• Intestinal macrophages display a "tolerant" phenotype, poorly responsive to toll like receptor (TLR) ligands (vital to avoid triggering inflammatory responses while scavenging commensal bacteria) whilst maintaining a homeostatic environment via IL-10 and PGE 2 production ( 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Macrophages are emerging as major cellular factors in the tumor ecosystem that can influence the stem phenotype and cancer progression. (nature.com)
  • Furthermore, macrophages were shown to contribute to a niche that can support and maintain a breast CSC (BCSC) phenotype through heterotypic CD90/EphA4 signaling between macrophage and tumor cell 14 . (nature.com)
  • Cardiac macrophages are heterogenous in phenotype and functions, which has been associated with differences in their ontogeny. (elifesciences.org)
  • However, at least two distinct macrophage populations have been identified: the classically activated M1 phenotype and the alternative activated M2 phenotype [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In vivo , the identification of macrophage phenotype is complicated since macrophages are obviously exposed to a microenvironment that is more complex respect to cell culture conditions, and they display characteristics that do not conform to the in vitro defined phenotypic categories. (hindawi.com)
  • Therefore, in the last years characterization of macrophage phenotype in vivo during tissue repair has been a matter of active investigation. (hindawi.com)
  • The relationship between monocyte subset and macrophage phenotype is still to be resolved, however tissue macrophages clearly have diverse functions and are key inflammatory mediators [ 23 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We aimed to characterize macrophage phenotype and function in human subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue in relation to insulin resistance in obesity. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • With the introduction of concept that macrophages differentiate into a classically or alternatively activated phenotype, the role of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) is now beginning to be elucidated. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Macrophages are pivotal in coordinating a range of important processes in the intestines, including controlling intracellular infections and limiting damaging inflammation against the microbiota. (frontiersin.org)
  • We show that the monocyte:macrophage balance is disrupted in colon inflammation to favour recruitment of CD14 + HLA-DR Int cells in humans, and Ly6C Hi monocytes in mice. (frontiersin.org)
  • Finally, our data reveal that, independent of inflammation, murine colon macrophages act as a major source of Ccl7 and Ccl8 chemokines that trigger further recruitment of their pro-inflammatory monocyte precursors. (frontiersin.org)
  • Our work suggests that strategies targeting macrophage-mediated monocyte recruitment may represent a promising approach for limiting the chronic inflammation that characterises IBD. (frontiersin.org)
  • Macrophage activation has been described as a dynamic process: the same cell may initially induce proinflammatory and cytotoxic reactions and later may take part in the resolution of inflammation and wound healing [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • To determine whether DAP12 plays a role in cigarette smoke -induced pulmonary inflammation , we exposed wild-type and DAP12-deficient mice to chronic cigarette smoke and found significant reduction in recruitment of alveolar macrophages in DAP12-deficient mice . (bvsalud.org)
  • Thus focal inflammation in brain tissue with HIVE may up- regulate neuronal FKN levels, which in turn may he a neuroimmune modulator recruiting peripheral macrophages into the brain, and in a paracrine fashion protecting glutamatergic neurons. (northwestern.edu)
  • We found that the loss of IL-6 decreased macrophage recruitment to the spleen and the peritoneal cavity during pristane-induced inflammation. (hindawi.com)
  • Pristane-induced chronic inflammation has been characterized by the continuous recruitment of leukocytes, including lymphocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages, to the peritoneal cavity and the spleen [ 6 - 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Cytokines are known to regulate the migration of neutrophils and macrophages during inflammation. (hindawi.com)
  • In particular, we focus on the hypothesis that the macrophage is an important cell type in the propagation of inflammation and induction of insulin resistance in obesity. (jci.org)
  • The meeting will also highlight recent work on macrophage inflammation in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection and work from recently-funded NIMH, NIDA, and NINDS investigators. (nih.gov)
  • A panel will discuss research gaps and priorities related to human macrophage reservoirs and inflammation/comorbidities and treatment strategies for HIV remission and cure. (nih.gov)
  • Solinas G, Germano G, Mantovani A, Allavena P. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) as major players of the cancer-related inflammation. (springer.com)
