Macrophages mononuclear cells. Medical search. Frequent questions

Dermal macrophages belong to the mononuclear phagocyte system that serves a vital role in the innate immunity of the skin. (wikipedia.org)
Dermal macrophages can phagocytose and digest foreign substances similar to other cell types in the mononuclear phagocyte system. (wikipedia.org)
They construct the mononuclear phagocyte system together with dendritic and Langerhans cells. (wikipedia.org)
Macrophages and monocytes are members of the mononuclear phagocyte system. (medscape.com)
Monocytes and tissue macrophages represent two main branches of the mononuclear phagocyte system, and they have complementary roles during immunological challenges. (nature.com)
Specifically, we study the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) with an emphasis on their role in the tumor microenvironment. (upenn.edu)
Largely the product of mononuclear phagocyte activation, it is unclear whether TNF-α production at disease sites is a feature of all mononuclear phagocytes that accumulate there or whether it is secreted by a subset of these cells. (ersjournals.com)
It is hypothesised that mononuclear phagocyte TNF-α production early in the pathophysiology of granuloma formation is a pivotal factor in the initiation of disease. (ersjournals.com)
This network of fixed and mobile phagocytes that engulf foreign antigens and cell debris previously was called the reticuloendothelial system and is now referred to as the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS). (lupusresearch.org)
The term mononuclear phagocyte system has replaced the former reticuloendothelial system, which also included less active phagocytic cells such as fibroblasts and endothelial cells. (bvsalud.org)

The present study examined the effects of Sia + IgG on human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-derived monocyte and macrophage surface marker expression and cytokine/chemokine secretion. (scirp.org)
Tumor-Derived Retinoic Acid Regulates Intratumoral Monocyte Differentiation to Promote Immune Suppression Cell. (upenn.edu)
Osteoclasts are bone resorbing, multinucleate cells that differentiate from mononuclear macrophage/monocyte-lineage hematopoietic precursor cells. (jci.org)
Using the reverse haemolytic plaque assay, the aims of this study were to determine if the upregulation of TNF-α could be confirmed and to investigate whether this was monocyte or macrophage specific. (ersjournals.com)
To reveal the risk factors, the symptom distribution characteristics, the clinical values of white blood cell counts (WBC counts), red blood cell distribution width (RDW), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) in hospitalized patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) combined with depression and/or anxiety. (dovepress.com)

Pathologically, at an early stage, there is an influx of mononuclear cells followed by lymphocytes. (ersjournals.com)
Pulmonary exposure to NQ dose-dependently aggravated antigen-related airway inflammation, as characterised by infiltration of eosinophils and lymphocytes around the airways and an increase in goblet cells in the bronchial epithelium. (ersjournals.com)
Pristane-induced chronic inflammation has been characterized by the continuous recruitment of leukocytes, including lymphocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages, to the peritoneal cavity and the spleen [ 6 - 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
In addition to lymphocytes, dendritic cells can also produce LT α [ 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
Supernatants of L. infantum -infected macrophage cultures, with or without addition of autologous lymphocytes, were assayed for NO production by Griess reaction for nitrites. (biomedcentral.com)
Most T cells in the epithelium and adjacent to the damaged basal keratinocytes are activated CD8 + lymphocytes. (medscape.com)
Activated CD8 + T cells (and possibly keratinocytes) may release cytokines that attract additional lymphocytes into the developing lesion. (medscape.com)
The initial tissue reaction to infection is a focal, intensely suppurative necrosis consisting largely of accumulations of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, followed by invasion of macrophages, epithelioid cells, and lymphocytes. (cdc.gov)
Dr Hohlfeld explained that alemtuzumab works by binding to CD52 expressed by many types of immune cells, including T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and eosinophils, which are then cleared from the blood and are gradually replaced at different rates. (medscape.com)
Besides eliminating circulating mononuclear cell subsets, alemtuzumab might have depleted lymphocytes in compartments (eg, intraepithelial lymphocytes) that are normally spared," they suggest. (medscape.com)

Thus, organ- and disease phase-specific microenvironments determine macrophage and dendritic cell heterogeneity in a temporal and spatial manner, which assures their support to maintain and regain homeostasis in whatever condition. (hindawi.com)
J) THP-1-derived dendritic cell. (cdc.gov)
Sia + IgG induced increased expression of CD80 and dendritic cell immunoreceptor (DCIR) on monocytes, whereas the expression of HLA-DR was decreased. (scirp.org)
Among their other immunological properties, MSC inhibit lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production, suppress dendritic cell function and alter DC cytokine production, and decrease IFN-g production by NK cells. (vin.com)

