Macrolides. Medical search. Frequent questions (2)

Macrolide antibiotics bind reversibly to the P site on the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome. (wikipedia.org)
The macrolide antibiotics erythromycin, clarithromycin, and roxithromycin have proven to be an effective long-term treatment for the idiopathic, Asian-prevalent lung disease diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB). (wikipedia.org)
does not extensively inhibit CYP3A4 Clarithromycin Dirithromycin - discontinued but was US FDA approved Erythromycin Non-US FDA-approved: Carbomycin A Josamycin Kitasamycin Midecamycin/midecamycin acetate Oleandomycin Solithromycin Spiramycin - approved in the EU, and in other countries Troleandomycin - used in Italy and Turkey Tylosin/tylocine - used in animals Roxithromycin Ketolides are a class of antibiotics that are structurally related to the macrolides. (wikipedia.org)
Macrolides and ketolides are two families of antibiotics that share the same mechanism of action. (nih.gov)
Macrolide antibiotics have been reported to be effective in the treatment of the aforementioned diseases, for reasons unrelated to their antibacterial action. (nih.gov)
Introduction - Digoxin is commonly prescribed to elderly patients with heart failure and atrial fibrillation, and macrolide antibiotics markedly increase the risk of digoxin toxicity. (ices.on.ca)
Objective - The aim was to determine whether, in older patients receiving digoxin, macrolide antibiotics are associated with sudden death. (ices.on.ca)
Conclusion - This finding reinforces the cardiovascular safety of macrolide antibiotics in a high-risk population. (ices.on.ca)
Macrolide antibiotics are used as first-line agents in the treatment of acute bacterial infections, such as community-acquired pneumonia 1 . (ersjournals.com)
The effects of tylosin-related macrolide antibiotics were examined in cell-free protein synthesis (using a coupled transcription-translation system derived from Streptomyces lividans) and against whole cells of that organism. (lancs.ac.uk)
Macrolide antibiotics are effective drugs in chronic bronchiolitis and chronic rhinosinusitis with mucus hypersecretion. (karger.com)
Steel HC, Theron AJ, Cockeran R, Anderson R, Feldman C: Pathogen- and host-directed anti-inflammatory activities of macrolide antibiotics. (karger.com)
Morikawa K, Zhang J, Nonaka M, Morikawa S: Modulatory effect of macrolide antibiotics on the Th1- and Th2-type cytokine production. (karger.com)
Every year, many people get Campylobacter jejuni infections that are resistant to the macrolide class of antibiotics. (health.gov)
Careful use of macrolide antibiotics and strategies that reduce antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter in animals raised for food are critical for preventing macrolide antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter jejuni infections in humans. (health.gov)
Many respiratory tract infections are treated with macrolide antibiotics. (uwo.ca)
This population-based retrospective cohort study examined the 30-day risk of a hospital encounter with ventricular arrhythmia and all-cause mortality in 503,612 matched pairs of older adults who received a new outpatient prescription for an oral macrolide antibiotic and those prescribed referent antibiotics from 2002 to 2013 in Ontario. (uwo.ca)
Macrolide antibiotics compared with referent antibiotics were not associated with a higher 30-day risk of ventricular arrhythmia (0.03% vs. 0.03%, relative risk [RR] 1.06, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.83- 1.36), and were associated with a lower risk of 30-day all-cause mortality (0.62% vs. 0.76%, RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.78-0.86). (uwo.ca)
The effects of various macrolide antibiotics [triacetyloleandomycin (TAO), clarithromycin, azithromycin, roxithromycin, erythromycin base] and the new ketolide HMR3004 on CYP3A expression were evaluated in human and rat hepatocytes. (aspetjournals.org)
Macrolide antibiotics are a relatively new class of antibiotics from the macrolide class. (zxc.wiki)
The oldest representative of the macrolide antibiotics is erythromycin , in 1954 oleandomycin was isolated from culture filtrates of Streptomyces antibioticus. (zxc.wiki)
Macrolide antibiotics include not only β-lactam antibiotics to well-tolerated antibiotics. (zxc.wiki)
However, macrolide antibiotics are not suitable for the treatment of urinary tract infections because they have a deficit in their effectiveness against Enterobacteriaceae such as E. coli, which are the most common pathogens causing urinary tract infections. (zxc.wiki)
The target of the macrolide antibiotics is the 50-S subunit of the bacterial 70-S ribosomes. (zxc.wiki)
In addition, macrolide antibiotics have anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating effects. (zxc.wiki)
Resistance to the macrolide antibiotics in Mycoplasma pneumoniae becomes non-negligible in terms of both the right therapy and diagnostic services. (lynxgen.com)
Macrolides are a group of antibiotics whose activity stems from the presence of a macrolide lactone ring. (picmonic.com)
Global Macrolide Antibiotics Market Size, Overview. (vevioz.com)
Global Macrolide Antibiotics Market is anticipated to reach a value of over USD xx billion by 2028 and register a CAGR of xx% for the forecast period 2022-2028. (vevioz.com)
Its biological activity is due to interference with peptidyltransferase activity at the 50S ribosomal subunit, which is near the site of action of macrolide antibiotics and for which there can be competition (Yunis, 1988). (veteriankey.com)
Some practitioners add macrolide antibiotics to cover organisms, such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydophila pneumoniae, against which beta-lactams are ineffective. (medscape.com)
The prevailing "plug-in-the-bottle" model suggests that macrolide antibiotics inhibit translation by binding inside the ribosome tunnel and indiscriminately arresting the elongation of every nascent polypeptide after the synthesis of six to eight amino acids. (dgohara.me)
Unconfirmed epidemiologic evidence indicates that the risk of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis might be increased by maternal use of macrolide antibiotics during the first two weeks of breastfeeding, but others have questioned this relationship. (drugs.com)
This also takes into account the risk of antibiotic resistance selection and environmental interaction between other macrolide antibiotics. (janusinfo.se)

