org)
  • Neuro-ophthalmologic disorders may also involve dysfunction of the central pathways that control and integrate ocular movement and vision. (msdmanuals.com)
Nasal cavity2
  • The nasal cavity also provides drainage for secretions from the paranasal sinuses and traps odor-bearing particles for olfaction to the olfactory recesses. (medscape.com)
  • The olfactory recesses are located at the superiormost portion of the nasal cavity, medial to the paired superior turbinates. (medscape.com)
Glomeruli5
  • Numerous interneuron types exist in the olfactory bulb including periglomerular cells which synapse within and between glomeruli, and granule cells which synapse with mitral cells. (wikidoc.org)
  • Thus, the first representation of olfactory information, the map of glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, is highly amenable to genetic manipulation. (fsu.edu)
  • Alonso J.R. (1996) Segregated distribution of nitric oxide synthase-positive cells in the periglomerular region of typical and atypical olfactory glomeruli. (uv.es)
  • Aijón, J. (1997) Calcium-binding proteins in the periglomerular region of typical and atypical olfactory glomeruli. (uv.es)
  • Aijón, J. (1997) Segregated distribution of TH-immunoreactivity in olfactory glomeruli. (uv.es)
Perception6
  • The olfactory bulb is a structure of the vertebrate forebrain involved in olfaction , the perception of odors. (wikidoc.org)
  • We use a combination of genetic, optogenetic, optical imaging, and behavioral techniques in mice to explore how olfactory perception is mapped and encoded within the brain. (fsu.edu)
  • The olfactory system is a unique and powerful model for addressing how genetically-defined inputs to the brain contribute to stimulus perception. (fsu.edu)
  • What is the contribution of individual olfactory cortical regions to odor perception? (fsu.edu)
  • This study aims to assess the olfactory sensory perception of newborns of women who previously tested positive for COVID-19 during pregnancy compared to newborns of women who did not test positive for COVID-19 during pregnancy. (bvsalud.org)
  • It also aims to develop and validate a behavioural evaluation scale of olfactory sensory-perceptual perception in newborns. (bvsalud.org)
Hippocampus1
Receptor signali1
  • and RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway, cell cycle, and actin cytoskeleton regulation. (bvsalud.org)
Impairment3
  • [ 3 ] A 2002 study showed that the prevalence of objective olfactory impairment in adults older than 53 years is 24.5% and grows more prevalent with age, reaching 62.5 % in those aged 80-97 years. (medscape.com)
  • Extrapolating from these values, there are currently 14 million older adults with some degree of olfactory impairment. (medscape.com)
  • The authors propose to evaluate the action of SARS-CoV-2 at the intrauterine level regarding the foetus' olfactory sensory impairment. (bvsalud.org)
Distantly related1
  • I discovered several events of parallel co-variation of sensory pathways in distantly related species sharing similar ecological niches, as cases of ontogenetic and phylogenetic plasticity. (acnrf.com)
Odours2
  • Non-redundant coding of aversive odours in the main olfactory pathway. (fsu.edu)
  • Here we identify a neuronal mechanism by which hunger selectively promotes attraction to food odours over other olfactory cues. (nature.com)
Brain8
  • Crosstalk between the main and accessory olfactory systems occurs at different levels of central processing, in brain areas where the inputs from the two systems converge. (frontiersin.org)
  • Interestingly, centrifugal projections from more caudal brain areas are deeply involved in modulating both main and accessory sensory processing. (frontiersin.org)
  • These findings support the combinatorial coding scheme and suggest that higher-order brain centers reading out these combinatorial activity patterns may eventually classify olfactory signals according to their biological meaning. (jneurosci.org)
  • In most vertebrates, the olfactory bulb is the most rostral (forward) part of the brain. (wikidoc.org)
  • In humans, however, the olfactory bulb is on the inferior (bottom) side of the brain. (wikidoc.org)
  • The olfactory bulb transmits smell information from the nose to the brain, and is thus necessary for a proper sense of smell. (wikidoc.org)
  • My doctoral thesis studied brain regions involved in olfactory and pheromonal communication in mammals. (acnrf.com)
  • Next, the main structural areas of the brain will be surveyed with some of their major functions. (lumenlearning.com)
Sensitivity2
  • An olfactory subsystem that mediates high sensitivity detection of volatile amines. (fsu.edu)
  • Ghrelin enhances olfactory sensitivity and exploratory sniffing in rodents and humans. (nature.com)
Cues1
  • Thus olfactory cues are sufficient for individual discrimination of novel females by sexually satiated male hamsters, and such recognition leads to increased sexual arousal. (nih.gov)
Peripheral nervou2
  • Sexual stimuli (tactile, visual, olfactory, and imaginative) are processed and integrated in the central nervous system which then activates certain autonomic and somatic pathways within the peripheral nervous system. (figshare.com)
  • Neurologic manifestations may be the result of virus neurotropism which can reach the central nervous system (CNS) through cranial nerves and olfactory pathways or via circulation, while damage to the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is likely the result of a parainfective autoimmune reaction ( 3 , 5 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Stimuli1
  • This neural pathway responds to various kinds of rewarding stimuli and modifies our behavior to receive more of them. (go.jp)
Olfaction1
  • Odorants can also be perceived by entering the nose posteriorly through the nasopharynx to reach the olfactory receptor via retronasal olfaction. (medscape.com)
Mice2