The effects of recombinant interleukins-1 beta,2,3,interferon-gamma, and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor were tested in the same system. (bmj.com)
Recombinant granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor was a weak stimulus to epithelial DNA synthesis, interleukin-1 beta was weakly inhibitory but other cytokines tested did not have any effect. (bmj.com)
Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor is probably important in controlling epithelial cell growth. (bmj.com)

Lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMCs) and peripheral blood monocytes (PBMs) were obtained from patients with Crohn's disease and control patients. (nih.gov)
No differences in the average levels of TNF-α secretion by peripheral blood monocytes or alveolar macrophages were observed. (ersjournals.com)
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) was evaluated with FRβ positive CHO cells as target cells and isolated peripheral blood monocytes as effector cells in an in vitro assay. (biomedcentral.com)

Most tissues harbor resident mononuclear phagocytes, that is, dendritic cells and macrophages. (hindawi.com)
An immune-centric view assumes that a particular priming of phagocytes then causes a particular type of pathology in target tissues, conceptually similar to antigen-specific T-cell priming. (hindawi.com)
Mononuclear phagocytes are a group of phenotypic distinct members, often referred to as either macrophages or dendritic cells (DC), that derive from myeloid precursors and that contribute to the functions of peripheral tissues [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
A more tissue-centric view of these processes, claiming that the tissues define phenotype and function of resident and infiltrating immune cells to meet tissues needs during homeostasis and disease, seems provocative [ 4 , 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
All solid organs and most other tissues harbor a network of DC or macrophages (Table 1 ). (hindawi.com)
Histiocytoses encompass a group of diverse proliferative disorders characterized by the accumulation and infiltration of variable numbers of monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells in the affected tissues. (medscape.com)
Macrophages are phagocytes found in tissues and maintain tissue homeostasis, regulate inflammation, and play a significant role in host protection. (frontiersin.org)
Mature osteoclasts expressing TRAP-tdTomato signals ( A ), green fluorescent signals from high H + concentration ( B ), and merged images ( C ). Green fluorescent signals from the H + probes overlapped with static (low CDI, arrowheads) but not moving (high CDI, asterisk) osteoclasts, suggesting that former cells are secreting protons actively and resorbing bone tissues when observed in vivo. (jci.org)
Transplanted CAR stem cells persisted long term and showed multilineage engraftment in tissues that harbor HIV. (the-scientist.com)
Monocytes circulate in the bloodstream for about 24 hr and then move into tissues, at which point they mature into macrophages, which are long lived. (lupusresearch.org)
Recent years have brought increased interest in the potential for adult stem cells to help in the treatment of many diseases through both their regenerative properties as well as their apparent ability to alter the environment in injured and diseased tissues. (vin.com)
Adult stem cells can be obtained from many differentiated tissues including but not limited to bone marrow, bone, fat, and muscle. (vin.com)
Resting macrophages, which are abundant in normal tissues and participate in homeostasis, have not been found to express FRβ. (biomedcentral.com)

For example, organs like the lung and the liver are exposed to pathogen components from the air or from the gut barrier, respectively, which explains the predominance of a macrophage phenotype that has a higher capacity for phagocytic clearance of pathogen components. (hindawi.com)
A mononuclear phagocytic white blood cell derived from myeloid stem cells. (lupusresearch.org)
Macrophage abundance and phagocytosis were assessed with immunolabeling for pan-macrophage and phagocytic markers, in conjunction with TUNEL staining in cohorts of C3 KO and WT mice. (molvis.org)
Mononuclear cells with pronounced phagocytic ability that are distributed extensively in lymphoid and other organs. (bvsalud.org)

They can acquire an M1 or M2 phenotype to promote or suppress an inflammatory response, thereby influencing other cells' activity via the production of pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokines. (wikipedia.org)
However, M2 macrophages support tumour growth and invasion by the production of Th2 cytokines such as TGFβ and IL-10. (wikipedia.org)
In this process, cytokines like CSF1 are essential in facilitating the differentiation of monocytes into tissue-resident dermal macrophages and their survival. (wikipedia.org)
In macrophage-colony stimulating factor (MCSF) generated macrophages, Sia + IgG induced increased production of numerous cytokines/ chemokines including IL-6, TNFα, CXCL1, and IL-10, and the expression of the macrophage surface marker CD163. (scirp.org)
D. Bruder, E. , O. Richards, J. , M. Michel, K. and Oaks, M. (2016) Differential Effects of Alternative Glycoforms of IgG on Human Monocytes and Macrophages: Sialylated IgG Induces Novel Expression Signatures of Cell Surface Markers, Cytokines, and Chemokines. (scirp.org)
Macrophages play a significant role in many processes, such as the human immune function, parasite infection, and tissue remodeling by secreting cytokines and producing reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates. (frontiersin.org)
The aim of the present study was to elucidate the effects of NQ on airway inflammation, the local expression of cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-5 and chemokines such as eotaxin, macrophage chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC) and Ig production related to antigen exposure. (ersjournals.com)
There is evidence that 2D or 3D culturing conditions have an impact on the cells' secretome, and here we aimed to compare the secretion of cytokines and growth factors in human MSCs from different sources cultured in 2D and 3D conditions and assess their effect on human macrophages polarization in vitro. (biomedcentral.com)
Cytokines are known to regulate the migration of neutrophils and macrophages during inflammation. (hindawi.com)
As the two major cell types in the spleen, B cells and T cells produce cytokines and chemokines [ 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
Each phase is characterized by the sequential elaboration of distinctive cytokines by specific cells. (medscape.com)

