• Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. (lookformedical.com)
  • The objective of this work is to elucidate spatial and temporal distribution of lipids and proteins within the subcompartments of the morphologically complex mitochondrion. (uconn.edu)
  • Another critical tool in structural biology, (cryo) electron microscopy (EM), permits high-resolution three-dimensional structural analysis of proteins, protein complexes, phages and viruses, macromolecular assemblies, cellular organelles, and bacterial cells. (pitt.edu)
  • The MBSB program features several faculty specializing in computational studies aimed at understanding the functioning or malfunctioning of proteins and biological complexes. (pitt.edu)
  • Essential for recruitment of Atg proteins to the pre-autophagosomal structure, the putative site for autophagosome formation, under starvation condition, resulting in the sequestration of cytoplasmic proteins and organelles for bulk degradation. (yeastgenome.org)
  • This table lists all participants of the complex (proteins, small molecules, nucleic acids, etc.) and their respective stoichiometry. (yeastgenome.org)
  • Autophagy is a cellular catabolic process that eliminates damaged cell organelles, unfolded proteins, and various intracellular pathogens through lysosomal degradation. (hindawi.com)
  • During elongation and maturation, the phagophore encapsulates damaged proteins and cell organelles. (hindawi.com)
  • Centrifugation is a widely used technique in research, industry, and clinical laboratories, and it has many applications, including the purification of biological samples, the separation of cells and organelles, the analysis of proteins and nucleic acids, and the preparation of diagnostic specimens. (microbiologynote.com)
  • These molecular motors are specialized proteins that bind to cargo, vesicles and organelles, and 'step' along thin microtubules, which are much like a network of roads in a city. (natureasia.com)
  • The cargos of autophagy are not limited to proteins and include dysfunctional or superfluous organelles. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Structural biology often focuses on proteins as they are built from a genetic template, and the complex structure of amino acids that build the protein dictates how it will interact with other structures, and therefore, how it will influence biological functions. (azolifesciences.com)
  • Our research group studies proteins and protein complexes responsible for such intracellular transport that organizes the inner life of eukaryotic cells. (au.dk)
  • EMBO J 2016) and determined the structures of several IFT proteins, which have significantly informed us on IFT complex assembly and function (see figure). (au.dk)
  • Moreover, cells use autophagy to regulate the activity of specific signaling proteins, to prevent accumulation of damaged organelles or long-lived, aggregate-prone proteins, and to remove incoming threats such as intracellular pathogens. (invivogen.com)
  • Vesicle nucleation depends on a class III phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI(3)K) complex formed by Beclin 1, Vps34 and other proteins. (invivogen.com)
  • The autophagic pathway constitutively maintains cellular homeostasis by recycling cytoplasmic organelles and proteins, but it is also stimulated by environmental stress conditions, such as starvation, oxidative stress, and the accumulation of misfolded proteins. (mdpi.com)
  • It will explore several children and adults' cancers characteristics from the structure of underlying molecular complexes, spatio-temporal genes and proteins expression patterns, all the way up to subcellular organization, tissues morphology/rheology, and ultimately drug design and screening. (nanotumor.fr)
  • The cellular organization and organelle morphology reflect the integrated action of the expressed proteins directed by the genetic and epigenetic program of a given cell type. (nanotumor.fr)
  • By following the infection path of selected viruses, from their arrival to the cell surface and intracellular trafficking to their amplification and spreading, we focus on the complex dynamics and regulation of macromolecular assemblies such as membrane vesicles, organelles and ribonucleoprotein complexes. (helsinki.fi)
  • We study the cellular organization and regulation of metabolism by large macromolecular assemblies as well as giant microbial biosynthetic assembly lines. (unibas.ch)
  • Metabolic reactions are spatially organized not only into organelles but also by the transient formation of localized protein assemblies in the cytosol. (unibas.ch)
  • A pan-plant protein complex map reveals deep conservation and novel assemblies. (github.io)
  • It facilitates biomedical research to investigate the detailed structure of tissues, cells, organelles and macromolecular complexes. (aace.org)
