• Diabetic retinopathy (pronounced: reh-ton-AH-pa-thee) occurs when the tiny blood vessels in the retina are damaged due to diabetes. (kidshealth.org)
  • It has been suggested that AMD is caused by atherosclerosis in the blood vessels that supply the retina, in a similar way to the mechanism underlying coronary heart disease (CHD). (second-opinions.co.uk)
  • It may affect the tiny blood vessels in the retina, which is the back surface of your eye. (lowvisionaids.org)
  • The laser is used to destroy all of the dead areas of retina where blood vessels have been closed. (advancedeyenj.com)
  • When these areas are treated with the laser, the retina stops manufacturing new blood vessels, and those that are already present tend to decrease or disappear. (advancedeyenj.com)
  • Abnormal blood vessels grow into the macula, leading to blood or fluid leakage, scarring, and swift central vision loss. (eyecareofunionsquare.com)
  • The occlusion of the vein causes leakage of blood and liquid from the blood vessels through their wall into the retina. (weebly.com)
  • Neovascular glaucoma appears in the ischemic type of Central retinal vein occlusion and is caused by the abnormal blood vessels that grow inside the eye and increase its pressure. (weebly.com)
  • Your ophthalmologist will ask you to do a fluorescein angiography (intravenous injection of a dye and pictures of the retina taken with a camera) and an Optical Coherence Tomography test (taking tomographic images of the retina using light) to assess the macula and to see if there is edema (swelling) or leaking of the retina due to the vein occlusion or abnormal blood vessels. (weebly.com)
  • an eye disease that affects the blood vessels in the all-important retina. (willowlawneyecare.com)
  • Due to choroidal neovascularization, which is the growth of new, irregular blood vessels behind the retina that leak fluid and disrupt vision, they often experience abrupt changes in visual acuity. (healthytips247.com)
  • The arterioles and venules of the retina are the only blood vessels whose wall can be directly examined in the living human without an incision. (medscape.com)
  • The retina, with the exception of the blood vessels coursing through it, is transparent to the examiner up to its outer layer, the retinal pigment epithelium. (medscape.com)
  • The macula is a small area in the center of the retina, the light-sensitive layer of tissue at the back of the eye. (retinanevada.com)
  • In the very center of the retina is the macula, which contains the highest concentration of light-sensitive cells, called cones. (brightfocus.org)
  • The macula is found in the center of the retina, where the light focuses. (weebly.com)
  • Retinal nerve fibers exit the eye through the optic nerve, located nasally and on the same plane as the anatomical center of the retina. (medscape.com)
  • The center of the optic disc is located 4.5 mm to 5 mm nasal to the anatomical center of the retina. (medscape.com)
  • The center of the retina provides the greatest resolving power of the eye. (medscape.com)
  • The retina then sends these signals along the optic nerve (a cable of more than 1,000,000 nerve fibers) to the brain. (kidshealth.org)
  • Without a retina or optic nerve, the eye can't communicate with the brain, making vision impossible. (kidshealth.org)
  • The wire has to travel over the surface of the retina to a point where it dives through a hole in the retina (the so-called 'blind spot') to join the optic nerve. (answersingenesis.org)
  • The retina is the light, sensitive layer of tissue that lines the back of the eye and transmits visual information via the optic nerve to the brain. (brightfocus.org)
  • As the ophthalmic artery traverses the optic nerve, it gives off the central retinal artery and, more distally, the posterior ciliary arteries. (medscape.com)
  • A watershed area is delineated near the head of the optic nerve between the posterior ciliary artery and the central retinal artery. (medscape.com)
  • A magnifying lens will be used to examine the tissues at the back of the eye, including the retina (light-sensitive tissue), the macula (the central region of the retina required for straight-ahead vision), and the optic nerve. (hernandosun.com)
  • The average healthy retina is 250-µm thick immediately adjacent to the temporal margin of the optic nerve. (medscape.com)
  • Though small, the macula is the most light sensitive area of the retina, and it permits detailed focus of objects located centrally in the field of vision. (naturalnews.com)
  • An uncommon, inherited eye condition known as Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy (VMR) affects the macula, the area of the retina in the center of the eye that provides clear central vision. (lowvisionaids.org)
  • To evaluate the effect of half-dose verteporfin photodynamic therapy (PDT) on macular function in cases of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). (entokey.com)
  • 3. History of transpupillary thermotherapy, photodynamic therapy or external-beam radiation therapy in the region of study eye. (who.int)