Osteoclast, derived from macrophage-mononuclear lineage, is a special myeloid cell. (frontiersin.org)
Previous studies have investigated the heterogenous nature of peritoneal myeloid mononuclear cells. (nih.gov)
In the present study, we delineate the subsets of myeloid mononuclear cells in the mouse peritoneal cavity. (nih.gov)
Considering phenotypical, functional, and ontogenic features, peritoneal myeloid mononuclear cells are divided into 5 subsets: large peritoneal macrophages (LPMs), small peritoneal macrophages (SPMs), DCs, and 2 MHCII+CD11c+CD115+ subpopulations (i.e. (nih.gov)
Folate receptor beta (FRβ) is only detectable in placenta and limited to some hematopoietic cells of myeloid lineage in healthy people. (biomedcentral.com)

G) Other cells from PBMCs (CD4-, CD8-, CD19- cell populations). (cdc.gov)
Further transcriptomic analysis of isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and PMNs from patients with acute brucellosis before treatment initiation and after successful treatment revealed a positive correlation of the molecular signature of active disease with pathways associated with response to interferons (IFN). (frontiersin.org)
We identified 24 common genes that were significantly altered in both PMNs and PBMCs, including genes involved in IFN signaling that were downregulated after treatment in both cell populations, and IL1R1 that was upregulated. (frontiersin.org)
Researchers employ peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in clinical and academic applications related to the immune system and regenerative medicine. (the-scientist.com)
We hypothesized that this poor response is associated with a reduced effect of corticosteroids to inhibit cytokine release from activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). (nih.gov)

Our data extended prior observations of Sia + IgG on DC function and showed that Sia + IgG was able to differentially modulate multiple pathways in monocytes and macrophages. (scirp.org)
A greater number of alveolar macrophages produced TNF-α compared to autologous monocytes in sarcoidosis but not in controls and, based on cell size, it was confirmed that this was the product of more mature macrophages and that the secretion of TNF-α by monocytes and macrophages was heterogeneous: not all monocytes and macrophages secrete TNF-α. (ersjournals.com)
Monocytes and macrophages are one of the first lines of defense in the inflammatory process. (lupusresearch.org)

The lamina propria of the small intestine is the main site of the intestinal immune system, which contains a large number of macrophages, CD4 T cells, and dendritic cells. (frontiersin.org)
Production of epithelial cell growth factors by lamina propria mononuclear cells. (bmj.com)
The effects of lamina propria mononuclear cell culture supernatant on epithelial cell DNA synthesis were studied using cells isolated from patients with inflammatory bowel disease and normal controls. (bmj.com)
Resting lamina propria mononuclear cells produce factors that increase DNA synthesis. (bmj.com)
Multinucleated giant cells, when present, cluster near the disrupted elastic lamina. (msdmanuals.com)

RNA sequencing was performed in primary human macrophages (Mφ) and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) infected with a clinical strain of Brucella spp. (frontiersin.org)
Umbilical cord-derived MSCs' conditioned media hold great potential for therapeutic use, demonstrating significant anti-inflammatory effect on human macrophages. (biomedcentral.com)
MSCs have been shown to suppress both the transition of human macrophages from the M0 to M1 state and the pro-inflammatory activity of macrophages already polarized into the M1 state [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

We further discuss how injuries alter tissue environments and how this primes mononuclear phagocytes to enforce this particular environment, for example, to support host defense and pathogen clearance, to support the resolution of inflammation, to support epithelial and mesenchymal healing, and to support the resolution of fibrosis to the smallest possible scar. (hindawi.com)
His interests then broadened to the impact of these oxidants on neighbouring cells during inflammation, and the controlled generation of oxidants by other cells during normal metabolism. (otago.ac.nz)
In addition, the effects of macrophages in the occurrence and development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and their role in inducing fibrosis, activating T cells, reducing colitis, and treating intestinal inflammation were also reviewed in this paper. (frontiersin.org)
MSCs are reported to contribute both to the inflammation initiation and to its resolution via complex cross talk with immune cells, most importantly macrophages [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Activation of macrophages into different states is a finely tuned process essential for proper resolution of inflammation and tissue repair. (biomedcentral.com)
We found that the loss of IL-6 decreased macrophage recruitment to the spleen and the peritoneal cavity during pristane-induced inflammation. (hindawi.com)