The anti-inflammatory properties of macrolides are related to structure, with immunomodulatory effects seen with 14- (erythromycin, clarithromycin and roxithromycin) and 15- (azithromycin) but not 16-member (josamycin) macrolides 16 . (ersjournals.com)
With the macrolide clarithromycin , harmful effects on the fetus have been observed in animal studies. (msdmanuals.com)
Commonly used macrolides include erythromycin, azithromycin and clarithromycin. (picmonic.com)
Macrolides, especially erythromycin and clarithromycin, also have an effect on QT prolongation, which can lead to torsade de pointes if untreated. (picmonic.com)
Macrolides, especially erythromycin and clarithromycin, adversely perpetuate the QT interval and can progress to a potentially fatal torsade de pointes if untreated. (picmonic.com)
Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate macrolide prescriptions with respect to the interaction potential of either clarithromycin or azithromycin, as well as the indication and duration of therapy by clinical pharmacists. (bmj.com)
Conclusion Involvement of clinical pharmacists helps to optimize macrolide prescription with respect to the interaction potential of either clarithromycin or azithromycin as well as the indication and duration of therapy. (bmj.com)
Most of the macrolide prescriptions were for erythromycin, but only 1.7% were for clarithromycin. (drugs.com)
Only 6 of the 55 infants exposed to a macrolide were exposed to clarithromycin. (drugs.com)
Clarithromycin, a new macrolide antibiotic. (drugs.com)

The first macrolide discovered was erythromycin, which was first used in 1952. (wikipedia.org)
The chance finding that erythromycin treatment radically improved the clinical outcome of a patient with diffuse panbronchiolitis rekindled interest in the use of macrolides as a potential treatment in other inflammatory airway disorders, e.g. cystic fibrosis 8 . (ersjournals.com)
In rat hepatocytes, no induction of CYP3A1 expression was observed following exposure to macrolides, even to erythromycin base and TAO (well known in vivo CYP3A1 inducers), whereas dexamethasone and phenobarbital were confirmed to induce this enzyme. (aspetjournals.org)
The first widely used macrolide, erythromycin, has a relatively broad spectrum of activity. (naplexstudyguide.com)
Side effects are more pronounced with earlier macrolides, like erythromycin. (naplexstudyguide.com)
GI disturbances like diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain are common with macrolide use like erythromycin because it is a motilin agonist, encouraging hypermotility and the unpleasant collateral damage. (picmonic.com)
Patients with known hypersensitivity to azithromycin, erythromycin, any macrolide or ketolide drug. (nih.gov)
May interact in the environment with other macrolide antiobiotics, such as azithromycin, erythromycin and roxithromycin. (janusinfo.se)