  • Vision may decrease due to edema/swelling of the retina, after the laser treatment. (advancedeyenj.com)
  • Cystoid macular edema or CME, is a painless disorder which affects the central retina or macula. (kembrel.com)
  • This swelling, called macular edema, can last for more than a year. (weebly.com)
  • The treatment for macular edema is laser. (weebly.com)
  • Delivery of corticosteroids directly into the eye is more effective than injections adjacent to the eye, according to results from a comparative clinical trial of macular edema in patients with noninfectious uveitis. (eurekalert.org)
  • About 40 percent of people with uveitis affecting the middle or back of the eye develop macular edema, a build-up of fluid in the macula, which is the region of the retina responsible for central vision. (eurekalert.org)
  • But additional treatment with regional corticosteroid injections is often needed to treat macular edema. (eurekalert.org)
  • Macular edema is a significant structural ocular complication of uveitis, which causes loss of visual acuity," said Jennifer E. Thorne, M.D., Ph.D., professor of ophthalmology and epidemiology at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions and the lead author of the study, "so it's important to be able to treat this condition effectively in order to restore central acuity and prevent retinal damage. (eurekalert.org)
  • At the eight-week primary outcome visit, all treatment groups had improvements in macular edema when compared to baseline. (eurekalert.org)
  • However, the two intravitreal groups had larger reductions in macular edema when compared to the results in the periocular treatment group. (eurekalert.org)
  • While each of these three treatments have been studied previously and have been shown to be effective in treating macular edema complications of uveitis, this is the first head-to-head comparison. (eurekalert.org)
  • What is Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy? (lowvisionaids.org)
  • These include North Carolina Macular Dystrophy, Sorsby Syndrome (in which patients also have a variable degree of hand and foot deformity) and Progressive Bifocal Chorioretinal Atrophy. (fightforsight.org.uk)
  • The disease shares a number of clinical and pathologic similarities with Best macular dystrophy (BMD), and cmr is proposed as a new large animal model for Best disease. (upenn.edu)
  • A new type of macular dystrophy, which is a cause of central vision loss, has been discovered through genetic and clinical research. (healthytips247.com)
  • The researchers have published their findings on the unnamed new macular dystrophy in the journal JAMA Ophthalmology . (healthytips247.com)
  • Mission Statement: The Lowy Medical Research Institute is dedicated to preventing vision loss in people with macular telangiectasia type 2 (MacTel). (lmri.net)
  • In people without cataracts, the lens is crystal clear and allows light to pass through and focus on the retina. (kidshealth.org)
  • In this study we evaluated changes in functional macular mapping obtained by the MP-1 microperimeter in patients with chronic CSC during a 6-month follow-up of half-dose PDT therapy. (entokey.com)
  • Aim: To examine ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness detected by optical coherence tomography (OCT) in patients using hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), without any structural and functional macular changes to evaluate the initial symptoms of macular toxicity for early diagnosis before clinical evaluation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Yellow protein deposits called drusen (extracellular waste products from metabolism) form and accumulate under the retina between the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) layer and the Bruch's membrane, which supports the retina. (brightfocus.org)
  • The damaging effects of light are combined with the retina's high oxygen tension, which increases the chance of oxidative damage in the retina. (lmri.net)
  • While there is visible damage in the retina (dark circles), there is no choroidal neovascularization present. (healthytips247.com)
  • Fundus albipunctatus is an eye disorder characterized by an impaired ability to see in low light (night blindness) and the presence of whitish-yellow flecks in the retina, which is the specialized light-sensitive tissue in the inner lining of the back of the eye (the fundus). (medlineplus.gov)
  • This painless condition gradually impairs central vision in both eyes, while leaving peripheral vision intact, thus avoiding total blindness. (eyecareofunionsquare.com)
  • Although dry AMD does not cause complete blindness, in its most advanced form, geographic atrophy, it can cause profound central vision loss, severely affecting a person's quality of life. (brightfocus.org)
  • Then he will put drops in both your eyes to dilate the pupils and examine the retina. (weebly.com)