  • AM J RESPIR CRIT CARE MED 1999;160:S29−S32.Macrophages are the predominant defense cell in the normal lung and during conditions associated with chronic inflammation such as COPD. (atsjournals.org)
  • In addition, the effects of macrophages in the occurrence and development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and their role in inducing fibrosis, activating T cells, reducing colitis, and treating intestinal inflammation were also reviewed in this paper. (frontiersin.org)
  • Macrophages are phagocytes found in tissues and maintain tissue homeostasis, regulate inflammation, and play a significant role in host protection. (frontiersin.org)
  • We thus sought to investigate the role of macrophages in uremic cardiac disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Herein, we introduce the role of macrophages in tumor progression, summarize the recent advances in macrophage-centered anticancer therapy, and discuss their challenges as well as future applications. (springer.com)
  • These findings indicate that DAP12, possibly through association with TREM2, contributes to alveolar macrophage chemotaxis and recruitment to the lung and may mediate macrophage accumulation in lung diseases such as emphysema . (bvsalud.org)
  • gest that particle clearance from the lungs can become model includes processes for first-order alveolar- impaired due to overloading of alveolar-macrophage- macrophage-mediated clearance and transfer of par- mediated clearance. (cdc.gov)
  • However, it is not clear how gut macrophages, relative to recruited blood monocytes and other myeloid cells, contribute to the intestinal inflammatory milieu, nor how macrophages and their monocyte precursors mediate recruitment of other immune cells to the inflamed intestine. (frontiersin.org)
  • In addition, mRNA expression profiles in human and murine colon samples, and in macrophages and monocytes from healthy and inflamed murine colons, were analysed by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and mRNA microarray. (frontiersin.org)
  • It has recently been shown that murine intestinal macrophages are continually repopulated from circulating blood monocytes, identified by expression of the cell surface markers Ly6C, CCR2, and CD62L ( 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • However, the functions of mature intestinal macrophages and recruited monocytes are strikingly different. (frontiersin.org)
  • Results from murine studies ( 2 ) combined with the observation of radiolabelled blood monocytes in the inflamed intestinal mucosa of IBD patients ( 15 ), indicate that increased LP inflammatory mononuclear cells are a result of monocyte recruitment, rather than expansion of a tissue resident macrophage population. (frontiersin.org)
  • We conclude that VEGF-A recruitment of monocytes/macrophages plays a crucial role in inducing inflammatory neovascularization by supplying/amplifying signals essential for pathological hemangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Whether the sequential presence of two different macrophage populations results from a dynamic shift in macrophage polarization or from the recruitment of new circulating monocytes is a subject of ongoing debate. (hindawi.com)
  • Immunomagnetically selected peripheral blood monocytes are cultured in RPMI 1640 Medium (Catalog #36750) + 10% FBS, M-CSF, and IL-4 for 5 days to generate macrophages. (stemcell.com)
  • Macrophages are important effectors of innate immunity. (elifesciences.org)
  • Beyond their role in innate immunity, macrophages play increasingly defined roles in orchestrating the healing of various injured tissues. (hindawi.com)
  • These findings attribute distinct beneficial effects to different macrophage populations in the context of myocardial infarction. (elifesciences.org)
  • Here, we review the many functions of autophagy in bacterial infections with a focus on macrophages, the first line of host defenses, and the replicative niche of numerous pathogens. (frontiersin.org)
  • So on day one, Session 1 will focus on macrophages and the immune system during HIV and SARS-CoV-2 infection, Session 2 will focus on challenges to study HIV/SIV reservoirs, and Session 3 will really have the highlights from recent awardees of the NIMH/NINDS/NIDA Myeloid Reservoir RFA. (nih.gov)
  • Stein M, Keshav S, Harris N, Gordon S. Interleukin 4 potently enhances murine macrophage mannose receptor activity: a marker of alternative immunologic macrophage activation. (springer.com)
  • In summary, resident macrophages orchestrate inflammatory responses improving cardiac remodelling, while recruited macrophages determine infarct size after I/R injury. (elifesciences.org)
  • Using state-of-the-art fate-mapping models and genetic and pharmacological targeting approaches, the authors provide solid evidence that the absence of resident macrophages do not influence infarct size but instead alter the immune cell crosstalk in response to injury. (elifesciences.org)
  • However, the functional evaluation of resident macrophages is limited by potential off target effects in ∆FIRE mice. (elifesciences.org)
  • Macrophages are essential for the efficient healing of numerous tissues. (hindawi.com)
  • The presence of immune cells, such as macrophages, in metabolic tissues suggests dynamic, ongoing crosstalk between these two regulatory systems. (nih.gov)
