Macrophages induce antigen presenting cell. Medical search. Frequent questions

T and B lymphocytes, regulatory T cells), but not innate (i.e. macrophages and monocytes) immune cell responses in the intestinal tract. (nature.com)
4-1BB ligand, also known as CD137L, is a 97 kD member of the TNF superfamily present on antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cells and macrophages) and activated B and T lymphocytes. (biolegend.com)
MHC-I and MHC-II proteins are key components of the antigen presentation machinery responsible for neoantigen presentation to CD8 + and CD4 + T lymphocytes, respectively. (portlandpress.com)
Lymphocytes, particularly T cells, play a crucial role in cellmediated immunity. (alliedacademies.org)
This triggers an immune response by activating lymphocytes and recruiting other immune cells to the site of infection. (alliedacademies.org)
The goal of vaccination is to induce immunity against pathogens and cancer cells by stimulating antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) or B cells. (biomedcentral.com)
MHC-II molecules present antigenic peptides internalized by professional antigen presenting cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, or T lymphocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
We aimed to clarify whether soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) activated B cells may be loaded with HBcAg18-27 peptide and served as antigen-producing cells (APCs) to induce HBV-specific cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs). (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, we provide evidence that the activated B cells may serve as APCs to present core peptide of HBV to cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs). (biomedcentral.com)
RANTES (Regulation on Activation Normal T-cell Expressed and Secreted) is a chemotactic cytokine (also known as CCL5), produced by macrophages, epithelial cells, platelets, megakaryoblasts, T lymphocytes and eosinophils. (quanterix.com)
In addition, it stimulates histamine secretion by mast cells, IgE and IgG production by lymphocytes, increases CD80 expression on antigen-presenting cells, and induces activation and proliferation of NK cells. (quanterix.com)
The IDO2 isoform is found in the liver, brain, testes, endometrium, placenta, thyroid and can be induced in antigen- presenting cells and B lymphocytes. (encyclopedia.pub)
Compared with controls, the detectable proportion of HIV-1 particles derived from CD14 macrophages and CD26 lymphocytes was increased in persons with acute malaria coinfection and correlated with markedly increased plasma concentrations of both proinflammatory cytokines and soluble markers of macrophage and lymphocyte activation. (lww.com)
98%) is thought to be derived from short-lived lymphocytes ordinarily [ 11,12 ], HIV-1 replication within the macrophage reservoir is increased during mycobacterial and Pneumocystis carinii coinfections [ 13-15 ]. (lww.com)
IFNγ is primarily produced by activated lymphocytes including T, B, NK cells, and ILCs. (bioxcell.com)
IFNγ exerts immunoregulatory, anti-proliferative, anti-viral, and proinflammatory activities and plays an important role in activation, growth, and differentiation of T and B lymphocytes, macrophages, NK cells and other non-hematopoietic cell types. (bioxcell.com)
These lymphocytes often have a cytotoxic function, requiring them to be capable of recognizing any infected cell. (msdmanuals.com)
The inflammatory process has cellular and humoral components, such as leucocytes (neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils, mast cells and lymphocytes) and the humoral proteolytic systems (complement, kinins and coagulation), respectively. (bvsalud.org)
At the same time, lymphocytes can be activated in the lymph nodes by antigen-presenting cells (e.g., dendritic cells) from the tissue, initiating the production of antibodies by B cells and the migration of T helper lymphocytes to the inflamed site. (bvsalud.org)
Following the course, stromal and parenchymal cells multiply and reconstitute the tissue, whilst most of the remaining macrophages and lymphocytes leave through the lymphatics. (bvsalud.org)
A membrane-bound tumor necrosis family member that is expressed on activated antigen-presenting cells such as B-LYMPHOCYTES and MACROPHAGES. (bvsalud.org)
The mucosal immune system is uniquely regulated to manage its constant exposure to viruses, parasites, and bacterial antigens, all of which are in close proximity to a large reservoir of lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. (medscape.com)
Lymphocytes, B and T cells, can respond selectively to thousands of non-self materials. (lu.se)

In this direction, purified recombinant form of five of the seroreactive proteins (reported in our initial study), including three cell wall-associated (arbitrarily designated as antigens A through C) and two secretory (AgD & AgE), were examined for their potential to activate antigen-presenting cells (APCs) viz. (cdc.gov)
Obese adipocytes overexpress MHC class II molecules and costimulators to act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and promote the activation of CD4 + T cells. (frontiersin.org)
First, we introduce adipocytes as APCs to participate in T cell-mediated adaptive immune response. (frontiersin.org)
Herein we demonstrate that GC drives type I IFN production and IFN responses in antigen presenting cells (APCs) and has superior potency compared to its corresponding chitosan. (biorxiv.org)
Our results demonstrate that sCD40L-activated B cells may function as APCs and induce HBV-specific CTLs. (biomedcentral.com)
Efficient antigen presentation by antigen presenting cells (APCs) is critical for inducing T-cell mediated immunity in vivo [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
As a terminal cell type, B cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) can usually be cultured for 2-3 weeks only, which limits the application of B cells as APCs. (biomedcentral.com)
We therefore investigated the consequences of exposing two major APCs, macrophages (Mfs) and conventional Dendritic Cells (cDCs) to NETs. (springeropen.com)
Our data revealed that at early times (30 min), both Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) showed induction of important costimulatory molecules (CD80, CD86). (springeropen.com)
Unexpectedly, however, at later times (6 and 24 hours) NETs apparently triggered a cell death process in these APCs by a caspase- and Apoptosis induced factor (AIF)-dependent pathway, suggesting mitochondrial damage. (springeropen.com)
Our results would suggest that early in inflammation, NETs can activate the two main APCs (Mfs and cDCs), but as the process continues, NETs can then initiate apoptosis of these cells through mitochondrial harm. (springeropen.com)
Conceivable, this "late" induction of cell death in these two APCs might start limiting an ongoing inflammatory process to control it. (springeropen.com)
The other stimulation transmission was CpG which activates cells via the TLR9 receptor present on many types of cells but primarily on antigen presenting cells (APCs) such as macrophages DC and B cells and can induce IL-10 expression as well. (bioerc-iend.org)
Recently, cells called antigen presenting cells (APCs) were discovered to play a pivotal role in the immune response. (oncolink.org)
Co-stimulatory molecules are presenting along with the antigen by APCs to induce an aggressive response by the T-cells. (oncolink.org)
This approach is based on the view that immune stimulation is primarily mediated by APCs rather than the tumor cells themselves. (oncolink.org)
MARCH1 might influence CD28, CTLA4, and PD-L1 signaling by regulating comparative protein degrees of Compact disc80/Compact disc86 on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). (rawveronica.com)