  • Then a special contact lens will be put on your cornea to examine the retina and the macula. (weebly.com)
  • Serous neurosensory macular detachment in patients with CSC leads to visual symptoms involving metamorphopsia, blurred vision, and micropsia in a relatively young and middle-aged population [ 1 - 5 ]. (plos.org)
  • The disease affects the retina, the paper-thin tissue lining the back of the eye. (brightfocus.org)
  • This enables us to have disease and affects many parts of the a stereoscopic view of the retina and its body, including the eye, leading to visual A retrospective observational study vasculature. (who.int)
  • Loss of peripheral vision impairs this ability, and leaves central vision intact. (healthgrades.com)
  • General vision loss refers to a decrease or impairment in both central and peripheral vision. (healthgrades.com)
  • This procedure sacrifices peripheral vision in order to save as much of the central vision as possible and to save the eye itself. (advancedeyenj.com)
  • The rest of the retina is responsible for the peripheral vision. (weebly.com)
  • In many states, central visual acuity and peripheral vision are routinely tested by the Department of Motor Vehicles when a license is renewed. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Using imaging algorithms, they then determined which regions of the choriocapillaris had deficient blood flow, thus creating a heat map of the blood supply to the retinal pigment epithelium. (wikipedia.org)
  • The retina consists of ten layers (Figure 3), of which the outermost is the dark retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) which because of its melanin pigment is opaque to light. (answersingenesis.org)
  • At the center of the macula, the carotenoids lutein (L), zeaxanthin (Z), and meso-Z, are concentrated, where they are collectively referred to as macular pigment (MP). (wit.ie)
  • 3) Investigate if weight loss is associated with changes in serum concentrations of L and Z, and/or macular pigment optical density (MPOD) (Study Three). (wit.ie)
  • RESULTS Study One: The Spatial Profile of Macular Pigment and its Relationship with Foveal Architecture Subjects who had the typical decline profile still had this profile after averaging repeated measures (Group 1). (wit.ie)
  • Study Two: The Spatial Profile of Macular Pigment and its Relationship with Risk Factors for AMD The presence of the 'central dip' MP spatial profile was significantly more common in older subjects (p = 0.004) and in current cigarette smokers, (p = 0.031). (wit.ie)
  • According to the study, the nutrients are concentrated in the macula lutea, an essential part of the macular pigment, implicating them in protecting eyes and vision. (nutriavenue.com)
  • Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), which is characterized by focal serous retinal detachment in the macular area, is often accompanied by pinpoint leakage from the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) that is seen on fluorescein angiography. (entokey.com)
  • Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is characterized by serous neurosensory retinal detachment at the posterior pole due to leakage from the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) [ 1 - 5 ]. (plos.org)
  • The outermost layer of the retina, the retinal pigment epithelium, is tightly attached to the choroid. (medscape.com)
  • The examiner sees the neurosensory retina against the background orange color of the melanin containing retinal pigment epithelium and blood-filled choroidal layer of the eye. (medscape.com)
  • There is a potential space between the neurosensory retina and the retinal pigment epithelium. (medscape.com)
  • In a retinal detachment, this space fills with fluid and detaches the neurosensory retina from the underlying retinal pigment epithelium. (medscape.com)
  • It's called dry because there is no capillary leakage in that region of the eye. (naturalnews.com)
  • Macular Week is all about sensitizing and informing patients, associations, professionals and society of latest achievements on macular degenerative pathologies. (dbgen.com)
  • VLD vessel length density, PD perfusion density, superficial super ficial capillary plexus, deep deep capillary plexus, retina whole retina, FAZ foveal avascular zone, r Pearson 's correlation coefficient, P signi ficance, values in bold are statistically signi ficant. (medscape.org)
  • This central avascular region is known as the foveal avascular zone (FAZ). (kembrel.com)
  • Macular dystrophies are disorders that often result in central vision loss due to abnormalities in various genes, including ABCA4, BEST1, PRPH2, and TIMP3. (healthytips247.com)
  • Histologic features of a normal fovea comprise a central area exclusively containing cones with elongated outer segments (OS) underlying a capillary-free zone and surrounded by separation of inner retinal layers. (kembrel.com)
  • A new disease that damages the macula, a small region of the light-sensing retina required for sharp, central vision, has been discovered by National Eye Institute (NEI) researchers. (healthytips247.com)