  • The fact that various immune cells, including macrophages, can be found in tumor tissues has long been known. (biomedcentral.com)
  • One strategy for targeting TAMs is to block monocyte recruitment into tumor tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Macrophage heterogeneity in tissues: phenotypic diversity and functions. (springer.com)
  • [ 14 ] If this system is overwhelmed, then these particles accumulate in periarticular tissues and are subsequently phagocytosed by macrophages in the pseudocapsule. (medscape.com)
  • CSCs are enriched near macrophages, particularly near macrophage-containing intravasation sites called Tumor Microenvironment of Metastasis (TMEM) doorways. (nature.com)
  • Targeting macrophages to modulate the tumor immune microenvironment can ameliorate the tumor-associated immunosuppression and elicit an anti-tumor immune response. (springer.com)
  • Macrophages, which are functional plasticity cells, have the ability to phagocytize and digest foreign substances and acquire pro-(M1-like) or anti-inflammatory (M2-like) phenotypes according to their microenvironment. (frontiersin.org)
  • Because cigarette smoking induces the macrophage chemoattractant CCL2, we tested the chemotactic ability of DAP12-deficient macrophages and found abrogation of chemotaxis toward CCL2 in vitro . (bvsalud.org)
  • Pristane administration induces macrophage activation [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Reduced BMPR2 expression induces GM-CSF translation and macrophage recruitment in humans and mice to exacerbate pulmonary hypertension. (albany.edu)
  • Perturbations of macrophage function and/or activation may result in impaired regeneration and fibrosis deposition as described in several chronic pathological diseases. (hindawi.com)
  • In vitro , cigarette smoke directly induced expression of myeloid DAP12-associated lectin -1 and TREM2 and activation of DAP12 signaling in mouse macrophages . (bvsalud.org)
  • Here, we discuss how changes in the recruitment and activation of macrophages contribute to metabolic homeostasis. (nih.gov)
  • Heterogeneity and plasticity of macrophages could explain these apparently contrasting roles in tissue healing. (hindawi.com)
  • Roles of autophagy machinery in macrophage antibacterial defenses. (frontiersin.org)
  • 1. We revealed roles of intestinal CD169-positive macrophages in colitis, and identified the transcriptional factor regulating the function of these macrophages. (nii.ac.jp)
  • Both circulating monocyte-derived macrophages, and helper T cells were shown to have crucial and beneficial roles. (weizmann.ac.il)
  • Heterogeneity and plasticity have been demonstrated to be hallmarks of macrophages. (hindawi.com)
  • Monocyte and macrophage plasticity in tissue repair and regeneration. (springer.com)
  • Airway administration of CCL2 also resulted in a significant reduction of macrophage recruitment to the lungs of DAP12-deficient mice compared with that in controls. (bvsalud.org)
  • We assessed cardiac response in two experimental models of CKD and tested macrophage and chemokine implication in monocytopenic CCR2 −/− and anti-CXCL10 treated mice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mice deficient for TNF α develop defective oil granulomas with reduced recruitment of macrophages and neutrophils [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Insulin resistance and other features of the metabolic syndrome have been causally linked to adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) in mice with diet-induced obesity. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • The number of HO-1 positive alveolar macrophages was significantly elevated in lungs of mice treated with OVA + PM/OVA compared to OVA/OVA. (cdc.gov)
  • In this paper, we discuss the current available information about the role that different phenotypes of macrophages plays after injury and during the remodelling phase in different tissue types, with particular attention to the skeletal muscle. (hindawi.com)
  • Classically activated M1 macrophages are induced in vitro by IFN γ , alone or in concert with microbial stimuli (e.g. (hindawi.com)
  • In particular, we focus our discussion on the pathogenic and protective functions of classically and alternatively activated macrophages, respectively, in experimental models of obesity and metabolic disease. (nih.gov)
  • Mechanistically, ProCT inhibits the expression of key mediators involved in the recruitment of macrophages, representing osteoclast precursors. (nih.gov)
  • Macrophages are one of the first barriers of host defence against pathogens. (hindawi.com)
  • A clear understanding of the function of macrophages, as well as their role in pathogens and inflammatory response, will delineate the next steps in the treatment of intestinal inflammatory diseases. (frontiersin.org)
  • Moreover, the genetic engineering of macrophages with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) allows them to recognize tumor antigens and perform tumor cell-specific phagocytosis. (springer.com)
  • Zhou XF, Liu XR, Huang L. Macrophage-mediated tumor cell phagocytosis: opportunity for nanomedicine intervention. (springer.com)
  • Macrophages participate in all the different phases of tissue repair: they can promote phagocytosis of cellular debris and apoptotic neutrophils and produce cytokines that may help orchestrate the healing response. (hindawi.com)