HIV-1 invades the myocardium through endothelial cells by micropinocytosis infecting perivascular macrophages which produce additional virus and cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). (wikipedia.org)
In addition, HIV-1-associated protein gp 120 may induce apoptosis through a mitochondrion-controlled pathway after activating inflammatory cytokines. (wikipedia.org)
The precise spatial and temporal impact of immune cells and their cytokines on fracture healing remains obscure. (hindawi.com)
The normal process of fracture repair begins with an immediate inflammatory response as the innate immune system (macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, and NK cells) responds with a variety of cytokines that recruit and activate several cell types, including osteoprogenitor mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), to the site of injury [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
Although the expression of MHC class I and II molecules can be upregulated by MSC exposure to inflammatory cytokines interferon-gamma (IFN- γ ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- α ), they are still unable to induce an immunological response [ 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
Next, we summarize various cytokines produced by adipocytes that regulate the survival, activation and differentiation of B cells. (frontiersin.org)
These PAMP-containing molecules act as ligands to trigger PRR-dependent intracellular signaling pathways that ultimately induce the expression of pro-inflammatory and antiviral cytokines. (rndsystems.com)
Secretion of these cytokines at the site of an infection promotes the recruitment of neutrophils and natural killer (NK) cells, which eliminate pathogenic microbes and infected cells. (rndsystems.com)
Additionally, IFNγ induces the production of cytokines, Fc receptor, and adhesion molecules and up-regulates MHC class I and II antigen expression by antigen presenting cells during an immune response. (bioxcell.com)
Conclusions These findings are of prominence as CD3/CD28/CpG treatment can induce the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-30 and the activation or inhibition of the CD40/CD154 functions as molecular rheostat of the expression of IL-10 or IL-30. (bioerc-iend.org)
These cytokines are used in the immune system for cell-to-cell communication. (oncolink.org)
DMH-CBD downregulates the expression of inflammatory cytokines and protects the microglial cells by inducing an adaptive cellular response against inflammatory stimuli and oxidative injury. (unboundmedicine.com)
For example, antibodies specific to tumor antigens, adoptively transferred immune cells, therapeutic vaccines, and recombinant cytokines effectively boost the host immune system to recognize tumor cells as pathogens and eliminate them [ 1 - 3 ]. (thno.org)

Monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) drive the inflammatory response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and they are a major source of eicosanoids in airway inflammation. (nature.com)
Genomic deletion of a fms-intronic regulatory element (FIRE) in the Csf1r locus resulted in specific absence of resident homeostatic and antigen-presenting macrophages, without affecting the recruitment of monocyte-derived macrophages to the infarcted heart. (elifesciences.org)
treatment of monocyte-derived macrophages (Macs) with IFN-I improved endogenous manifestation of MARCH1 and MARCH2 (25). (rawveronica.com)

This induces cardiomyocyte apoptosis either by signalling through CCR3, CCR5 or CXCR4, by entry into cardiomyocytes (after binding to ganglioside GM1), or through TNF-α. (wikipedia.org)
Notably, C . jejuni induced colonic apoptosis could be ameliorated by prophylactic L . johnsonii treatment, whereas co-administration of L . johnsonii impacted adaptive (i.e. (nature.com)
If a T cell receives signal 1 without signal 2, it may undergo apoptosis or become altered so that it can no longer be activated, even if it later receives both signals ( Figure 24-62 ). (nih.gov)
Reports indicate that TWEAK interacts with its receptor APO-3 and this interaction can lead to apoptosis, IL-8 secretion, NF-kB activation and endothelial cell proliferation. (bdbiosciences.com)
TWEAK, a new secreted ligand in the tumor necrosis factor family that weakly induces apoptosis. (bdbiosciences.com)
Apoptosis is induced through the mitochondrial pathway resulting in caspase-9 activation and downstream caspase-3 activation. (cdc.gov)
Capsid gene delivery into the striatum of mouse brain or interskeletal muscle resulted in cell death and inflammation, likely through capsid-induced apoptosis in vivo. (cdc.gov)
Semithin (1.0-µm) sections resulted in apoptosis and inflammation of muscle cells. (cdc.gov)