  • Our finding of α-synuclein aggregation in olfactory bulbs of old mice correlates with results from a behavioral study on that mice [2]. (lu.se)
  • Finally, we performed injections of α-synuclein in the olfactory bulb of wild type mice and observed that some of the α-synuclein was taken up by activated microglia that were immunopositive for galectin-3. (lu.se)
Smell3
  • The sense of smell is mediated through stimulation of the olfactory receptor cells by volatile chemicals. (medscape.com)
  • The Coronavirus has taken away my main work tool, taste and smell. (slowfood.com)
  • At the end of the training students acquire precious competences: they improve their ability to use their sense of smell and to pay attention to odors, they acquire the techniques of olfactory training, they learn the techniques of association of semantic labels to odors. (slowfood.com)
Exploratory2
  • We found that, under poor environmental conditions, mutations in the Ras-MAPK signaling pathway lead to circular locomotion instead of normal exploratory foraging. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We have established a new RNAi method that performs simultaneous time- and cell-specific knockdown and have applied this to reveal temporal profiles of the Ras-MAPK pathway in the control of exploratory behavior under poor environmental conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
Glomerular layer1
  • In both bulbs the main structures are indicated: (GL) glomerular layer, (M) mitral cell layer, (G) granular layer. (frontiersin.org)
Parallel1
  • Interestingly, the honey bee olfactory system harbors two central parallel pathways, whose functions remain largely unknown. (jneurosci.org)
Metabolism1
  • The olized in nasal tissues in the rat and mouse and that a metabolic role of metabolism in olfactory injury is unknown (Cruzan et basis exists for the observed inspired concentration dependence al . (cdc.gov)
Neuron1
  • The response profile of each olfactory sensory neuron is determined by a single expressed olfactory receptor gene. (fsu.edu)
Molecular1
  • With numerous illustrations and tables, each of the nearly 300 sections of the Guide describes genes involved in a specific pathway, process, or structure from the molecular and cellular levels to developmental and physiological processes. (cshlpress.com)
Neural3
  • In neonates, this area is a dense neural sheet, but, in children and adults, the respiratory and olfactory tissues interdigitate. (medscape.com)
  • For example, the Ras-MAPK signaling pathway controls cell proliferation and differentiation at the embryonic stage [ 6 - 8 ] and regulates synaptic formation required for neural plasticity at the adult stage [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Neural mechanisms underlying innate and learnt olfactory-dependent behavior in insects. (mpg.de)
Behavioural1
  • Furthermore, acute NPY injection immediately rescues food-odour preference without additional training, indicating that NPY is required for reading olfactory circuits during behavioural expression rather than writing olfactory circuits during odour learning. (nature.com)
Insect1
  • Insect olfactory learning in the context of feeding and oviposition. (mpg.de)
System10
  • The accessory olfactory system is present in most tetrapods. (frontiersin.org)
  • The accessory olfactory system may complement the main olfactory system and may contribute different perceptual features to the construction of a unitary representation, which merges the different chemosensory qualities. (frontiersin.org)
  • The accessory olfactory system may differ in morphology even in closely related species, most probably in relation to functional specialization (for a review, see Salazar and Quinteiro, 2009 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The first functional investigation of the accessory olfactory system pointed to a general chemosensation role. (frontiersin.org)
  • It is the second processing stage of the accessory olfactory system . (wikidoc.org)
  • These processes are mediated by the main olfactory system but not the vomeronasal accessory-olfactory system. (nih.gov)
  • It is considered by many neurologists that hypothalamus is the main output path of limbic system. (kypho.com)
  • Aijón, J. (1997) Calretinin immunoreactivity in the developing olfactory system of the rainbow trout. (uv.es)
  • The main mechanism of Guillain‑Barré syndrome is probably post‑viral dysregulation of the immune system generated by SARS‑CoV‑2. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Peritoneal stomata constitute the principal pathways for the drainage of intraperitoneal contents from the PERITONEAL CAVITY to the LYMPHATIC SYSTEM. (bvsalud.org)
Senses2
  • Then, together with the Centro Studi Assaggiatori of Brescia, Novella Bagna and Gian Paolo Braceschi of Good Senses, a company specialized in sensory analysis, we developed an ad hoc pathway. (slowfood.com)
  • There are in fact olfactory training courses created and proposed by Good Senses. (slowfood.com)
Nerve1
Degeneration1
  • in olfactory degeneration in the rat (Cruzan et al . (cdc.gov)
Circuits1
  • Experience-dependent plasticity of olfactory circuits. (mpg.de)
Genes1
  • Therefore, for detailed analysis of multifunctional genes, such as the components of the Ras-MAPK pathway described below, simultaneous time-specific and cell-specific knockdown is necessary. (biomedcentral.com)
Tissues1
  • Most of these pathways have widespread functions in various tissues and at different stages. (biomedcentral.com)
Humans1
  • The use of smokeless tobacco by in the mouth, against the cheek or humans is a voluntary practice en behind the lip and sucked (dipped) Evaluations of smokeless tobac gaged in by hundreds of mil ions of or chewed. (who.int)
Nose1
  • The nose and the oral cavities are the main sites for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) entry into the body. (wjgnet.com)
Gustatory1
  • Special visceral afferent: These are the afferent fibers from the gustatory pathway. (kypho.com)