  • The project aim is to determine the molecular pathology of a set of three disorders exhibiting a similar congenital ocular phenotype in which the fovea and macular do not develop normally. (fightforsight.org.uk)
  • Assuming that the ocular media (cornea, anterior chamber, lens, and vitreous) are not cloudy, the living retina can be examined using a direct or indirect ophthalmoscope or a retinal lens at the slit lamp. (medscape.com)
  • These carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin, along with its derivative mesozeaxanthin, are the macular pigments. (lmri.net)
  • By interacting with other pigments in the retina when light strikes them, lutein and zeaxanthin may protect the eye from oxidative damage, according to current studies. (nutriavenue.com)
  • Central vision is the ability to see straight ahead and the surrounding detail. (healthgrades.com)
  • Central vision loss is a loss or impairment to this range of vision. (healthgrades.com)
  • Transient vision loss refers to episodes of temporary or reversible vision loss lasting less than 24 hours Trusted Source PubMed Central Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health Go to source . (healthgrades.com)
  • At its center is the macula, the critical region of the retina, which processes sharp, detailed central vision and color perception. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Loss of central vision results in difficulty reading, driving, and recognizing faces. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • AMD is an eye disease that leads to macular damage and subsequent loss of central vision. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Diminished central vision clarity occurs gradually. (naturalnews.com)
  • The macula is the area located at the centre of the retina is responsible for detailed, fine central vision. (second-opinions.co.uk)
  • Twelve patients (92.3%) noted central vision impairment. (cdc.gov)
  • The retina plays an essential role in vision function. (retinanevada.com)
  • At the back of the retina is the macula, the region of the eye that is responsible for sharp, clear central vision. (retinanevada.com)
  • When both eyes are affected, the loss of central vision can be also quickly recognized and even a word on a page looks blurred. (aanos.org)
  • Macular pigments are important for maintaining the health of the eye and preserving vision. (lmri.net)
  • AMD, a chronic eye condition affecting the retina's central region, progressively impairs vision. (chaseyoursuccess.com)
  • An uncommon eye problem called a macular pucker can make your vision wavy or blurry. (lowvisionaids.org)
  • Which genes are key to developing the eye's central vision light-detector? (fightforsight.org.uk)
  • Targeted laser applications can treat specific areas in the central vision that are leaking. (advancedeyenj.com)
  • The goal of pan-retinal photocoagulation is to prevent the development of new vessels over the retina and elsewhere, not to regain lost vision. (advancedeyenj.com)
  • It does not treat the central or macular region because this would likely cause serious loss of vision. (advancedeyenj.com)
  • The macula, a vital region of the retina responsible for central vision and intricate detail perception, is central to AMD. (eyecareofunionsquare.com)
  • Cones provide sharp, detailed, central vision used in activities like driving and reading. (brightfocus.org)
  • However, as more and more of the cells die, central vision worsens. (brightfocus.org)
  • Because the macula, the part of the retina responsible for central vision, is affected by the occluded veins part of central vision may be lost. (weebly.com)
  • The most common symptom of Central retinal vein occlusion is loss of vision or blurring of part or all of the vision in one eye. (weebly.com)
  • ARMD1 MIM603075]) is the leading cause of central vision loss in the elderly and is estimated to affect over 50 million people worldwide. (dovepress.com)
  • The macular region is responsible for central vision, i.e., looking straight ahead. (diabetichealthinfo.com)
  • Lutein is thought to play a role in eye health by protecting the delicate cells of the eye that are critical for central vision. (diabetichealthinfo.com)
  • AMD is a disease with a progressive loss of central vision involving the retina of the macular region, which can lead to irreversible vision loss in patients. (ask-gene.com)
  • It results in minimized central vision because of the thinning of the macular, the part controlling clear vision. (vrcny.com)
  • In particluar, lutein is a powerful antioxidant known to be deposited especially in the lens and the macular region of the retina, the area responsible for central vision.This new, expanded formula may be used as a multivitamin, multimineral formula as well. (vitaliving.com)
  • This area, responsible for central vision, is known as the macula. (medscape.com)
  • INTRODUCTION The macula is the central region of the retina and is responsible for sharpest visual acuity. (wit.ie)