MSCs are able to evade the host cell immune system due to their low expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules and complete lack MHC class II molecules and other costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD40L, CD80, and CD86) required for immune cell stimulation [ 15 - 17 ]. (hindawi.com)
The adipocyte was reported as an antigen-presenting cell (APC) which expresses CD1d and MHC class I and II molecules. (frontiersin.org)
Moreover, like other nucleated cells, adipocytes express MHC class I molecules. (frontiersin.org)
Initiation and regulation of immune responses in humans involves recognition of peptides presented by human leukocyte antigen class II (HLA-II) molecules. (biomedcentral.com)
Antigen variation in pathogens and tumor antigens, and extensive polymorphism of HLA molecules increase the number of targets for screening studies. (biomedcentral.com)
Full overlapping studies of four antigens identified binding affinity of 103 peptides to seven common HLA-DR molecules (DRB1*0101, 0301, 0401, 0701, 1101, 1301, and 1501). (biomedcentral.com)
CTLs recognize peptide antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules on infected cells or cancer cells and kill them. (biomedcentral.com)
B cells produce antibodies that specifically recognize pathogen- or cancer related molecules. (biomedcentral.com)
Both these processes are initiated and regulated by T-helper (Th) cells that recognize antigenic peptides presented by MHC class II (MHC-II) molecules. (biomedcentral.com)
The expression of CD80, CD86, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) classes I and II molecules on the sCD40L-activated B cell was significantly increased after long-time culture. (biomedcentral.com)
Tregs express a set of immune suppressive molecules, such as transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and interleukin (IL)-10, to suppress other effector T cells' activities [5]. (peptidesprice.com)
It encodes cell surface molecules specialized to present antigenic peptides to the T-cell receptor (TCR) on T cells. (msdmanuals.com)
Overview of the Immune System The immune system distinguishes self from nonself and eliminates potentially harmful nonself molecules and cells from the body. (msdmanuals.com)
Class I MHC molecules are present as transmembrane glycoproteins on the surface of all nucleated cells. (msdmanuals.com)
T cells that express CD8 molecules react with class I MHC molecules. (msdmanuals.com)
Because every nucleated cell expresses class I MHC molecules, all infected cells can act as antigen-presenting cells for CD8 T cells (CD8 binds to the nonpolymorphic part of the class I heavy chain). (msdmanuals.com)
Some class I MHC genes encode nonclassical MHC molecules, such as HLA-G (which may play a role in protecting the fetus from the maternal immune response) and HLA-E (which presents peptides to certain receptors on natural killer [NK] cells). (msdmanuals.com)
most nucleated cells can be induced to express class II MHC molecules by interferon (IFN)-gamma. (msdmanuals.com)
T cells reactive to class II molecules express CD4 and are often helper cells. (msdmanuals.com)
It does not have immunosuppressive properties, in contrast, it activates specific cellular mechanisms, such as the stimulation of non-phlogistic recruitment of monocytes (that is: without elaborating pro-inflammatory mediators), activation of macrophage phagocytosis of microorganisms and apoptotic cells, increase in phagocyte exit through the lymphatics, expression of antimicrobial molecules and inhibition of further neutrophil and eosinophil infiltration [3]. (bvsalud.org)
Deficiencies are highly variable with regard to symptoms, phenotype, genotype, severity, etc, because many cells and molecules are required for both natural and adaptive immunity . (lu.se)

In conclusion, immunomodulatory probiotic species might offer valuable strategies for prophylaxis and/or treatment of C . jejuni induced intestinal, extra-intestinal as well as systemic pro-inflammatory immune responses in vivo . (nature.com)
Helper T cells are arguably the most important cells in adaptive immunity, as they are required for almost all adaptive immune responses. (nih.gov)
They are activated on the surface of antigen -presenting cells, which mature during the innate immune responses triggered by an infection. (nih.gov)
The innate responses also dictate what kind of effector cell a helper T cell will develop into and thereby determine the nature of the adaptive immune response elicited. (nih.gov)
We also consider how innate immune responses determine the nature of adaptive responses by stimulating helper T cells to differentiate into either T H 1 or T H 2 effector cells. (nih.gov)
From the frontlines of infection to the orchestration of complex immune responses, these remarkable cells tirelessly defend our bodies against invading pathogens. (alliedacademies.org)
Using these same mice we have found that PorB induces both Th1 and Th2 type responses as determined by cytokine profiles and IgG isotypes. (bu.edu)
We are still investigating the genes induced and shall compare these results to results obtained with other adjuvants (both TLR dependent and independent) to determine if these results can be used to correlate with different responses induced by various adjuvants (i.e. (bu.edu)
N-dihydrogalactochitosan (GC) is developed for inducing immune responses. (biorxiv.org)
A vaccine must at minimum contain two antigenic epitopes: one to induce specific B-cell or CTL responses and another to induce specific Th cells that regulate (initiate, enhance, or suppress) immune responses [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Antigen-specific CD40L-activated B cells may efficiently endocytose and present antigens, such as protein, RNA, and cDNA, to prime primary T cells and boost robust memory T-cell responses [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
More importantly, activated B cells may also prime naive T-cell responses against neoantigens ex vivo as DCs do [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In summary, resident macrophages orchestrate inflammatory responses improving cardiac remodelling, while recruited macrophages determine infarct size after I/R injury. (elifesciences.org)
infections IL-10 from effector Th1 cells is necessary for suppression of inflammatory responses during acute BMS-582664 contamination whereas IL-10- generating antigen-specific Foxp3+ CD4+ T cells (T regs) suppress the clearance of the parasite by the effector CD4+ T cells [9 10 Additionally the molecular mechanism for the upregulation of IL-10 differs among cell types. (bioerc-iend.org)
However, extremely strong immune responses have been generated using a "boost" to the immune system, provided by viruses that encode antigens similar to the target. (oncolink.org)
In fact, immature dendritic cells can actually cause the suppression of responses to antigen. (oncolink.org)
Enhanced T-cell responses were detected when antigen was targeted to DCs. (peptidesprice.com)
However, lower doses of antigen were required using anti-DEC-HIV gag p24 to achieve detectable responses. (peptidesprice.com)
After showing that DCs were essential for the generation of T-cell responses in lymph nodes to an s.c. (peptidesprice.com)
Available data also do not indicate whether Tdap-induced transplacental maternal antibodies provide early protection against pertussis to infants or interfere with an infant's immune responses to routinely administered pediatric vaccines. (cdc.gov)

However, only two of the five proteins (AgA, AgD) showed significant T-cell response (T lymphocyte proliferation and IFN-gamma secretion) when tested using sensitized T-cells from MI-induced HP mouse model. (cdc.gov)
In addition, various adipokines secreted by adipocytes regulate the proliferation and differentiation of T cells. (frontiersin.org)
A vast amount of research exists on the possible molecular mechanisms through which vitamin D affects cancer cell proliferation, cancer progression, angiogenesis, and inflammation. (mdpi.com)
We have found that PorB induces a genetic program consisting of genes and gene sets needed for immunoglobulin synthesis and cellular proliferation after only one or two immunizations as opposed to a greater number of immunizations of antigen alone to induce a similar response. (bu.edu)
DCs from GLA-SE but not SE-treated mice became active stimulators of the allogeneic mixed leukocyte reaction, inducing robust proliferation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (Fig. 5C). (peptidesprice.com)
Here, we evaluated the effects of DMH-CBD at the transcriptional level in BV-2 microglial cells as well as on the proliferation of encephalitogenic T cells. (unboundmedicine.com)
In addition, MOG35-55-reactive T cells (TMOG) were cultured with antigen-presenting cells in the presence of DMH-CBD and MOG35-55 peptide, and cell proliferation was determined by measuring [3H]thymidine incorporation. (unboundmedicine.com)
In addition, DMH-CBD dose-dependently inhibited MOG35-55-induced TMOG proliferation. (unboundmedicine.com)
In addition, DMH-CBD decreases the proliferation of pathogenic activated TMOG cells. (unboundmedicine.com)