  • Collectively, our findings suggested that in chronic neurodegenerative diseases, systemic immune suppression interferes with the ability of the CP to orchestrate recruitment of leukocytes to the CNS, needed for coping with disease-escalating factors within the brain, and to support tissue remodeling, and led us to the current focus of the laboratory on immune therapies to combat AD and Dementia. (weizmann.ac.il)
  • We discovered, against the common wisdom at that time, that immune cells are pivotal for CNS neuroprotection and repair, though their spontaneous recruitment to the CNS is insufficient (1, 2). (weizmann.ac.il)
  • TAMs act as "protumoral macrophages", contributing to disease progression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The frequency and polarization of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) correlate with disease progression, tumor metastasis, and resistance to various treatments. (springer.com)
  • In contrast, anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages, which are predominantly present in tumors, potentiate tumor progression and immune escape. (springer.com)
  • Yang QY, Guo NN, Zhou Y, Chen JJ, Wei QC, Han M. The role of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in tumor progression and relevant advance in targeted therapy. (springer.com)
  • We further showed that this T cell network, in the context of acute injuries, helps facilitate recruitment of anti-inflammatory monocyte-derived macrophages to the CNS, and that these cells support tissue repair by through their local phagocytic and anti-inflammatory activity (8-11). (weizmann.ac.il)
  • In mammary gland development, Notch-dependent heterotypic signaling between resident tissue macrophages and mammary stem cells supports survival and function of the normal mammary stem cell 20 . (nature.com)
  • In genome -wide profiling, we previously found that two DAP12-associated receptors, myeloid DAP12-associated lectin -1 and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), were highly induced in alveolar macrophages from habitual smokers . (bvsalud.org)
  • Treatment with systemic CD11b-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies has been shown to prevent the recruitment of myeloid cells to tumors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cryostat sections of atherosclerotic plaques were immunohistochemically stained with monoclonal antibodies: anti-CD68 (macrophages), anti-5G4 (CRP), aE11 (MAC), and 12E7 (oxLDL). (bmj.com)
  • In contrast, continuous CSF1R inhibition led to depletion of both resident and recruited macrophage populations. (elifesciences.org)
  • We found that reduced kidney function resulted in the expansion of cardiac macrophages, in particular through local proliferation of resident populations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and its main sequelae, ischemic stroke and acute myocardial infarction (AMI), macrophage functions are central to both disease development and healing. (elifesciences.org)
  • A lot of evidence demonstrated that after acute injury M1 macrophages infiltrate early to promote the clearance of necrotic debris, whereas M2 macrophages appear later to sustain tissue healing. (hindawi.com)
  • Despite extensive research, our understanding of the precise role of different subsets of macrophages in ischemia/reperfusion injury remains incomplete. (elifesciences.org)
  • This study provides important findings on the distinct functions of resident and recruited macrophages during cardiac healing after myocardial ischemia. (elifesciences.org)
  • In vivo detection of macrophage recruitment in hind-limb ischemia using a targeted near-infrared fluorophore. (coolled.com)
  • Because VEGF-A is chemotactic for macrophages and we demonstrate here that macrophages in inflamed corneas release lymphangiogenic VEGF-C/VEGF-D, we evaluated the possibility that macrophage recruitment plays a role in VEGF-A-mediated lymphangiogenesis. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Komohara Y, Fujiwara Y, Ohnishi K, Takeya M. Tumor-associated macrophages: potential therapeutic targets for anti-cancer therapy. (springer.com)
  • Tumor-associated macrophages: potential therapeutic strategies and future prospects in cancer. (springer.com)
  • Exposure to GO during sensitization with OVA decreased eosinophil accumulation and increased recruitment of macrophages in BAL fluid. (cdc.gov)
  • Zhu L, Narloch JL, Onkar S , et al Metastatic breast cancers have reduced immune cell recruitment but harbor increased macrophages relative to their matched primary tumors. (bmj.com)
  • Targeting the chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) - chemokine (C-C motif) receptor (CCR2) axis is promising due to its important role in monocyte recruitment in tumors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Therefore, the in vivo classification of macrophages in two polarized states (M1 versus M2) sounds as an oversimplification. (hindawi.com)
  • Macrophages, as one of the most abundant tumor-infiltrating cells, play an important role in tumor development and metastasis. (springer.com)