Some macrolides have antibiotic or antifungal activity and are used as pharmaceutical drugs. (wikipedia.org)
Antibiotic macrolides are used to treat infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria (e.g. (wikipedia.org)
The antimicrobial and antibiotic effects of macrolides, however, are not believed to be involved in their beneficial effects toward treating DPB. (wikipedia.org)
Trac, Mai H., "Risk of Arrhythmia and Mortality from Macrolide Antibiotic Prescription: A Population-Based Cohort Study" (2015). (uwo.ca)
Macrolides belong to the POLYKETIDES class of natural products, and many members exhibit ANTIBIOTIC properties. (childrensmercy.org)
Macrolides are an antibiotic group with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. (healthline.com)
Azithromycin, a semisynthetic antibiotic belonging to the macrolide subgroup of azalides, is used to treat STDs due to chlamydia and gonorrhea, community-acquired pneumonia, pelvic inflammatory disease, pediatric otitis media and pharyngitis, and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) in patients with advanced HIV disease. (pharmacycode.com)
Our study questions routine use of empirical macrolide combination therapy in children hospitalized with pneumonia and represents an important potential target for antibiotic stewardship," the researchers conclude. (medscape.com)
A cohort study of infants diagnosed with infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis found that affected infants were 2.3 to 3 times more likely to have a mother taking a macrolide antibiotic during the 90 days after delivery. (drugs.com)
A study comparing the breastfed infants of mothers taking amoxicillin to those taking a macrolide antibiotic found no instances of pyloric stenosis. (drugs.com)

Failure of moxifloxacin treatment in Mycoplasma genitalium infections due to macrolide and fluoroquinolone resistance. (cdc.gov)
7. Dumke R, Thurmer A, Jacobs E. Emergence of Mycoplasma genitalium strains showing mutations associated with macrolide and fluoroquinolone resistance in the region Dresden, Germany. (cdc.gov)
To assess the performance of automated molecular diagnostics system, GENECUBE Mycoplasma, in the detection of macrolide resistance mutations.Methodology related. (lynxgen.com)
GENECUBE Mycoplasma is a reliable test for the identification of significant clinical macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae. (lynxgen.com)
Macrolide-Resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae in the United States as Determined from a National Surveillance Program. (childrensmercy.org)
Macrolide-Resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae, United States. (childrensmercy.org)
VIASURE Macrolide resistance-associated mutations (23S rRNA) Real Time PCR Detection Kit is a real time PCR assay designed for the qualitative detection and differentiation of specific point mutations (conferred by base substitutions in 23S rRNA) implicated in macrolide resistance of Mycoplasma genitalium, from genital swab samples of individuals with confirmed Mycoplasma genitalium infection with molecular assays. (certest.es)

This is evident, as the treatment dosage is much too low to fight infection, and in DPB cases with the occurrence of the macrolide-resistant bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, macrolide therapy still produces substantial anti-inflammatory results. (wikipedia.org)
This has resulted in research activities aimed at gaining a better understanding of the immunomodulatory actions of macrolides and the synthesis of various novel anti-inflammatory macrolides without antimicrobial activity. (nih.gov)
In my opinion, there is no reason to use macrolides in the empirical treatment of pneumonia in children - except for when it is used because of its probable anti-inflammatory aspects, e.g., in asthma, and even this is not clearly evidence-based," she said. (medscape.com)

Macrolides, tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones are used to treat M. pneumoniae infections, and macrolides are recommended in children, due to the potential adverse effects of tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones. (annals.edu.sg)
QT prolongation is more likely if macrolides are administered alongside other drugs that also prolong the QT interval - such as SSRIs, antipsychotics, quinine, and fluoroquinolones. (naplexstudyguide.com)

Over the last ten years in Spain, the percentage of macrolide-resistant pneumococci and Streptococcus pyogenes strains has increased substantially. (nih.gov)
The presence of erm type I or erm type II resistance genes in S. lividans markedly affected the resistance phenotype and studies involving ribosomes from such strains revealed differences in macrolide activity that were not otherwise apparent. (lancs.ac.uk)
Of the remaining 139 patients, 125 (90%) had M. pneumoniae strains that had wild-type sequence and were presumed to be macrolide-susceptible, and 14 (10%) patients had strains with mutations conferring macrolide resistance. (annals.edu.sg)
The A2063G point mutation accounted for all 14 M. pneumoniae strains with macrolide resistance. (annals.edu.sg)
Azithromycin has been used to treat sore throats (caused by Streptococcus A infection with Streptococcus pyogenes ) in penicillin- sensitive patients, but macrolide-resistant strains of Streptococci A are not uncommon. (zxc.wiki)
Myers AL, Jackson MA, Selvarangan R, Goering RV, Harrison C. Genetic commonality of macrolide-resistant group A beta hemolytic streptococcus pharyngeal strains. (childrensmercy.org)
The majority of the strains from heterosexuals (97%, 76/78) were macrolide -resistant, considerably higher than those from MSM (59%, 20/34). (bvsalud.org)