However, this finding has triggered further interest in utilising tumour-specific MHC-II to harness sustained anti-tumour immunity through the activation of CD4 + T helper cells. (portlandpress.com)
Additionally, white blood cells play a crucial role in adaptive immunity. (alliedacademies.org)
The adaptive immune response consists of T cell-mediated cellular immunity and B cell-mediated humoral immunity. (frontiersin.org)
Therefore, adipocytes play an important role in B cell-mediated adaptive immunity. (frontiersin.org)
This review describes how adipocytes participate in adaptive immunity from the perspective of T cells and B cells, and discusses their role in the pathogenesis of various diseases. (frontiersin.org)
There are two main mechanisms in the adaptive immune system-humoral immunity and cellular immunity, which are mediated by antibodies and cells respectively. (frontiersin.org)
The T and B cells are the major components of adaptive immunity. (frontiersin.org)
Inducing an interferon response enables IFN-γ-inducible immunity-related GTPase (IRG protein) to accumulate on the PV and to restrict parasite growth. (life-science-alliance.org)
One of the IFN-γ-induced cell-autonomous programs is associated with IFN-inducible GTPases, such as p47 immunity-related GTPases (IRGs) and p65 guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) ( Kim et al, 2012 ). (life-science-alliance.org)
Macrophages are important effectors of innate immunity. (elifesciences.org)
2018). "NKp46 Receptor-Mediated Interferon-gamma Production by Natural Killer Cells Increases Fibronectin 1 to Alter Tumor Architecture and Control Metastasis" Immunity 48(1): 107-119 e104. (bioxcell.com)
In 1796, Edward Jenner used cowpox vaccinations to induce immunity to smallpox. (oncolink.org)
of inducing gag-specific T-cell immunity (Fig. 5D). (peptidesprice.com)
This finding highlights the importance of DCs for initiating adaptive T-cell immunity. (peptidesprice.com)
Therefore, it is not surprising that GI disorders are common manifestations, and often the initial presenting symptom, in patients with dysfunction in humoral immunity or cell-mediated immunity ( Table 1 ). (medscape.com)

The expression of B7 proteins on an antigen-presenting cell is induced by pathogens during the innate response to an infection. (nih.gov)
Once they detect an infection, they migrate to the affected site and transform into macrophages, devouring pathogens and debris. (alliedacademies.org)
White blood cells exhibit a wide range of defence mechanisms to protect the body against invading pathogens. (alliedacademies.org)
B cells, on the other hand, produce antibodies that bind to specific pathogens, marking them for destruction by other components of the immune system. (alliedacademies.org)
Monocytes and macrophages not only phagocytose pathogens but also act as antigen-presenting cells. (alliedacademies.org)
They capture antigens from the pathogens they encounter and display them on their cell surface. (alliedacademies.org)
Without functional white blood cells, our bodies would be vulnerable to a wide range of pathogens, leading to severe illnesses and even death. (alliedacademies.org)
The function of the adaptive immune system is to recognize, remember and destroy invading pathogens through their antigens, and relieve pathogen-associated toxicities. (frontiersin.org)

It is present as a cell surface bound or a secreted form, expressed on most tissues and non-lymphoid tumor cell lines, but weak or no expression on hematopoietic lineage lines. (bdbiosciences.com)
In vivo , GC induced a potent response of type I IFN and upregulated genes associated with STING signaling within the tumor microenvironment (TME). (biorxiv.org)
Here, we explore the role of HCC-derived exosomes in the cellular and molecular conversion of adipocytes into tumor-promoting cells. (biomedcentral.com)
The tumor exosome-treated adipocytes, named exo-adipocytes, promoted tumor growth, enhanced angiogenesis, and recruited more macrophages in mouse xenograft model. (biomedcentral.com)
Our results provide new insights into the concept that tumor cell-derived exosomes can educate surrounding adipocytes to create a favorable microenvironment for tumor progression. (biomedcentral.com)
Tumor behavior is determined by not only the malignant potential of tumor cell itself but also the signals from its microenvironment. (biomedcentral.com)
Thus, it is clear that the crosstalk between tumor cells and their surrounding microenvironment is crucial for HCC development. (biomedcentral.com)
In a number of human malignancies, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are closely involved in tumor progression. (biomedcentral.com)
On the other hand, dendritic cells (DCs) that infiltrate tumor tissues are involved in tumor suppression. (biomedcentral.com)
Macrophages that infiltrate tumor tissues are referred to as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and are closely involved in tumor progression by inducing angiogenesis, immunosuppression, and invasion [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Injection of IFN-gamma into tumor-bearing mice or transgenic overexpression of Ncr1 in NK cells in mice resulted in decreased metastasis formation. (bioxcell.com)
One insight is the identification of tumor antigens (small proteins recognized as "foreign" by the immune system) that stimulate the T-cells of the immune system. (oncolink.org)
These tumor specific antigens are the result of mutations that cancer cells undergo, and in many cases that involve viral carcinogens, viral antigens. (oncolink.org)
Wpep-DGL/Pt showed potent antitumor efficacy in MDA-MB-231 cells tumor-bearing nude mice with a deficient immune system, demonstrating targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics and the resultant cytotoxicity. (thno.org)
This work represents a novel approach for cancer immunotherapy by integrating nanotechnology and platinum-based therapeutics which not only efficiently exerts the chemotherapeutic cytotoxic effect on tumor cell but also restores immune response of immunological cells within the tumor microenvironment. (thno.org)
First, the stimulatory or death signals are released from apoptotic tumor cells into the tumor microenvironment. (thno.org)
Then these signals are engulfed as antigens and presented by antigen-presenting cells within the tumor-derived lymph nodes. (thno.org)
During the early phase of tumor development, immune cells could spontaneously infiltrate into the tumor microenvironment to evoke an immune response and fight against the growth of the tumor. (thno.org)