  • The macula is the central part of the light-detecting layer of the eye (the retina). (fightforsight.org.uk)
  • In these studies BCVA is the standard way to measure visual performance, but it does not describe the full extent of the functional impact on visual performance in patients with compromised central visual fields attributable to chronic CSC. (entokey.com)
  • The value of testing macular function by central microperimetry in chronic CSC has been shown extensively. (entokey.com)
  • Nearsightedness occurs when the length of your eyeball is too lengthy, causing light rays to travel too far to reach a point of focus on your retina. (doctoromarchughtai.com)
  • Farsightedness occurs when your eyeball is too short, resulting in light rays entering your eye and arriving at a point of focus outside your retina. (doctoromarchughtai.com)
  • Many retina-related problems involve the vitreous humor. (retinacanada.com)
  • With age, the vitreous changes shape and can also cause retina tears and possible retinal detachments. (retinacanada.com)
  • Anterior chamber depth, axial length, intraocular pressure, lens thickness, central corneal thickness, steep and flat values in keratometry, corrected visual acuity in both eyes, anterior chamber cells, and vitreous cells were measured and compared between three groups (two uveitis groups - active and inactive - and control group). (bvsalud.org)
  • The mean ± SD central foveal thickness was manually measured as 170 ± 18 μm, approximately 12 μm less than the value automatically obtained from the OCT3 software….Table 1. (kembrel.com)
  • This difference in thickness in the central and noncentral portions of the macula can be appreciated when the eye is examined with an ophthalmoscope. (medscape.com)
  • Results: In the comparison of the median values of axial length, central corneal thickness, and steep and flat values of keratometry, the values of the patients with active uveitis were higher than the ones in the control group in each parameter, but no significant difference was observed. (bvsalud.org)
  • A ring of macular pigments is visible in this MacTel eye. (lmri.net)
  • An unaffected eye would have macular pigments in the entire circle. (lmri.net)
  • Macular pigments are derived from a diet rich in fruits and vegetables. (lmri.net)
  • Macular pigments protect photoreceptors in the macula by absorbing damaging blue and near-ultraviolet light. (lmri.net)
  • Macular pigments are also powerful antioxidants. (lmri.net)
  • In macular telangiectasia type 2, the retina has an abnormal distribution of macular pigments. (lmri.net)
  • The pigments are arranged in a ring around the macula, with the center of the ring devoid of macular pigments. (lmri.net)
  • In the eye, carotenoids are concentrated in the central region of the retina, known as the macula. (lmri.net)
  • Lutein is selectively concentrated in the lens of the eye and is responsible for the yellow coloration of the macular region of the retina. (diabetichealthinfo.com)
  • The retina is the primary site of injury caused by photocoagulation. (aerzteblatt.de)
  • To fix a tear or hole in the eye and help hold your retina in place, the surgeon may apply a freezing probe (cryopexy) or use a laser to create a small area of ​​burn (photocoagulation). (innovacare.com.tr)
  • To investigate long-term treatment response after intravitreal bevacizumab injections (IVBIs) for central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). (plos.org)
  • Kang HM, Choi JH, Koh HJ, Lee SC (2020) Long-term treatment response after intravitreal bevacizumab injections for patients with central serous chorioretinopathy. (plos.org)
  • The 'inverted' arrangement of the vertebrate retina, in which light has to pass through several inner layers of its neural apparatus before reaching the photoreceptors, has long been the butt of derision by evolutionists who claim that it is inefficient, and therefore evidence against design. (answersingenesis.org)
  • This article reviews the reasons for our having the inverted retina and why the opposite arrangement (the verted retina), in which the photoreceptors are innermost and the first layer to receive incident light, would be liable to fail in creatures who have inverted retinas. (answersingenesis.org)
  • In our series of 7 cases, we documented impaired visual acuity, central visual field defects, circumscribed and sometimes complex changes of retinal reflectivity, and intraretinal fluid. (aerzteblatt.de)
  • In addition, lasers can be used to seal retinal tears to prevent fluid build-up and the development of retina detachments. (retinacanada.com)
  • People with diabetes are at increased risk for Central retinal vein occlusion. (weebly.com)
  • In fact, the longer someone has diabetes, the more likely they are to have retinopathy (damage to the retina) from the disease. (willowlawneyecare.com)
  • Lasers and surgeries represent the main modalities for the treatment of most retina diseases. (retinacanada.com)