Macrophage aggregates and granulomas were found in rats. (cdc.gov)
Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disease of unknown aetiology characterised by the presence of multiple epithelioid cell granulomas at disease sites. (ersjournals.com)
Mice deficient for TNF α develop defective oil granulomas with reduced recruitment of macrophages and neutrophils [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
Suppurative lesions become granulomatous, and histopathological examination of the granulomas shows a central necrotic, sometimes caseating, zone surrounded by a layer of epithelioid cells, multinucleated giant cells, and fibroblasts in a radial arrangement, typical of other granulomatous conditions such as tuberculosis and sarcoidosis. (cdc.gov)
Mononuclear cell infiltrates in the adventitia form granulomas containing activated T cells and macrophages. (msdmanuals.com)

The prenatal portion of tissue-resident dermal macrophages is produced from yolk-sac derived precursors. (wikipedia.org)

The prenatal population of dermal macrophages is gradually replaced by the recruitment and differentiation of circulating progenitors in adulthood. (wikipedia.org)
Therefore, the differentiation of monocytes to dermal macrophages is CSF-1/CSF1R dependent. (wikipedia.org)
We have previously shown that the sialic acid-containing (Sia + ) fraction of intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) influences cell surface marker expression and cytokine/ chemokine secretion during the differentiation and maturation of human dendritic cells (DC). (scirp.org)
Its differentiation and function are mainly regulated by macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M- CSF), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B(RANK) ( 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
There is a growing body of evidence that multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells' (MSCs') remarkable therapeutic potential is attributed not only to their differentiation and regenerative capacity, but also to the paracrine effect, underlying their immunomodulatory properties. (biomedcentral.com)
The power of the thiol proteinases to cleave a multitude of substrates in response to calcium mineral activation allows their involvement in a variety of cell processes offering cell motility, sign transduction, apoptosis, cell differentiation and legislation of the cytoskeleton (3). (exposed-skin-care.net)

The current authors have recently shown that PQ induces recruitment of inflammatory cells, such as eosinophils and neutrophils, into the lung with the lung expression of pro-inflammatory molecules such as interleukin (IL)-5 and eotaxin in vivo 24 . (ersjournals.com)
The loss of TNF α delayed the recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages to the spleen and inhibited the recruitment of neutrophils, macrophages, B cells, and T cells. (hindawi.com)
The recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages into the spleen or peritoneal cavity was largely inhibited in the absence of LT α . (hindawi.com)
The loss of TNF α receptor 1/2 resulted in reduced recruitment of neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells into the spleen, but only neutrophil recruitment was inhibited in the peritoneal cavity. (hindawi.com)
Similarly, a lack of B cells significantly impeded the recruitment of neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells to the spleen. (hindawi.com)
LT α is also required for the recruitment of dendritic cells, neutrophils, and macrophages to the mesentery in response to pristane [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
The migration of inflammatory leukocytes, including dendritic cells, neutrophils, and macrophages, to the peritoneal mesentery has been shown to be promoted in LAT −/− (lack mature T cells) mice but inhibited in μ MT (lack mature B cells) mice during the pristane-induced immune response [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
These growth factors act on surrounding cells and stimulate chemotaxis of neutrophils, monocytes, and fibroblasts to the area of injury. (medscape.com)

A classification that sufficiently covers their phenotypic heterogeneity and plasticity during homeostasis and disease does not yet exist because cell culture-based phenotypes often do not match those found in vivo . (hindawi.com)
A tissue-centric view assumes that changing tissue microenvironments shape the phenotypes of their resident and infiltrating mononuclear phagocytes to fulfill the tissue's need to maintain or regain homeostasis. (hindawi.com)
Furthermore, we discuss how published data supports the view that changing tissue environments induce the well-known different phenotypes of mononuclear phagocytes, a process that not only enforces each of the different environments but also explains the contribution of these cells to the different tissue pathologies. (hindawi.com)
Macrophages, which are functional plasticity cells, have the ability to phagocytize and digest foreign substances and acquire pro-(M1-like) or anti-inflammatory (M2-like) phenotypes according to their microenvironment. (frontiersin.org)
Non-activated M0 macrophages can be activated toward pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes, thus playing important and diverse roles at all stages of inflammatory response. (biomedcentral.com)
Although this binary classification does not take into account the variety of subcategories of macrophages phenotypes [ 2 ], it can be useful for studying the mechanisms of macrophage viability and activity regulation [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The peritoneal cavity is home to various immune cells. (nih.gov)

