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alpha-MacroglobulinsMacroglobulinsLow Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-1MethylaminesProtein BindingProtease InhibitorsReceptors, ImmunologicTurpentineMolecular Sequence DataBinding SitesSerum Globulinsalpha 1-AntitrypsinTrypsinLDL-Receptor Related Protein-Associated ProteinImmunoelectrophoresisAmino Acid SequenceElectrophoresis, Polyacrylamide GelTrypsin InhibitorsKineticsPancreatic ElastaseChymotrypsinBlood ProteinsFibrinolysinChromatography, GelMolecular WeightAlpha-GlobulinsProtein ConformationMacromolecular SubstancesBinding, CompetitiveHorseshoe CrabsEndopeptidasesReceptors, LDLBase SequencePregnancy ProteinsHeymann Nephritis Antigenic ComplexEgg Proteins, DietaryPapainRecombinant ProteinsImmunodiffusionCell LinePeptide HydrolasesThermolysinalpha-2-AntiplasminAcute-Phase ProteinsCells, CulturedPeptide FragmentsCarrier ProteinsIodine RadioisotopesKallikreinsHaptoglobinsImmunoelectrophoresis, Two-DimensionalComplement C1 Inactivator ProteinsLiverSulfhydryl CompoundsSalamandraGlycoproteinsLigandsElectrophoresis, DiscSerum AlbuminProtein Structure, TertiaryEndocytosisModels, MolecularKaolinMacrophage-Activating FactorsDNAMicrobial CollagenaseTransferrinRNA, MessengerUrokinase-Type Plasminogen ActivatorDNA-Binding ProteinsChromatographyFibrinogenSequence Homology, Amino Acidalpha 1-AntichymotrypsinEstersReceptors, Cell SurfaceCattleCathepsin EAcute-Phase ReactionCeruloplasminComplement C3PlasminogenOrosomucoidBromelainsBlood Protein ElectrophoresisChemical PrecipitationRabbitsChemistryAntithrombin IIIChemical PhenomenaHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationCell MembraneRecombinant Fusion ProteinsWaldenstrom MacroglobulinemiaSubstrate SpecificitySodium Dodecyl SulfateEsterasesLactoferrinUltracentrifugationCloning, Molecular
ProteinsAlbuminProteinActs as an antiproteaseAlpha2-macroglobulinTransferrinReceptor bindinZincProteinase inhibitorsAntibodyProtease inhibitorsReceptorsAlphaBloodstreamSubunitsFunctionalGlycoproteinHemoglobinCopperAntibodies boundGenePlateletEndocytosisProteinasesCalciumBloodVitroPregnancyStructureActivityDiseaseStudyTimeLossHigh
Proteins15
  • The concentration of α2-macroglobulin rises 10-fold or more in the nephrotic syndrome when other lower molecular weight proteins are lost in the urine. (wikipedia.org)
  • α2-Macroglobulin levels are increased when the serum albumin levels are low, which is most commonly seen in nephrotic syndrome, a condition wherein the kidneys start to leak out some of the smaller blood proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Increased production of all proteins means α2-macroglobulin concentration increases. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the interaction with proteins, lead binds with virtually every available functional group, including sulfhydryl, amine, phosphate, and carboxyl groups, with sulfhydryl having the highest affinity. (cdc.gov)
  • There are very low levels of free zinc in plasma, since it is mostly bound to proteins such as albumin, alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M), and transferrin. (frontiersin.org)
  • In cytoplasm, zinc mostly binds zinc-chelating proteins called metallothioneins (MTs). (frontiersin.org)
  • Alpha-macroglobulins, which are physiological proteinase inhibitors have been shown to bind to viral proteins and enhance viral infections in vitro. (hawaii.edu)
  • Moreover, in humans alphamacroglobulins such as pregnancy zone protein (PZP) and alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M) also serve as immune-modulatory proteins where their normal functions within the body include binding and shuttling of protease inhibitors, growth factors, cytokines, hormones, disease factors, and various small molecule nucleophilic ligands. (hawaii.edu)
  • Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are multifunctional polysaccharides of the extracellular matrix (ECM) responsible for ECM hydration and binding of cations and proteins due to their negative charge. (degruyter.com)
  • Moreover, it was found that some proteins such as alpha-2-macroglobulin appeared to be gender-specific with higher contents in FS. (sagepub.com)
  • Zinc binding-proteins are found in the membranes of cells to facilitate the inflow and outflow of Zinc across the Cell Membrane. (thai-connect.com)
  • While in the body, it binds to proteins like ceruloplasmin, albumin, and alpha-2-macroglobulin. (withpower.com)
  • The cells secrete a variety of major plasma proteins e.g.. albumin, alpha2-macroglobulin, alpha 1-antitrypsin, transferrin and plasminogen. (hsanmartino.it)
  • Once in the blood circulation, the enzymes in this blend bind to serum proteins, particularly alpha 2-macroglobulin (a2M), and impart immunomodulatory benefits. (naturalapothecaryshoppe.com)
  • HEAVY METAL TOXINS - Heavy metals such as lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) exert their poisoning effect by binding to ionizable or sulfhydryl groups of proteins, including vital enzymes. (naturalapothecaryshoppe.com)
Albumin3
  • The net result is that α2-macroglobulin reaches serum levels equal to or greater than those of albumin in the nephrotic syndrome, which has the effect of maintaining oncotic pressure. (wikipedia.org)