  • We demonstrate the general use of our approach by 4D imaging of organelles and fine structures in epithelial human cells, colonies of mouse embryonic stem cells, brain cells, and organotypic tissues. (nature.com)
  • Observing the interplay of organelles and macromolecular complexes inside living cells and tissues calls for the continuous development of minimally invasive optical systems performing at high spatio-temporal resolution. (nature.com)
  • Development of new or improved laboratory/experimental techniques, instruments, or supporting software that measure the location and dynamics of molecules in situ, and organelles, cells, or tissues on the nanometer and micrometer length scales. (nih.gov)
  • In our lab, we use techniques of protein co-expression in bacteria, insect cells and mammalian cells to produce large multi-subunit IFT complexes for structural and biochemical studies. (au.dk)
  • Development of new or improved instruments, methods, and related software to elucidate 3D structures of macromolecules and macromolecular complexes. (nih.gov)
  • The first one is currently used to elucidate the three-dimensional structure of cellular components or smaller entire cells, whereas the second one has been traditionally applied to structural studies of macromolecules and macromolecular complexes. (i2pc.es)
  • The eukaryotic cell is organized into different compartments and organelles, which require the directed transport of macromolecules within the cell. (au.dk)
  • Macromolecular Substances" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (uchicago.edu)
  • In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure. (uchicago.edu)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Macromolecular Substances" by people in this website by year, and whether "Macromolecular Substances" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (uchicago.edu)
  • Below are the most recent publications written about "Macromolecular Substances" by people in Profiles. (uchicago.edu)
  • The two complexes share the defining core mTOR protein but employ characteristic subunits, Raptor for mTORC1 and Rictor for mTORC2, for capturing input signals controlling and localization, as well as for recognizing specific targets for phosphorylation. (unibas.ch)
  • This diagram displays the protein subunits (blue) of the complex and how they interact with each other. (yeastgenome.org)
  • Interactions with other relevant participants such as small molecules (purple), sub-complexes (yellow), and other subunits (red) are also shown. (yeastgenome.org)
  • This diagram displays Gene Ontology terms (green) and subunits (blue) that are shared between the given macromolecular complex (black) and other yeast complexes (yellow). (yeastgenome.org)
  • Note: No diagram is shown ("No shared annotations") if there are less than 2 shared annotations (either GO terms or subunits of other complexes) between this complex and any other complexes. (yeastgenome.org)
  • Given that the complete IFT complex has a molecular mass in the MDa range and is composed of up to 30 different protein subunits, the tasks of reconstitution and structure determination represent significant challenges. (au.dk)
  • So far, we have reconstituted IFT protein complexes of up to 15 subunits (Taschner, Weber et al. (au.dk)
  • Identifying direct contacts between protein complex subunits from their conditional dependence in proteomics datasets. (github.io)
  • In humans, the mtDNA is a circular molecule of 16.5kbp that codes for 13 essential subunits (out of approximately 80) of complexes I, III, IV and V of the oxidative phosphorylation pathway (OXPHOS), as well as for two rRNAs and 22tRNAs. (csic.es)
  • Future applications will be able to take advantage of the combination of cryo-ET and FIB milling, which will allow for the visualization of important cellular structures, such as chloroplasts, Golgi ultrastructures, proteasomes in intact hippocampal neurons, organelle organization in embryos, translocon-associated protein complex (TRAP) within human fibroblasts, and more. (azolifesciences.com)
  • Organization and Dynamics of Macromolecular. (hhmi.org)
  • The localisation and composition of signalling complexes are dynamically regulated by post-translational modifications exerting quality control at the levels of individual molecules, organelles and even cells. (cef-mc.de)
  • Within the TEM field, cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) allows visualization of intact molecules/complexes under near native conditions. (utmb.edu)
  • Cells are occupied by numerous organelles which carry important cellular functions and are constantly remodeled to exchange molecules. (nanotumor.fr)
  • It's densely packed with all kinds of molecules, complexes and things. (ucsf.edu)