PMNs are rapidly recruited to tissues upon injury or infection, where they likely encounter other cells, for instance local and/or recruited dendritic cells and monocytes/macrophages. (springeropen.com)

It causes a negative inotropic effect by interfering with the intracellular calcium ion concentrations perhaps by inducing the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO), also decreasing contractility. (wikipedia.org)
Their expression in tumour cells is modulated by a complex interplay of genomic, transcriptomic and post translational factors involving multiple intracellular antigen processing pathways. (portlandpress.com)
Flow (Intracellular): NOD2 Antibody (2D9) [NB100-524] - An intracellular stain was performed on THP-1 cells with NOD2 (2D9) antibody NB100-524AF488 (blue) and a matched isotype control NBP2-27287AF488 (orange). (novusbio.com)
Flow Cytometry: NOD2 Antibody (2D9) [NB100-524] - An intracellular stain was performed on Jurkat cells with NOD2 (2D9) antibody NB100-524APC (blue) and a matched isotype control (orange). (novusbio.com)
Flow Cytometry: NOD2 Antibody (2D9) [NB100-524] - An intracellular stain was performed on Jurkat cells with NOD2 (2D9) antibody NB100-524PE (blue) and a matched isotype control (orange). (novusbio.com)
Intestinal lamina propria of AIDS patients with concomitant Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC) infection may be packed with PAS-positive granules containing macrophages, but the intracellular bacilli are acid fast. (medscape.com)

Neutrophils are the most abundant white blood cells and are the first responders to infection. (alliedacademies.org)
Polymorfonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) or neutrophils, one of the first effector cells of the innate immune system against infection are the most abundant circulating leukocytes and were discovered by Paul Ehrlich. (springeropen.com)
The peak of neutrophil recruitment is followed by the arrival of macrophages into the tissue, which phagocytose the remaining cellular and bacterial residues, including apoptotic neutrophils [1]. (bvsalud.org)

pp. 558-572) demonstrate that recombinant human hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1 (rhHAPLN1) significantly reduces the extended airspaces of the emphysematous alveoli by increasing the levels of TGF-β receptor I and SIRT1/6, as a previously unrecognized mechanism in human alveolar epithelial cells, and consequently mitigates COPD. (molcells.org)

Resident and recruited macrophages in the lung produce high levels of cysteinyl LTs (cysLTs) and leukotriene B 4 (LTB 4 ), thereby promoting granulocyte infiltration, airway inflammation and tissue remodeling 8 . (nature.com)
Our recent work had shown that patients suffering from chronic airway inflammation exhibit transcriptional reprogramming of MDM 14 , a cell type implicated in COVID-19 pathogenesis 7 . (nature.com)
They also contribute to allergic reactions by releasing chemicals that induce inflammation. (alliedacademies.org)
Histopathological grading indicated that OVA + PM/OVA treatment induced significant inflammation compared to OVA/OVA. (cdc.gov)
RANTES signals through CCR1, CCR3 and CCR5 receptors and recruits T cells, macrophages, eosinophils and basophils to sites of inflammation. (quanterix.com)
Here we report the generation of monoclonal antibody 5B8, targeted against the cryptic fibrin epitope γ377-395, to selectively inhibit fibrin-induced inflammation and oxidative stress without interfering with clotting. (stanford.edu)
However, the functional consequences of NETs interacting with other immune cells, either resident or recruited during early inflammation, have not been assessed. (springeropen.com)
More importantly this not only serves as an example of IL-10 regulation at the cellular via coordination of two signals from two cell types but these findings also lay the molecular and cellular groundwork for future studies to investigate how to manipulate IL-10 or IL-30 production during inflammation malignancy or BMS-582664 autoimmune diseases. (bioerc-iend.org)
Although triggers induce inflammation through different pathways, the resulting effects all lead to increased bronchial reactivity. (medscape.com)
Ironically, the same mediators that induce the initial phase and symptoms of inflammation are those who will take part and stimulate the expression of other enzymes that synthesize mediators responsible for the resolution of inflammation, or in other words, its end. (bvsalud.org)

Total cells, macrophages, and eosinophils recovered in BALF lavage were significantly elevated in the OVA + PM/OVA compared to OVA/OVA group. (cdc.gov)

They not only help activate B cells to secrete antibodies and macrophages to destroy ingested microbes, but they also help activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected target cells. (nih.gov)
They include B cells, which produce antibodies, and T cells, which directly attack infected cells [ 1 , 2 ]. (alliedacademies.org)
where GLA induced production of IL-6 by click here monocyte-derived DCs in culture, and this was blocked with anti-TLR4 but not TLR2 antibodies 27. (peptidesprice.com)

alveolar macrophages and human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and for T-cell reactivity. (cdc.gov)
The number of HO-1 positive alveolar macrophages was significantly elevated in lungs of mice treated with OVA + PM/OVA compared to OVA/OVA. (cdc.gov)

HLA-II peptide binding studies involve multiple overlapping peptides spanning individual antigens, as well as complete viral proteomes. (biomedcentral.com)
Clinical data indicate that severe COVID-19 most commonly manifests as viral pneumonia-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a clinical entity mechanistically understood best in the context of influenza A virus-induced pneumonia. (ersjournals.com)
Therefore, a clearer understanding capsid expression was analyzed by immunofluorescent assay of WNV is necessary in order to identify new strategies to treat in HeLa, 293-T, RD, or SH-SY5Y cells by using anti-His tag or prevent this viral infection (3). (cdc.gov)
Cp) in viral-induced pathogenesis. (cdc.gov)

Signal 2 is provided by costimulatory proteins, especially the B7 proteins (CD80 and CD86), which are recognized by the co-receptor protein CD28 on the surface of the T cell. (nih.gov)
The CD40L-activated B cells may be continually expanded and the B cells significantly up-regulate the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II and induce the expression of CD80 and CD86. (biomedcentral.com)

The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system (the major histocompatibility complex [MHC] in humans) is an important part of the immune system and is controlled by genes located on chromosome 6. (msdmanuals.com)