Rates and types of minor adverse reactions in breastfed infants exposed to a macrolide or amoxicillin in breastmilk were comparable. (szoptatasportal.hu)
However, most of the infants exposed to a macrolide in breastmilk were exposed to roxithromycin. (drugs.com)

Here, we review the macrolides pharmacology you need to know. (naplexstudyguide.com)
That's about it for our rapid summary of macrolides pharmacology. (naplexstudyguide.com)

However, bacterial resistance to macrolides is relatively common, often caused by mutations within the ribosome that prevent the macrolide from binding. (naplexstudyguide.com)

Dificid (fidaxomicin) is a macrolide antibacterial drug used to reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and to treat Clostridium difficile -associated diarrhea (CDAD) in adults over the age of 18. (rxlist.com)
DIFICID (fidaxomicin) is a macrolide antibacterial drug for oral administration. (rxlist.com)

Macrolides are bacteriostatic in that they suppress or inhibit bacterial growth rather than killing bacteria completely. (wikipedia.org)
They have some features in common - for example they inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria (with macrolides, lincosamides, and chloramphenicol acting at a similar site), and have some similar pharmacokinetic features. (veteriankey.com)

This paper suggests that the benefits of macrolides for CAP are not as extensive as previously thought, so for a fairly well-appearing child who may have a viral upper respiratory infection, I think it's okay to hold off. (medscape.com)
The increased risk of hearing loss in macrolide users compared to ICS users in older bronchiectasis patients should be balanced against known benefits of macrolides. (elsevierpure.com)

The antimicrobial spectrum of macrolides is slightly wider than that of penicillin, and, therefore, macrolides are a common substitute for patients with a penicillin allergy. (wikipedia.org)

In addition to direct antibacterial actions, 14- and 15-member-ring macrolides have immune modulating effects that appear to be the reason for clinical benefit in diffuse panbronchiolitis. (ersjournals.com)
Antibacterial macrolides are widely prescribed drugs for an even wider variety of infections. (naplexstudyguide.com)
As we have alluded to, antibacterial macrolides are protein synthesis inhibitors. (naplexstudyguide.com)
Return to our NAPLEX blog soon for more great content on macrolides and every other antibacterial drug class you are expected to know. (naplexstudyguide.com)
DIFICID is a macrolide antibacterial drug indicated in adults (≥18 years of age) for treatment of Clostridium difficile -associated diarrhea (CDAD). (rxlist.com)

Macrolides are a class of mostly natural products with a large macrocyclic lactone ring to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. (wikipedia.org)

Conditional logistic regression was used to measure the association between macrolide exposure and outcomes. (uwo.ca)
The pathogenesis of hepatotoxicity with macrolide exposure involves both a direct cytotoxic effect as well an immunoallergic reaction. (picmonic.com)
The pathogenesis of hepatotoxicity with macrolide exposure involves both a direct cytotoxic effect as well an immuno-allergic reaction. (picmonic.com)
Infantile exposure to macrolides has been associated with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis causing projectile vomiting, dehydration, electrolyte abnormalities, and in rare cases death possibly via macrolide interaction with gastric motilin receptors. (szoptatasportal.hu)
Large population-based cohorts have suggested that exposure to macrolides via breastmilk may be associated with pyloric stenosis. (szoptatasportal.hu)
Macrolide exposure during breastfeeding was not associated with pyloric stenosis, although larger prospective studies are required to confirm our observation. (szoptatasportal.hu)
A retrospective database study in Denmark of 15 years of data found a 3.5-fold increased risk of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in the infants of mothers who took a macrolide during the first 13 days postpartum, but not with later exposure. (drugs.com)

B. by mutation , and results in a cross resistance to macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins (an MLS-resistant phenotype). (zxc.wiki)

Bacteria can become resistant to macrolides via alteration of the 23S rRNA binding site, usually by post-transcriptional methylation. (picmonic.com)

Macrolides work by preventing bacteria from producing proteins they need to grow and multiply. (msdmanuals.com)