  • Indeed, several human diseases are characterized by attenuated repair responses and imbalances in the inflammatory response with increased number of infiltrating macrophages [ 3 - 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Scientific evidence from a variety of sources is emerging that supports a primary role for the macrophage in regulating the inflammatory response and tissue destruction associated with COPD. (atsjournals.org)
  • In this review, we discuss the origin and development of macrophages and their role in the intestinal inflammatory response or infection. (frontiersin.org)
  • Macrophages are known to be involved in both chronic kidney disease (CKD) and heart failure, however their role in the development of cardiorenal syndrome is less clear. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Macrophages form the largest component of the intestinal mononuclear phagocyte system and play a pivotal role in mediating immune homeostasis ( 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • We here investigated macrophage lineages and ablated tissue macrophages in homeostasis and after I/R injury in a CSF1R-dependent manner. (elifesciences.org)
  • The large number of macrophages in the intestinal tract, play a significant role in maintaining the homeostasis of microorganisms on the surface of the intestinal mucosa and in the continuous renewal of intestinal epithelial cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • That is, when alveolar macrophages attempt to engulf and fail to digest an asbestos fiber, they release lysosomal contents into the alveolar space [NIOSH 2011a]. (cdc.gov)
  • Pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages hold the potential to engulf tumor cells. (springer.com)
  • A common scenario is emerging, in which soon after injury infiltrating macrophages are mainly proinflammatory M1 macrophages, whereas M2 macrophages are the primary effectors of later stages of tissue repair or remodelling phases [ 10 - 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Alternatively activated M2 macrophages comprise cells exposed to low concentrations of M-CSF in the presence of IL-4, IL-13, or IL-10. (hindawi.com)
  • Specific absence of homeostatic, monocyte-independent macrophages altered the immune cell crosstalk in response to injury and induced proinflammatory neutrophil polarization, resulting in impaired cardiac remodelling without influencing infarct size. (elifesciences.org)
  • 2. We revealed the regulatory mechanisms of neutrophil function by macrophages, and the molecular mechanisms of netosis. (nii.ac.jp)
  • RNA-Seq and Western blot analyses of the aorta revealed that SRC-3 was required for maintaining the expression of ICAM-1, which was required for macrophage recruitment and atherosclerosis development. (ijbs.com)
  • Mechanistically, stemness is induced in non-stem cancer cells upon their direct contact with macrophages via Notch-Jagged signaling. (nature.com)
  • Either systemic depletion of all bone marrow-derived cells (by irradiation) or local depletion of macrophages in the cornea (using clodronate liposomes) prior to injury significantly inhibited both hemangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The macrophages, accompanied by Schwann cells, serve to clear the debris from the degeneration. (wikipedia.org)
  • The loss of TNF α delayed the recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages to the spleen and inhibited the recruitment of neutrophils, macrophages, B cells, and T cells. (hindawi.com)
  • However, only macrophage recruitment was inhibited in the absence of T cells in the spleen. (hindawi.com)
  • Although CD4 T cells are the main targets of HIV infection, macrophages also become infected and resist the cytopathic effects of infection, contributing potentially to HIV reservoir persistence. (nih.gov)
  • On the other hand, phagosomes are formed when the pathogen is engulfed by macrophages and fuse with lysosomes to release enzymes and toxic substances, resulting in killing or having cytotoxic effects on bacteria and tumor cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • The number of foreign body inflammatory cells (macrophages and giant cells) present correlates with the number of polyethylene wear particles. (medscape.com)
  • Total cells, macrophages, and eosinophils recovered in BALF lavage were significantly elevated in the OVA + PM/OVA compared to OVA/OVA group. (cdc.gov)
  • DAP12 was also required for normal macrophage migration in a "scratch" assay. (bvsalud.org)
  • VEGF-A stimulates lymphangiogenesis and hemangiogenesis in inflammatory neovascularization via macrophage recruitment. (ox.ac.uk)
  • However, due to the release of proinflammatory cytokines and cytotoxic radical species, uncontrolled activity of macrophages may also be detrimental to tissue repair. (hindawi.com)
  • Macrophages play a significant role in many processes, such as the human immune function, parasite infection, and tissue remodeling by secreting cytokines and producing reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates. (frontiersin.org)
  • In this review, we intend to summarize the current knowledge on the many functions of autophagy proteins in cell defenses with a focus on bacteria-macrophage interaction. (frontiersin.org)
  • MK2 Regulates Macrophage Chemokine Activity and Recruitment to Promote Colon Tumor Growth. (nih.gov)