In this paper, we review the current literature on both in vitro and in vivo studies on the role of the immune system in fracture repair, the use of MSCs in the enhancement of fracture healing, and interactions between MSCs and immune cells. (hindawi.com)
However, the mechanisms by which NK cells control tumors in vivo are unclear. (bioxcell.com)
Thus, we have defined a mechanism of NK cell-mediated control of metastases in vivo that may help develop NK cell-dependent cancer therapies. (bioxcell.com)
Understanding the cell-to-cell communication in regulating IL-10 levels is important as it not MMP7 only replicates the inter-cellular communication that occurs in vivo but also integrates different cues within the microenvironment to account for IL-10 levels globally. (bioerc-iend.org)
We next looked into a bunch E3 ubiquitin ligase gene (inhibits MAVS/STING/TRIF-induced type I IFN (IFN-I) signaling in vitro and in Rabbit Polyclonal to TRIM24 vivo. (rawveronica.com)
To further evaluate the capacity of DCs to become immunogenic following antigen capture in vivo, mice were injected with anti-DEC-HIV gag and either GLA-SE or SE. (peptidesprice.com)
These data indicate that GLA induces the full maturation of spleen and lymph node NVP-LDE225 DCs in vivo. (peptidesprice.com)
To understand adjuvant action, these agonists need to be characterized in vivo at the level of antigen presenting DCs. (peptidesprice.com)
Our experiments at this direct level indicate that a synthetic TLR4 agonist, GLA-SE, serves as an effective adjuvant and enhances MLN0128 mw the capacity of DCs in vivo to immunize against protein antigens. (peptidesprice.com)
In the current study, we demonstrated that GLA-SE injection together with a protein antigen allows the antigen-capturing DCs to quickly become immunogenic in vivo. (peptidesprice.com)
thereafter, antigen-presenting cells are harvested ex vivo, exposed to prostatic acid phosphatase fused to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and infused back into the patient [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In vivo, a T-cell-mediated immune response against prostate cancer cells expressing prostatic acid phosphatase is induced [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The hallmark of the pathologic report was the marked infiltration by foamy macrophages of joints and aortic valves, and prominent deposits of fat within intestinal mucosa and mesenteric lymph nodes, which made Whipple consider this case an obscure disease of fat metabolism and propose the name intestinal lipodystrophy. (medscape.com)
He identified periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-staining granules, most likely representing degenerating bacterial forms, within macrophages isolated from the small bowel as well as other tissue and fluid specimens (eg, pericardium, endocardium, lymph nodes, synovia, lung, brain, meninges) obtained from patients in whom Whipple disease was suspected. (medscape.com)

Signal 1 is provided by a foreign peptide bound to an MHC protein on the surface of the presenting cell. (nih.gov)
We characterized the role of IRG protein Irgb6 in the cell-autonomous response against T. gondii , which involves vacuole ubiquitination and breakdown. (life-science-alliance.org)
Here, we show that the blood protein fibrinogen induces spine elimination and promotes cognitive deficits mediated by CD11b-CD18 microglia activation. (stanford.edu)
Western Blot: NOD2 Antibody (2D9) [NB100-524] - HCMV infection induces NOD2 mRNA and protein in HFFs and U373 cells. (novusbio.com)
Western Blot: NOD2 Antibody (2D9) [NB100-524] - Whole cell protein from THP-1 cells was separated on a 7.5% gel by SDS-PAGE, transferred to PVDF membrane and blocked in 5% non-fat milk in TBST. (novusbio.com)
Allergic disease initiated by chemicals is becoming better are more frequently attributed to protein exposure, there understood, as evidenced by the increasing number of is increasing evidence that certain chemicals can produce reports in the medical literature of agents capable of allergic disease for each of the four types of allergic inducing allergic asthma as well as allergic dermatitis. (cdc.gov)

In vitro, conditioned medium from exo-adipocytes promoted HepG2 cell migration and increased tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). (biomedcentral.com)
We also consider important differences between COVID-19 and influenza, mainly the protean clinical presentation and associated lymphopenia of COVID-19, the contrasting role of interferon-γ in mediating the host immune response to these viruses, and the tropism for vascular endothelial cells of SARS-CoV-2, commenting on the potential limitations of influenza as a model for COVID-19. (ersjournals.com)
Specifically, we argue that the hypercoagulable and hyperinflammatory state of severe COVID-19 is a consequence of the expanded tropism of SARS-CoV-2, which allows it to infect vascular endothelial cells, and that cytokine storm physiology contributes to a lesser degree. (ersjournals.com)

These peptides (HLA-II T-cell epitopes) are increasingly important as research targets for the development of vaccines and immunotherapies. (biomedcentral.com)
Dendritic cells (DCs), activated macrophages, and activated B cells are all capable of presenting antigen peptides. (biomedcentral.com)

This first report on T-cell antigens and epitopes of M. immunogenum is significant as it is expected to open up avenues for understanding pathogenesis mechanisms and developing T-cell-based immunodiagnostic tools for this poorly investigated occupational lung disease. (cdc.gov)
Indeed, antigen-presenting cells are important reservoirs of HIV-1 [ 16,17 ] and induction of HIV-1 replication within these cells may contribute significantly to the cofactor effect of confections on HIV-1 pathogenesis. (lww.com)
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has elicited a swift response by the scientific community to elucidate the pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)-induced lung injury and develop effective therapeutics. (ersjournals.com)
In this review we connect the current understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 replication cycle and host response to the clinical presentation of COVID-19, borrowing concepts from influenza A virus-induced ARDS pathogenesis and discussing how these ideas inform our evolving understanding of COVID-19-induced ARDS. (ersjournals.com)
Our review explores influenza A virus-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) as a paradigm for understanding coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-induced ARDS pathogenesis and ageing as a risk factor for severe disease. (ersjournals.com)

Strikingly, C . jejuni induced intestinal, extra-intestinal and systemic secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators (such as IL-6, MCP-1, TNF and nitric oxide) could be alleviated by peroral L . johnsonii challenge. (nature.com)
IFNγ has also been shown to modulate macrophage effector functions, influence isotype switching and induce the secretion of immunoglobulins by B cells. (bioxcell.com)
We demonstrated that signaling via the NK cell receptor NKp46 (human) and Ncr1 (mouse) induced interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secretion from intratumoral NK cells. (bioxcell.com)