  • One, the recognition unit, consists of a trimolecular complex of C1q, 2 molecules of C1r, and 2 molecules of C1s held together by calcium. (medscape.com)
  • Impacts of CEF research include quantitative parameters of macromolecular interactions in cells as well as spatio-temporal regulation of signaling networks and quality control mechanisms. (cef-mc.de)
  • At the nuclear level, the composition and dynamics of transcriptional complexes and chromatin remodeling factors are essential for cellular functions. (cef-mc.de)
  • Three-dimensional tomograms are then generated from these projections, which are then analyzed by segmenting the elements of interest, such as entire organelles, macromolecular machines, membrane compartments, and cytoskeletal filaments. (azolifesciences.com)
  • 2016). A careful evaluation of the effect of mechanical forces and metastatic steps on cellular organelles is crucial and would allow to understand their effects on important organelle-carried cellular functions, in addition to identifying organelles and cytoskeletal elements that are responsible for rheological responses and differences. (nanotumor.fr)
  • X-ray crystallography) helps structural biologists to understand the function of macromolecular complexes and organelles within cells. (i2pc.es)
  • Now, as developments in structural biology gain speed, scientists are being able to determine the molecular and macromolecular structure within cells. (azolifesciences.com)
  • First, phagophore formation requires cytoplasmic vesicle nucleation, which occurs when the ATG1/ULK1 complex, which is comprised of ULK1, FIP200, ATG13, and ATG101, interacts with the Class III PI3K complex. (hindawi.com)
  • Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. (uchicago.edu)
  • CEF scientists then focussed on deciphering the role of ubiquitylation and other ubiquitin-like modifications as dynamic molecular switches between cell death and survival as well as autophagic removal of large protein aggregates and misfunctional organelles. (cef-mc.de)
  • This five-year R01 for $2.5M is focused on investigating the molecular basis by which mitochondria-targeted peptide compounds interact with membranes and their downstream effects on membrane biophysical properties, protein complex structure and function, and mitochondrial physiology. (uconn.edu)
  • It has established itself as a key tool for imaging the molecular architecture of macromolecular protein complexes within the cellular settings in which they are native. (azolifesciences.com)
  • Furthermore, since organelles represent hierarchical structures of molecular networks, studying their alteration in cancer could provide a framework for network stratification. (nanotumor.fr)
  • The functional regulation of cells is a complex and dynamic process. (nature.com)
  • Mizushima N (2010) The role of the Atg1/ULK1 complex in autophagy regulation. (yeastgenome.org)
  • Our research is multidisciplinary and combines macromolecular X-ray crystallography with biochemical and biophysical analyses (chromatography, electrophoresis, SAXS, MALLS, etc.), which can be completed with additional techniques in collaboration with other groups. (csic.es)
  • Macromolecular crowding acts as a physical regulator of intracellular transport. (natureasia.com)
  • On the micro to the nanoscopic scale, examples of biological systems are cells, organelles, macromolecular complexes and regulatory pathways. (wikipedia.org)
  • CryoEM structures of two spliceosomal complexes: starter and dessert at the spliceosome feast. (uchicago.edu)
  • We also determined the structures of factors involved in the IFT of large protein complexes known as Outer-Dynein-Arms (ODAs) required for the beating of motile cilia (Taschner et al. (au.dk)
  • The main function of the nucleoplasm is to provide the proper environment for essential processes that take place in the nucleus, serving as the suspension substance for all organelles inside the nucleus, and storing the structures that are used in these processes. (theinfolist.com)
  • Induction of canonical autophagy is mainly controlled by the AKT/mTOR and AMPK signaling pathways and relies on the activation and assembly of two macromolecular complexes, the ATG1/ULK1 and the Class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) complex (Figure 1 ) [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Career trajectories of graduates may include imaging technology development, the chemistry and use of novel contrast agents, the visualization and manipulation of macromolecular complexes and organelles in cells and in animals, and the application of these technologies to the visualization of human disease states. (wustl.edu)
  • This will identify how the organelle establishes its ultrastructure as well as differences in spatiotemporal macromolecular distribution relevant to human disease and cellular stressors. (uconn.edu)