A stem cell is a generic term referring to any unspecialized cell that is capable of long-term self-renewal through cell division but that can be induced to differentiate into a specialized, functional cell. (vin.com)
Mesenchymal stem cells are multipotent but not pluripotent, which means they can differentiate into some, or "multiple," but not all tissue types. (vin.com)
Most importantly stem cells possess the ability to differentiate into cell types of multiple lineages including adipocytes, chrondrocytes, and osteocytes. (vin.com)
4,6,7 It has been proposed that some of these MSC may actually differentiate into functional renal tubular epithelial cells, though this theory remains controversial. (vin.com)

M1 macrophages can suppress tumour growth in the skin by their pro-inflammatory properties. (wikipedia.org)
An NK cell activating receptor can recognize a cellular growth factor to limit tumour cell growth. (nature.com)
This study has demonstrated that a subset of mononuclear phagocytes, mature macrophages, are responsible for tumour necrosis factor secretion and this could have implications for targeted management in sarcoidosis in the future. (ersjournals.com)

Note: Tonsil Specimens- is recommended to screen several hyper-reactive tonsils to find those with highest expression of PD-L1 in crypt epithelium, macrophages homing the germinal centers and interfollicular mononuclear leukocytes. (abcam.com)
Many tumor specimens have some inflammatory macrophages and mononuclear leukocytes. (abcam.com)
In the second stage of the inflammatory phase, leukocytes supplant platelets as the dominant cell type, attracted by chemotaxis. (medscape.com)
As PMN leukocytes begin to wane after 24-36 hours, circulating monocytes enter the wound and mature into tissue macrophages. (medscape.com)

Furthermore, we showed that Th17 cells, a subset of RANKL-expressing CD4 + T cells, could induce rapid N-to-R conversion of mature osteoclasts via cell-cell contact. (jci.org)
Our results showed that synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motif were able to activate the avian macrophage cells and induce NO production. (usda.gov)
The optimal CpG motif for NO induction was also a strong stimulant for the IL-1beta gene expression in the macrophage HD-11 cells, whereas different CpG motifs have found to induce the IFN-gamma gene expression in PMNC. (usda.gov)
Previous studies have indicated that organic chemicals extracted from DEP result in induction of apoptosis 11 , increase oxidative stress 12 , and induce the production of inflammatory cells 13 - 15 through the release of pro-inflammatory molecules in vitro 15 , 16 . (ersjournals.com)
DCs are able to promote fully activated T cells and superior in expanding cytokine producing inflammatory T cells, whereas MHCII+CD11c+CD115+CD14-CD206- cells generate partially activated T cells and possess a greater ability to induce regulatory T cells under TGF-β and retinoic acid conditions. (nih.gov)
Lymphotoxin alpha (LT α ) and TNF α were shown to induce the expression of homing chemokines in B and T cell areas of the spleen [ 13 ]. (hindawi.com)

Due to their considerable plasticity and heterogeneity, the tissue-based DC and macrophage populations have been defined as mononuclear phagocytes [ 1 , 6 , 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
We noted direct coculturing increased stemness among CSC populations and induced both M1 (CD80 and HLA-DR) and M2 (CD163) tumor associated macrophage polarization. (springer.com)

Pristane administration induces macrophage activation [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
After antigen recognition and activation, CD8 + cytotoxic T cells may trigger keratinocyte apoptosis. (medscape.com)

b) Low-power view of a paravertebral sympathetic ganglion stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Arrowhead indicates perivascular mononuclear infiltrates. (medscape.com)
c) High-power view of the same sympathetic ganglion showing degenerating neurons (single arrowheads) and mononuclear infiltrates (double arrowhead). (medscape.com)

The same applies to the bone marrow that requires macrophages for the clearance of the nuclei that get expelled from erythroblasts during their maturation towards erythrocytes [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
The infiltration of bone-marrow-derived monocytes generated postnatally creates a distinct population of dermal macrophages. (wikipedia.org)
Normal histiocytes originate from pluripotent stem cells, which can be found in bone marrow. (medscape.com)

Beta-2m is present on the surface of most nucleated cells and in most biologic fluids, including urine and synovial fluid. (medscape.com)
m909 was not only able to select FRβ positive, activated macrophages from synovial fluid cells of arthritis patients as efficiently as folate, but also able to mediate ADCC in FRβ positive cells. (biomedcentral.com)

Additionally, characterization of the tumor microenvironment such as interactions with immune cells remain largely unknown. (springer.com)
Additionally cell surface marker characterization via flow cytometry differentiates them from hematopoetic cells, though no truly unique MSC molecule has been identified. (vin.com)

PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell. (cdc.gov)

The dense subepithelial mononuclear infiltrate in oral lichen planus is composed of T cells and macrophages, and there are increased numbers of intraepithelial T cells. (medscape.com)
Therefore, early in the formation of oral lichen planus lesions, CD8 + T cells may recognize an antigen associated with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I on keratinocytes. (medscape.com)
[ 8 ] T cells in oral lichen planus contain mRNA for TNF and secrete TNF in vitro. (medscape.com)
The role of autoimmunity in the pathogenesis is supported by many autoimmune features of oral lichen planus, including its chronicity, onset in adults, predilection for females, association with other autoimmune diseases, occasional tissue-type associations, depressed immune-suppressor activity in patients with oral lichen planus, and the presence of autocytotoxic T-cell clones in lichen planus lesions. (medscape.com)
Current data suggest that oral lichen planus (OLP) is a T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease in which autocytotoxic CD8 + T cells trigger the apoptosis of oral epithelial cells. (medscape.com)
Shan J, Ma JM, Wang R, Liu QL, Fan Y. Proliferation and Apoptosis of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Patients with Oral Lichen Planus. (medscape.com)

Our data indicate that the Sia + fraction of IVIG possesses the ability to influence inflammatory processes in multiple immune cell types and induces novel signatures in cell surface marker expression and cytokine/chemokine production. (scirp.org)

Additionally, the ability of these cells to regulate lymphocyte function makes them an important determinant in the success of cancer immunotherapy. (upenn.edu)
Each animal was bled twice at 4-month intervals and macrophage and lymphocyte cultures were obtained from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. (biomedcentral.com)

Dermal macrophages have a distinct expression of genes to facilitate their specialisation in removing macromolecules and foreign pathogens. (wikipedia.org)
Several studies published in 2017 highlighted the distinct properties of these two cell types and furthered our understanding of their development and cellular functions. (nature.com)
These cells are functionally, phenotypically, and developmentally heterogeneous with many distinct subsets. (upenn.edu)
Within this mature population, we observed cells with distinct motility behaviors and function, with the relative proportion of static - bone resorptive (R) to moving - nonresorptive (N) varying in accordance with the pathophysiological conditions of the bone. (jci.org)
Among them, 2 subsets of competent antigen presenting cells are demonstrated with distinct functional characteristics, one being DCs and the other being MHCII+CD11c+CD115+CD14-CD206- cells. (nih.gov)
Collectively, our study identifies 2 distinct subpopulations of MHCII+CD11c+CD115+ cells, (i) MHCII+CD11c+CD115+CD14-CD206- cells closely related to DCs and (ii) MHCII+CD11c+CD115+CD14+CD206+ cells to SPMs. (nih.gov)

A number of previous publications have demonstrated the upregulation of TNF-α in a variety of contexts including bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid protein, macrophage protein secretion and macrophage TNF messenger ribonucleic acid content 9 - 16 . (ersjournals.com)
Combined exposure to NQ and antigen enhanced the local expression of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, eotaxin, macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 and keratinocyte chemoattractant, compared with exposure to antigen or NQ alone. (ersjournals.com)
Functional recombinant FRβ protein was produced in insect cells and used as antigen to isolate a mAb, m909, from a human naïve Fab phage display library. (biomedcentral.com)

[ 3 , 4 ] This designation was changed to Langerhans cell histiocytosis based on the suggestion by Nezelof that the Langerhans cell represented the primary cell involved in the pathophysiology of the disease. (medscape.com)

Histiocytes are tissue-resident macrophages. (medscape.com)

The plasticity of mononuclear phagocytes becomes obvious during dynamic or complex disease processes. (hindawi.com)
During embryogenesis endothelial cells exhibit substantial plasticity that contribute to cardiac development by undergoing endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT). (surrey.ac.uk)

If left to propagate, the accumulation of C3b triggers cleavage of C5 to produce C5a and C5b, with the latter inducing the assembly of a membrane attack complex (MAC) that binds to cell surfaces, forming transmembrane channels that cause cytolysis or apoptosis of the target cells. (molvis.org)

The large number of macrophages in the intestinal tract, play a significant role in maintaining the homeostasis of microorganisms on the surface of the intestinal mucosa and in the continuous renewal of intestinal epithelial cells. (frontiersin.org)

Histologic assessment of patients with systemic sclerosis-associated PAH and the hypoxia/SU5416 mouse model identified the presence von Willebrand factor/α-smooth muscle actin-positive endothelial cells in up to 5% of pulmonary vessels. (surrey.ac.uk)
however, such cells from patients with Crohn's disease may be more responsive to bacterial products. (nih.gov)
They point out that previous cases of pulmonary and disseminated nocardiosis have been associated with alemtuzumab treatment, but only in patients with preexisting conditions that compromise immunity, including non- Hodgkin's lymphoma, B cell lymphocytic leukemia, and organ transplantation. (medscape.com)