  • More advanced retina diseases may require surgical intervention in the operating room. (retinacanada.com)
  • LASER stands for ( L ight A mplification by S timulated E mission of R adiation), is a high-energy beam of light that can be used to treat a number of retina diseases. (retinacanada.com)
  • Over 200 mutations in the retina specific member of the ATP-binding cassette transporter superfamily (ABCA4) have been associated with a diverse group of human retinal diseases. (upenn.edu)
  • The center of the ring is in the "MacTel zone," or the region of the retina that is affected by the disease. (lmri.net)
  • During the course of the disease, many patients will experience swelling in the central region of the macula. (weebly.com)
  • This systematic review was compiled according to the PRISMA criteria ( 7 ) and included an electronic literature search in PubMed and Web of Science up to and including January 2017 using the keywords laser pointer retina, laser pointer maculopathy, laser pointer eye, and laser pointers. (aerzteblatt.de)
  • They then found that regions of the choriocapillaris which had less blood flow were more likely to degenerate and become geographic atrophy. (wikipedia.org)
  • After treatment, BCVA and central 10-degree, 20-degree, paracentral 10-degree to 20-degree, and PDT laser spot area retinal sensitivity were improved significantly. (entokey.com)
  • Ophthalmic complications associated with DF and temperate regions of the world. (cdc.gov)
  • After several microscopic branches emerge from the ICA in the petrous region, the ophthalmic artery proceeds toward the globe. (medscape.com)
  • There are two circulations to the retina, both supplied by the ophthalmic artery, the first branch of the internal carotid artery on each side. (medscape.com)
  • Initially, patients often have good visual acuity if the GA lesions are not involved in the central macular, or foveal, region of the retina. (wikipedia.org)
  • We performed a transient macular rash is often seen on day 1 to day 2 of ill- retrospective analysis of a series of 13 patients with ness. (cdc.gov)
  • All patients recovered dengue shock syndrome (DSS), is associated with visual acuity to 20/30 or better with residual central sco- toma by 12 weeks. (cdc.gov)
  • The procedure provides exact localization of the tested region on the retina, even in patients with unstable fixation. (entokey.com)
  • RÉSUMÉ Nous avons évalué les causes des déficiences visuelles et de la cécité chez 694 patients diabétiques ayant consulté dans notre centre des soins oculaires à Sanaa (Yémen) entre 2001 et 2005 en examinant leur dossier médical. (who.int)
  • In biological terms this arrangement of the retina is said to be inverted because the visual cells are oriented so that their sensory ends are directed away from incident light (Figure 1). (answersingenesis.org)
  • The spectrum of damage ranged from focal photoreceptor defects to macular foramina and retinal hemorrhages associated with loss of visual acuity and central scotoma. (aerzteblatt.de)
  • Its diameter is 0.5mm, the central 1.5 degrees of an individual's visual field. (kembrel.com)
  • It is of great importance to follow your surgeons' instructions as they are vital for the healing of the retina and maximizing your visual potential. (retinacanada.com)
  • The visual field commonly shows an inferior altitudinal defect, although all visual field defects, including central and arcuate scotomas, can occur with this optic neuropathy. (medscape.com)
  • 3. The visual evoked response reflects the integrity of the afferent visual pathway (damage anywhere from the retina to the occipital cortex may alter the signal). (stanford.edu)
  • 4. It is primarily a function of central visual function because such a large region of the occipital cortex near the recording electrodes is devoted to macular projections. (stanford.edu)
  • Nerve fibers within the retina send electrical signals to the brain, which then interprets these signals as visual images. (medscape.com)
  • However, there are no reliable data on either the baseline causative disorders of visual impairment or the burden of these disorders on the population in Izmir region. (who.int)
  • An image of the external environment is thus focused on the retina which transduces light into neural signals and is the innermost (relative to the geometric centre of the eyeball) of the three tunics of the eye's posterior segment. (answersingenesis.org)
  • The other two tunics of the eye's posterior segment are the white tough fibrous sclera which is outermost and continuous with the cornea anteriorly, and the choroid , a pigmented and highly vascular layer which lies sandwiched between the retina and sclera. (answersingenesis.org)
  • The human retina is located on the inner surface of the posterior two-thirds to three-quarters of the eye. (medscape.com)
  • Immunocytochemistry of normal canine retina demonstrated specific localization of protein to the RPE basolateral plasma membranes. (upenn.edu)