  • How these dynamic signals regulate oligomerization and activity of TAp63, a quality control factor of the female germ line, and the assembly of large leukemia-related transcriptional complexes and their role in physiological and pathophysiological conditions was also studied in the second funding phase. (cef-mc.de)
  • The mTOR kinase exerts its functions in two functionally and structurally distinct complexes, mTORC1 & 2. (unibas.ch)
  • The cell structure is simpler than that of other organisms as there is no nucleus or membrane bound organelles. (micromgx.com)
  • Autophagy is a lysosome-based degradation program activated by various cellular stresses including nutrient/energy starvation, hypoxia, ER stress, hypoxia, and organelle damage. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This is followed by fusion of autophagosome with lysosome and degradation/recycling of sequestered cellular components to generate macromolecular building blocks [ 2 , 14 , 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Further, the development of cryo-electron microscopy tomographic techniques (cryo-ET) has made it possible to image structurally heterogeneous objects such as cells and organelles to nanometer resolution. (utmb.edu)
  • CEF scientists studied the structure and function of key complexes that are involved in three important steps, namely in dedicated quality control processes, in intracellular signal transduction and in transcription. (cef-mc.de)
  • Gene Ontology (GO) terms that describe the function of a complex, the biological process in which it participates, or its cellular location. (yeastgenome.org)
  • A major function of the IFT machinery is to recognize and transport cargo into and out of the cilium organelle. (au.dk)
  • and on the application of the principles in understanding macromolecular structure and function. (utmb.edu)
  • organelle In cell biology, an organelle is a specialized subunit, usually within a cell, that has a specific function. (theinfolist.com)
  • In the presence of sufficient nutrients, activation of mTOR inhibits the ULK1 complex, whereas, under conditions of nutrient starvation, AMPK inhibits mTOR and activates the ULK1 and PI3KC3 complex leading to initiation of phagophore biosynthesis. (hindawi.com)
  • Autophagy, often referred to as macroautophagy, serves to recycle large chunks of cytoplasm as a source of nutrients, which enables cells to maintain macromolecular synthesis and energy homeostasis during starvation and other stressful conditions. (invivogen.com)
  • A second pharmacological approach we tested was based on the stimulation of autophagy, a cellular process that removes protein aggregates and dysfunctional organelles. (unipd.it)
  • Directed IFT inside the cilium organelle is a motor-driven process using microtubule doublets as tracks. (au.dk)
  • C1q can also be activated by mycoplasmal organisms, RNA viruses, bacterial endotoxins, and cell membranes of some organelles without the presence of antibody. (medscape.com)
  • Integration, amplification and distribution of external and internal signals regulate cellular processes through interaction of many different macromolecular complexes. (cef-mc.de)
  • C3bBb complex then acts as the C3 convertase and generates more C3b through an amplification loop. (medscape.com)
  • 2016), these organelles are notably under extreme mechanical stress when tumors cells are subjected to high compression or tension forces which they need to cope with (van Bergeijk et al. (nanotumor.fr)
  • The Atg5-Atg12 conjugate forms a large complex with the Atg16L1 protein. (invivogen.com)
  • The second phase for each involves cleavage of C3b, generating multiple biologically important fragments and large, potentially cytolytic complexes. (medscape.com)
  • Mitochondrial diseases are particularly difficult from this point of view, because the protein product has to cross two membranes to be imported into mitochondria and eventually incorporated into macromolecular complexes. (unipd.it)
  • During mitochondrial fusion and fission, mtDNA is replicated and transmitted to daughter organelles. (csic.es)
  • The mtDNA transcription initiation complex is formed by mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) binding to one of the two mtDNA transcription promoters, HSP1 or LSP. (csic.es)
  • A biological system is a complex network which connects several biologically relevant entities. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2019). In these studies we showed that TFAM/DNA complexes multimerize at higher concentrations. (csic.es)
  • By utilizing grids to support biological samples, researchers can investigate the intricate details of cellular organelles, membranes, and macromolecular complexes . (lionssavanah.com)