Here we discuss the latter concept, for example, why different organs host different types of mononuclear phagocytes during homeostasis. (hindawi.com)
During the last decades, research has focused on the cell-type-specific properties of these cells in culture, which then led to an immunocentric view of their role in disease like if they were primed like T cells to infiltrate target organs to cause tissue damage and drive progressive scaring [ 2 , 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
In this paper we apply the tissue-centric perspective to discuss the role of resident and infiltrating macrophages and dendritic cells in different organs. (hindawi.com)

Induced EndoMT cells exhibited up-regulation of mesenchymal markers, including collagen type I and α-smooth muscle actin, and a reduction in endothelial cell and junctional proteins, including von Willebrand factor, CD31, occludin, and vascular endothelial-cadherin. (surrey.ac.uk)
Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are an extensively researched yet still understudied tool for treating a wide range of pathological conditions, one particular area of research interest being their immunomodulatory properties. (biomedcentral.com)
In particular, adult stem cells called mesenchymal stem cells can migrate to affected areas and may be able to support the growth of other stem cells as well as moderate the response of the immune system. (vin.com)
For most studies, the adult stem cell in question is actually a mesenchymal stem cell or mesenchymal stromal cell. (vin.com)
Mesenchymal stem cells or mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are plastic adherent and assume a fibroblast-like morphology during culture. (vin.com)
Mesenchymal stem cells clearly modulate immune responses, as demonstrated by both in vitro and in vivo studies. (vin.com)

Pairing CARs with a synthetic receptor makes T cells more lethal tumor killers. (the-scientist.com)
Younes F, Quartey EL, Kiguwa S, Partridge M. Expression of TNF and the 55-kDa TNF receptor in epidermis, oral mucosa, lichen planus and squamous cell carcinoma. (medscape.com)

Supernatants from resting and phytohaemagglutinin stimulated cells were studied and supernatants that strongly promoted DNA synthesis were pooled, and growth factor activity partially characterised. (bmj.com)

We determined the presence of EndoMT in the pulmonary vasculature in vivo and the functional effects on pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs) undergoing EndoMT in vitro. (surrey.ac.uk)
Although previous studies have revealed important molecular signals, how the bone resorptive functions of such cells are controlled in vivo remains less well characterized. (jci.org)
Specialized immune cells generated in vivo reduce cardiac scar tissue in mice, a new study shows. (the-scientist.com)

They are also a type of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that can mediate the infiltration of immune cells during an immune response, suggesting dermal macrophages' influence on both the innate and adaptive immune systems. (wikipedia.org)
Dermal macrophages' functions suggest their importance in the skin's innate immunity. (wikipedia.org)
MPS is part of the innate immune system and comprises of monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DC). (upenn.edu)
Unmethylated CpG dinucleotides in particular base contents that are relatively abundant in bacterial DNA are known to stimulate innate immune responses including immune cell proliferation and cytokine secretion in mammalian. (usda.gov)

The level of dermal macrophages from prenatal development remains detectible through constant, slow proliferation. (wikipedia.org)
IL-2 promotes further T cell proliferation to augment the immunogenic response to injury. (medscape.com)
IL-1 stimulates the proliferation of inflammatory cells and promotes angiogenesis through endothelial cell replication. (medscape.com)

A clear understanding of the function of macrophages, as well as their role in pathogens and inflammatory response, will delineate the next steps in the treatment of intestinal inflammatory diseases. (frontiersin.org)
These cells play a key role in early resistance to intestinal pathogens. (frontiersin.org)

However, their antigen-presenting ability is relatively lower than dendritic cells (DCs) and Langerhans cells (LCs) in the skin. (wikipedia.org)
Prenatal dermal macrophages are not to be confused with Langerhans cells as they uniquely express CD14 and FXIIIa and lack CD1a. (wikipedia.org)
Dermal macrophages, Langerhans cells and dendritic cells are the main types of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the skin. (wikipedia.org)
[ 2 ] For example, the entity now referred to as Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) was initially divided into eosinophilic granuloma, Hand-Schüller-Christian disease, and Abt-Letterer-Siwe disease, depending on the sites and severity. (medscape.com)
[ 5 , 6 ] Although several histiocytic disorders are briefly discussed in this article (see History ), the primary focus is on Langerhans cell histiocytosis. (medscape.com)
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) can be localized and manifest as pain or may even be asymptomatic, as is the case in isolated bone lesions. (medscape.com)