Multipotential differentiation of MSCs into adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic cell lineages. (hindawi.com)
We here investigated macrophage lineages and ablated tissue macrophages in homeostasis and after I/R injury in a CSF1R-dependent manner. (elifesciences.org)

Here we demonstrate that simultaneous activation of two types of cells CD4+ T cells via CD3/CD28 and CpG-stimulated macrophages and their conversation in the same microenvironment is crucial to induce strong expression of IL-10. (bioerc-iend.org)

Interferon- g is a potential vaccine agent that could be used, as it generates mature dendritic cells. (oncolink.org)

Here, we focus on the development of NOX in phagocytic cells, where the so-called respiratory burst in phagolysosomes contributes to the elimination of ingested microorganisms. (frontiersin.org)
In addition, distinct NOX homologs expressed by non-phagocytic cells and mitochondrial ROS are interlinked with phagocytic NOX functions and thus affect the overall redox state of the tissue and the cellular activity in a complex fashion. (frontiersin.org)
This response provides the first line of defense against infectious disease and is primarily mediated by phagocytic, antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells. (rndsystems.com)

Helper T cells themselves, however, can only function when activated to become effector cells. (nih.gov)

In this final section , we discuss the multiple signals that help activate a T cell and how a helper T cell , once activated to become an effector cell , helps activate other cells. (nih.gov)
To activate a cytotoxic or helper T cell to proliferate and differentiate into an effector cell , an antigen-presenting cell provides two kinds of signals. (nih.gov)
This peptide-MHC complex signals through the T cell receptor and its associated proteins. (nih.gov)
The two signals that activate a helper T cell. (nih.gov)
Small orange butterflies away from the flower represent prophase gonialblast cells with overlapping old and new H3 signals. (portlandpress.com)
This work is usually of importance as it provides an example of IL-10 regulation at the cell-to-cell and molecular level via coordination of two BMS-582664 signals from two cell types. (bioerc-iend.org)
To test the coordination of different types of immune cells in inducing IL-10 two signals that stimulate different cell types were independently or simultaneously applied to the cell mixtures (splenocytes). (bioerc-iend.org)
The first signal comprised of CD3 and CD28 (CD3/CD28) mimics the first and second signals that activate T cells and can induce moderate amounts of IL-10. (bioerc-iend.org)
Additionally these two sets of signals CD3/CD28 plus CpG (CD3/CD28/CpG) synergistically induces high levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-30 [16] therefore suggesting that this same phenomenon may occur in IL-10 regulation. (bioerc-iend.org)

bound to the surface of mast cells. (cdc.gov)

More importantly, GC drives alternative activation of STING leading to inflammatory cell death that enhances dendritic cell (DC) activation, which triggers a variety of nucleic acid sensing pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and IL-1β production. (biorxiv.org)
As noted above, a more vigorous dendritic cell presentation of antigens could trigger the immune response by T-cells. (oncolink.org)
insufficiency increases IPI-145 (Duvelisib, INK1197) Compact disc86+DC (dendritic cell) populations and degrees of IFN- and interleukin 10 (IL-10) at day time 4 post disease, resulting in improved sponsor survival. (rawveronica.com)
Inside a follow-up research, IFN-I signaling was proven to straight affect regular dendritic cell (cDC) function and limit the power of cDCs to excellent IFN-Cproducing type 1 T regulatory (Tr1) cells (9). (rawveronica.com)

The signaling events initiated by the binding of peptide-MHC complexes to T cell receptors (signal 1). (nih.gov)
These two antigens were further predicted to be highly immunogenic for class I peptide MHC (pMHC) complex as compared to the reference antigens. (cdc.gov)
Cytometry and fluorescence microscopy showed that more than 98% sCD40L-activated B cells were loaded by the HBcAg peptide. (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, the peptide-pulsed activated B cells could induce HBcAg18-27 specific CTLs. (biomedcentral.com)

Yet, NOX2 can also be recruited to the plasma membrane of phagocytes leading to the generation of extracellular H 2 O 2 ( Aviello and Knaus, 2018 ), and NOX2-derived ROS participate in major signaling pathways, both within the individual phagocyte and surrounding cells. (frontiersin.org)

IL-12 subsequently stimulates the antipathogen type I immune response, wherein naïve CD4 + or CD8 + T cells become antigen-specific Th1 cells and cytotoxic T cells, respectively, with the help of antigen-presenting cells. (life-science-alliance.org)

Effector T cells act back to promote the expression of B7 proteins on antigen-presenting cells, creating a positive feedback loop that amplifies the T cell response. (nih.gov)
PRRs expressed by these cells, including membrane-associated Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and cytoplasmic Nod-like receptors (NLRs) and retinoic acid inducible gene I-like helicase receptors (RLRs), recognize specific, conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are present in microbial proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates. (rndsystems.com)

However, much of the evidence involves studies of DCs stimulated in cell culture with adjuvants 43. (peptidesprice.com)

Thus, SARS-CoV-2 infection leaves an inflammatory imprint in the monocyte/ macrophage compartment that drives aberrant macrophage effector functions and eicosanoid metabolism, resulting in long-term immune aberrations in patients recovering from mild COVID-19. (nature.com)
By studying transcriptome- and lipid mediator profiles in MDM of convalescent SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals with previous mild disease, we show that inflammatory gene expression and eicosanoid profiles as well as altered responsiveness to inflammatory cues are maintained at 3-5 months post infection as well as throughout macrophage differentiation. (nature.com)
Pro-inflammatory 5-LOX metabolites were selectively increased in post COVID-19 MDM, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 infection drives a pro-inflammatory eicosanoid reprogramming that contributes to long-term alterations in innate immune cell function. (nature.com)
Basophils release histamine, which causes blood vessels to dilate and increases blood flow to the site of infection or injury, facilitating the arrival of other immune cells [ 4 ]. (alliedacademies.org)

Adipose-derived MSCs, in particular, pose an attractive option for cell-based therapy due to their relatively decreased morbidity during isolation and potential for expansion and differentiation [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)

OVA, and more relevant antigens, i.e. bacterial capsular polysaccharide. (bu.edu)