Molecular typing was performed by analyzing Treponema pallidum arp, tpr, and tp0548 genes , with partial sequencing of the 23S rRNA genes for macrolide resistance. (bvsalud.org)

Over 2000 naturally occurring, structurally heterogeneous and complex macrolides with 8 to 62 ring members (as of 2002) are known. (zxc.wiki)
Interestingly, the addition of structurally related macrolides had dramatically different effects on stalling efficiency. (dgohara.me)

Rapamycin is also a macrolide and was originally developed as an antifungal, but is now used as an immunosuppressant drug and is being investigated as a potential longevity therapeutic. (wikipedia.org)

Macrolides are protein synthesis inhibitors. (wikipedia.org)
Like aminoglycosides , macrolides work as protein synthesis inhibitors. (naplexstudyguide.com)
Macrolides are potent inhibitors of the cytochrome P450 system, especially CYP3A4. (picmonic.com)
Macrolides are potent inhibitors of the cytochrome P450 system, especially CYP3A4, potentially causing elevations of other drugs metabolized by the P450 system. (picmonic.com)

In addition to many of the usual risks from antimicrobial therapy, macrolides also have clinically significant effects on cardiac conduction 21 and may be important promoters of antimicrobial resistance 22 . (ersjournals.com)

A literature search was conducted for studies of the clinical effectiveness of macrolides in other chronic lung conditions. (ersjournals.com)
7 , in a 2-yr double-blind placebo-controlled study, showed that the combination of macrolide and methylprednisolone produced no significant clinical benefit in steroid-dependent asthma but, instead, resulted in an increase in steroid-induced side-effects, e.g. accelerated loss of bone density and increased sugar levels. (ersjournals.com)
4 Studies in Asia have reported increased disease severity in persons infected with MRMP, 5 while others have not detected differences in the clinical course in persons with MRMP versus those with macrolide-susceptible M. pneumoniae (MSMP) infections. (annals.edu.sg)
Demographic and clinical data were collected and matched to the results of genotypic macrolide-resistance testing. (annals.edu.sg)
We calculated a propensity score (PS) for ICS use using demographic, clinical and utilisation characteristics and compared risks of macrolides versus ICS for each outcome using PS decile-adjusted Cox regression models. (elsevierpure.com)
This test is intended for use as an aid in the diagnosis of potential resistance to macrolides, in combination with clinical and epidemiological risk factors. (certest.es)

The macrolides include musk lactones. (zxc.wiki)

Taking macrolides with statins can, for example, increase the risk of myopathies. (naplexstudyguide.com)
One particular combination that should be avoided due to this interaction is macrolides with statins, used for lowering cholesterol, which can lead to debilitating myopathy. (picmonic.com)

Macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae (MRMP) isolates were first observed in 2001. (annals.edu.sg)
Sytem molecular diagnostics can automatically identify the macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae.Aim. (lynxgen.com)

That said, there are certainly high-risk situations - impending respiratory failure in the ICU as the extreme example - in which it may be reasonable to include a macrolide in empiric therapy. (medscape.com)

Dr. Derek J. Williams from Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, and colleagues compared the effectiveness of beta-lactam monotherapy with beta-lactam plus macrolide combination therapy in a prospective study of 1,418 children hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). (medscape.com)
We evaluated secondary safety outcomes in a comparative effectiveness study of chronic inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and macrolide monotherapy in bronchiectasis patients. (elsevierpure.com)

The role of macrolides in the treatment of diffuse panbronchiolitis is well established. (ersjournals.com)

In contrast to earlier predictions, we found that the macrolide does not preferentially induce ribosome stalling near the 5′ end of mRNAs, but rather acts at specific stalling sites that are scattered throughout the entire coding region. (dgohara.me)

Tolerance to macrolides is good and they have few associated adverse effects. (nih.gov)
Adverse reactions occurred in 12.7% of the infants exposed to macrolides which was similar to the rate in amoxicillin-exposed infants. (drugs.com)

Of the 873 children with available follow-up data, 88.1% had recovered from their initial illness, including 86.9% of those who received beta-lactam monotherapy and 91.1% of those who received macrolide combination therapy (a nonsignificant difference). (medscape.com)
Dr. Lilliam Ambroggio, from Cincinnati Children's Hospital in Ohio, had earlier found lower odds of treatment failure in children whose pneumonia was treated with macrolide combination therapy than for those treated with beta-lactam monotherapy. (medscape.com)
28 days) ICS or macrolide monotherapy. (elsevierpure.com)