In the first months of the infection the levels of NO in supernatants of Leishmania -infected macrophages were higher in symptomatic than in asymptomatic dogs, but they were significantly increased in the latter group eight months after the diagnosis of infection. (biomedcentral.com)
In this study production levels of interleukins (IL)-12 and IL-13 were measured by commercial ELISA in culture supernatants of mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 30 non-splenectomized beta-thalassaemia cases with iron overload and 20 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals. (who.int)

Sia + IgG also increased the expression of cell surface markers associated with macrophage polarization (e.g. (scirp.org)
These studies suggest that there is a bi-directional crosstalk between macrophages and CSCs that promotes stemness renewal and tumor associated macrophage polarization. (springer.com)
Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells-derived macrophages were then treated with umbilical cord-derived MSCs' conditioned media and their effect on macrophages polarization was assessed. (biomedcentral.com)
Our findings suggest that umbilical cord-derived MSCs' conditioned media demonstrated the highest cytokine and growth factor levels and despite mostly pro-inflammatory cytokine profile were able to promote anti-inflammatory macrophage polarization. (biomedcentral.com)

The postnatal population of dermal macrophages is achieved by the infiltration of circulating monocytes given proper CCR2 signalling, a pathway responding to chemokines. (wikipedia.org)

These chronic inflammatory cells then organise spatially into the classic granulomatous response 1 - 5 . (ersjournals.com)

They can act as signalling molecules that regulate a number of life and death pathways in cells, and they are generated by the immune system to fight microbes. (otago.ac.nz)
Accumulating data support the view that understanding how metabolism regulates immune cell function could provide new therapeutic opportunities for the many diseases associated with immune system dysregulation. (nature.com)
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is usually maintained in an asymptomatic and latent form by the host immune system, and primarily by EBV-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTLs). (researchgate.net)

Researchers developed a new CAR T-cell therapy that targets specific growth factor receptors in glioblastoma to eliminate brain tumors. (the-scientist.com)
Following on the success of CAR T cells used to treat cancers of the blood, researchers have launched a Phase 1 clinical trial of genetically modified macrophages to target solid tumors. (the-scientist.com)

For example, MSC are poor antigen presenting cells and do not express MHC class II or co-stimulatory molecules and only low levels of MHC class I molecules. (vin.com)

These cells provide several important physiological functions during homeostasis (Figure 1 ). (hindawi.com)
Dermal macrophages are macrophages in the skin that facilitate skin homeostasis by mediating wound repair, hair growth, and salt balance. (wikipedia.org)

The generation of dermal macrophages is highlighted by the expression of cell markers such as CD64, MERTK and the downregulation of CCR2. (wikipedia.org)
Following verification of a stem-like signature (upregulated expression of stemness markers, resistance to chemotherapy, increased spheroid formation, and tumorigenesis capabilities despite inoculation of a small number of cells), we analyzed the interaction of these cells with macrophages via direct and indirect coculture assays. (springer.com)

In this review, we discuss the origin and development of macrophages and their role in the intestinal inflammatory response or infection. (frontiersin.org)

Alemtuzumab was started 18 weeks after the last natalizumab dose, at which time all monon uclear cell subsets that can be affected by natalizumab in the patient's peripheral blood were normal. (medscape.com)

This slightly different perspective may somewhat shape our understanding of macrophage heterogeneity and tissue pathology but certainly also raise new questions for future research. (hindawi.com)

Anatomy49

Organisms19

Diseases9

Chemicals and Drugs111

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment28

Phenomena and Processes41

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Health Care1

Phagocyte10

Monocyte5

Lymphocytes10

Dendritic cell4

Granulocyte-macrop3

Peripheral blood monocytes3

Tissues13

Phagocytic4

Cytokines11

Myeloid5

PBMCs5

Monocytes and macrophages3

Lamina5

Human macrophages3

Inflammation6

Granulomas5

Precursors1

Differentiation6

Neutrophils8

Phenotypes6

Peritoneal cavity1

Differentiate4

Tumour3

Leukocytes4

Induce6

Populations2

Activation2

Infiltrates2

Bone marrow3

Synovial fluid2

Characterization2

PBMC1

Oral lichen6

Induces1

Lymphocyte2

Distinct6

Protein3

Pathophysiology1

Histiocytes1

Plasticity2

Apoptosis1

Epithelial cells1

Patients3

Organs3

Mesenchymal6

Receptor2

Resting1

Vivo3

Innate4

Proliferation3

Pathogens2

Langerhans6

Supernatants2

Polarization4

Chemokines1

Chronic inflammatory1

Immune system3

Tumors2

Antigen-prese1

Homeostasis2

Markers2

Inflammatory response1

Subsets1

Heterogeneity1