Specific absence of homeostatic, monocyte-independent macrophages altered the immune cell crosstalk in response to injury and induced proinflammatory neutrophil polarization, resulting in impaired cardiac remodelling without influencing infarct size. (elifesciences.org)

The T cell receptor does not act on its own to transmit signal 1 into the cell. (nih.gov)
The T cell receptor and its associated CD3 complex. (nih.gov)
The IFNγ receptor is expressed ubiquitously on almost all cell types with the exception of mature erythrocytes. (bioxcell.com)

We have recently begun investigating the effect of PorB on germinal center formation and have found that this molecule is extremely potent in inducting germinal centers and proliferating B cells. (bu.edu)
For example, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) induce the expression of the enzyme 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX) in its active form in leucocytes, which catalyzes a step in the production cascade of a potent pro-resolving mediator named lipoxin A4 [2]. (bvsalud.org)

We have found that antigen presenting cells, including B cells, dendritic cells and macrophages, are activated by PorB in a TLR2, TLR1 and MyD88 dependent manner, inducting upregulation of class II MHC, costimulatory molecule CD86 and other markers of activation. (bu.edu)

Despite extensive research, our understanding of the precise role of different subsets of macrophages in ischemia/reperfusion injury remains incomplete. (elifesciences.org)
In the present study, we delineate the subsets of myeloid mononuclear cells in the mouse peritoneal cavity. (nih.gov)
Considering phenotypical, functional, and ontogenic features, peritoneal myeloid mononuclear cells are divided into 5 subsets: large peritoneal macrophages (LPMs), small peritoneal macrophages (SPMs), DCs, and 2 MHCII+CD11c+CD115+ subpopulations (i.e. (nih.gov)
Among them, 2 subsets of competent antigen presenting cells are demonstrated with distinct functional characteristics, one being DCs and the other being MHCII+CD11c+CD115+CD14-CD206- cells. (nih.gov)

Lipopeptides act as immunomodulators by interacting with pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), expressed on antigen-presenting cells (macrophages and dendritic cells) to activate immune functions [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

DCs are able to promote fully activated T cells and superior in expanding cytokine producing inflammatory T cells, whereas MHCII+CD11c+CD115+CD14-CD206- cells generate partially activated T cells and possess a greater ability to induce regulatory T cells under TGF-β and retinoic acid conditions. (nih.gov)

Using state-of-the-art fate-mapping models and genetic and pharmacological targeting approaches, the authors provide solid evidence that the absence of resident macrophages do not influence infarct size but instead alter the immune cell crosstalk in response to injury. (elifesciences.org)
While most of the regulation of IL-10 expression explained in the literature is limited to the molecular and single cell level within a specific type of immune cell the cell-to-cell interaction-dependent regulation has not been examined. (bioerc-iend.org)

Recently, an increasing number of studies have shown that adipocytes have immunological functions capable of recruiting and activating immune cells. (frontiersin.org)

We are investigating the use of this TLR2 ligand, PorB, as a vaccine adjuvant using classic antigens i.e. (bu.edu)
TRAIL (Apo2 ligand) and TWEAK (Apo3 ligand) mediate CD4+ T cell killing of antigen-presenting macrophages. (bdbiosciences.com)

In cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and its main sequelae, ischemic stroke and acute myocardial infarction (AMI), macrophage functions are central to both disease development and healing. (elifesciences.org)
Acute P. falciparum malaria coinfection impacts virus-host dynamics in HIV-1-infected persons at the cellular level, notably showing a reversible induction of HIV-1 replication in CD14 macrophages that is associated with changes in immune activation. (lww.com)

Upon discovery of ROS, their radical function was primarily considered to damage exposed cells and tissue structures. (frontiersin.org)
Adipocytes are the main constituent cells of adipose tissue. (frontiersin.org)
We report that the WNV capsid (Cp) by itself induces rapid nuclear condensation and cell death in tissue culture. (cdc.gov)

Our results demonstrated that HCC cell HepG2-derived exosomes could be actively internalized by adipocytes and caused significant transcriptomic alterations and in particular induced an inflammatory phenotype in adipocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
Cardiac macrophages are heterogenous in phenotype and functions, which has been associated with differences in their ontogeny. (elifesciences.org)

Therefore, overall objective of the current study was to identify T-cell reactive antigens of this recently recognized pathogen. (cdc.gov)
Fibrinogen-induced spine elimination was prevented by inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation or genetic ablation of CD11b. (stanford.edu)

In fact, this type of antigen was the target of the first monoclonal antibody therapy for a malignancy (B-cell lymphoma) in 1982. (oncolink.org)
T cell depletion decreases IFN- known level and change the protecting ramifications of insufficiency, which may be attained by antibody neutralization of IFN- also. (rawveronica.com)
1) Antibody deficiency disorders are defects in immunoglobulin-producing B cells . (lu.se)
3) T cell deficiencies result usually in combined immunodeficiencies (CIDs), where both T cells and antibody production are defective. (lu.se)

Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is another chemical that stimulated the maturation of dendritic cells and which could be used to augment the immune response. (oncolink.org)

Anatomy35

Organisms15

Diseases6

Chemicals and Drugs134

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment26

Phenomena and Processes40

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Health Care2

Lymphocytes23

APCs17

Cytokines13

Monocyte-derived macrophages3

Apoptosis8

Molecules21

Responses20

Proliferation9

Immunity15

Pathogens8

Tumor18

Monocytes1

Intracellular6

Neutrophils3

Epithelial cells1

Inflammation10

Eosinophils1

Antibodies3

Alveolar macrophages2

Viral4

CD802

Human leukocy1

Vivo12

Lymph nodes2

Protein6

Endothelial3

Peptides2

Pathogenesis5

Secretion3

Lineages2

Microenvironment is crucial1

Interferon1

Phagocytic3

Effector cells1

Signals9

Mast cells1

Dendritic cell4

Peptide4

Pathways1

Cytotoxic T cel1

Proteins2

Adjuvants1

Infection4

Differentiation1

Bacterial1

Neutrophil1

Receptor3

Potent2

CD861

Subsets4

PRRs1

Cytokine1

Immune cell2

Immunological1

Ligand2

Acute2

Tissue3

Phenotype2

Reactive2

Antibody4

Maturation1