The mechanism of action of macrolides is inhibition of bacterial protein biosynthesis, and they are thought to do this by preventing peptidyltransferase from adding the growing peptide attached to tRNA to the next amino acid (similarly to chloramphenicol) as well as inhibiting bacterial ribosomal translation. (wikipedia.org)

Macrolides and ketolides are metabolized in the liver through CYP3A4 and they can partially block the activity of the enzyme, interfering with the metabolism of other drugs that use the same metabolic pathway. (nih.gov)
Therefore, macrolides can cause elevations of other drugs metabolized by the P450 system. (picmonic.com)

Macrolides belong to the polyketide class of natural products. (wikipedia.org)

In one study, patients concurrently treated with the macrolide troleandomycin were able to significantly reduce their total steroid dose without a significant decrease in asthma control 5 . (ersjournals.com)
As macrolides are metabolized via hepatic routes, patients with liver disease may experience more pronounced side effects. (naplexstudyguide.com)
Results Of 285 043 Medicare patients with bronchiectasis, we identified 6500 (2%) macrolide and 83589 (29%) ICS new users. (elsevierpure.com)

Two meta-analyses failed to demonstrate a relationship between maternal macrolide use during breastfeeding and infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. (drugs.com)
Risk of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis after maternal postnatal use of macrolides. (drugs.com)

As part of the pathophysiology involving hepatotoxicity secondary to macrolide use: a direct cytotoxic effect and an immuno-allergic reaction occur producing a peripheral eosinophilia accompanied with a skin rash. (picmonic.com)
Macrolide-induced hepatotoxicity aroused by an immuno-allergic reaction is typically accompanied by the release of eosinophils from their mostly tissue-based habitat, resulting in peripheral eosinophilia. (picmonic.com)

We discuss the indications that macrolides are licensed to treat, how they work, what side effects they're linked to, and what drug interactions you need to bear in mind. (naplexstudyguide.com)

Given that macrolides interact with many CYP enzymes, there are important drug interactions to consider. (naplexstudyguide.com)

These results confirmed the interspecies variability of CYP3A regulation in hepatocytes and raised the question of its mechanism of induction by macrolides in human liver. (aspetjournals.org)
Cholestasis, the impairment of bile flow or production, is a well recognized presentation of macrolide-induced liver disease. (picmonic.com)

It can be used in horses less than one year old, but care must be taken that other horses (such as a foal's mare) do not come in contact with the macrolide treatment. (wikipedia.org)
What is less clear is the evidence for a role of macrolides in the treatment of other chronic inflammatory airway diseases, e.g. cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, asthma, obliterative bronchiolitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and chronic rhinosinusitis. (ersjournals.com)
thus, the results of genotypic macrolide resistance were not known at the time of treatment. (annals.edu.sg)
Macrolides should be taken during pregnancy only when the benefits of treatment outweigh the risks. (msdmanuals.com)
Macrolides are used in the treatment of a wide range of infections - both Gram-positive and Gram-negative infections. (naplexstudyguide.com)
Thus," she concluded, "macrolides may not be necessary as empirical therapy unless treatment failure occurs with beta-lactam therapy. (medscape.com)
Macrolides are second-line agents for treatment of Lyme disease. (medscape.com)

Macrolides are actively concentrated within leukocytes, and thus are transported into the site of infection. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy1

Organisms15

Diseases11

Chemicals and Drugs43

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment1

Phenomena and Processes6

Health Care2

Geographicals1

Antibiotics34

Clarithromycin10

Erythromycin8

Antibiotic10

Mycoplasma7

Anti-inflammatory3

Fluoroquinolones2

Strains7

Infants exposed to a macrolide2

Pharmacology2

Mutations1

Fidaxomicin2

Inhibit2

Benefits of macrolides2

Penicillin1

Antibacterial5

Lactone1

Exposure7

Lincosamides1

Methylation1

Bacteria1

RRNA1

Structurally2

Therapeutic1

Inhibitors4

Antimicrobial resistance1

Clinical6

Lactones1

Statins2

Pneumoniae2

Respiratory1

Effectiveness2

Diffuse panbronchiolitis1

Ribosome1

Adverse2

Monotherapy3

Protein1

Drugs2

Polyketide1

Patients3

Infantile2

Allergic2

Indications1

Interact1

Liver2

Treatment7

Infection1