  • α2-Macroglobulin is known to bind zinc, as well as copper in plasma, even more strongly than albumin, and such it is also known as transcuprein. (wikipedia.org)
  • An increase in α2-Macroglobulin with normal amount of albumin mainly indicates acute and/or chronic inflammation. (wikipedia.org)
Protein20
  • It was found that α2M binds clozapine with a moderate affinity (the binding constant of 0.9 × 105 M−1 at 37 °C). The preferable binding site for both clozapine's atropisomers was revealed to be a large pocket at the interface of C and D monomer subunits of the protein. (ac.rs)
  • The binding of clozapine did not induce significant conformational change of the protein, as confirmed by virtually unaltered α2M secondary structure and anti-proteinase activity. (ac.rs)
  • α2-Macroglobulin (α2M) or alpha-2-macroglobulin is a large (720 KDa) plasma protein found in the blood. (wikipedia.org)
  • α2-macroglobulin may act as a carrier protein because it also binds to numerous growth factors and cytokines, such as platelet-derived growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, TGF-β, insulin, and IL-1β. (wikipedia.org)
  • Overall, α2-macroglobulin is the largest major nonimmunoglobulin protein in human plasma. (wikipedia.org)
  • Binding of serum folic acid activity (FAA) to the protein fractions during and after pregnancy was studied by DEAE Sephadex A-50 gel chromatography. (karger.com)
  • Within a week after delivery, the total protein binding of FAA decreased remarkably. (karger.com)
  • Lead also binds to metallothionein, a sulfhydryl-rich protein, but does not appear to displace cadmium or zinc. (cdc.gov)
  • Human alpha(2)-macroglobulin-proteinase complexes bind to their receptor, the lowdensity lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP), through a discrete138-residue C-terminal receptor binding domain (RBD), which also binds to thebeta-amyloid peptide. (embl.de)
  • The interaction of sGAG with α2-macroglobulin receptor-associated protein (LRPAP1), exportin-1 (XPO1), and serine protease HTRA1 (HTRA1) was confirmed in reverse assays. (degruyter.com)
  • The TEA 2/16 monoclonal antibody specifically recognizes CD109 which is also known as C3 and PZP-like alpha-2-macroglobulin domain-containing protein 7 (CPAMD7), Gov platelet alloantigens, or 150 kDa TGF-beta-1-binding protein. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • The MAR in the first intron is enriched with sequences closely related to the cleavage consensus of topoisomerase II, and contains the binding site of nuclear factor-α, a sequence-specific DNA binding protein reported previously. (elsevierpure.com)
  • It therefore requires a so called Zinc Ionophore and Zinc binding-protein . (thai-connect.com)
  • 3. Chimerical peptides according to the claim 1, characterized by containing a segment inhibitor of the activation of the NS3pro protease, this segment is a peptide able to bind to NS3pro and contact at least one residue comprised in the region Gly21-Lys28 of the N-terminal domain of the NS3pro protein from DV2 or structurally equivalent residues of the NS3pro protein from other Flavivirus. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
  • Alpha-2-Macroglobulin is found the blood and is a major non-nonimmunoglobulin (immune system molecule) protein found in plasma protein. (orthocureclinic.com)
  • Following cleavage in the bait region, a thioester bond is hydrolyzed and mediates the covalent binding of the protein to the proteinase. (maracpe.org)
  • Once these metals bind to an essential functional protein, such as an enzyme, they denature and/or inhibit it. (naturalapothecaryshoppe.com)
  • An important regulator of cellular cholesterol content is the sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) pathway, which controls, by transcriptional regulation, the uptake of cholesterol via LDL-receptor and several steps in the de novo synthesis of cholesterol. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Of particular interest, significant expression changes in beta-2-glycoprotein 1, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1, alpha-2-macroglobulin, complement C3, mannose-binding protein C, and major urinary protein 6 were noted after TBI and reversed with GT3 treatment. (tocotrienolresearch.org)
  • The alpha-2-macroglobulin molecule is synthesized mainly in the liver, but also locally by macrophages, fibroblasts, and it is the largest major nonimmunoglobulin protein in plasma. (globalregenerative.trade)
Acts as an antiprotease2
  • α2-Macroglobulin acts as an antiprotease and is able to inactivate an enormous variety of proteinases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Alpha 2 macroglobulin acts as an antiprotease and can inactivate an enormous variety of proteinases. (globalregenerative.trade)
Alpha2-macroglobulin1
  • In the case of saporin, it was reported that saporin first binds to the alpha2-macroglobulin receptor on human cells and is then internalized to the cytosol. (jysco.com)
Transferrin1
Receptor bindin4
  • Each monomer of human α2-macroglobulin is composed of several functional domains, including macroglobulin domains, a thiol ester-containing domain and a receptor-binding domain. (wikipedia.org)
  • Two additional events occur as a consequence of bait region cleavage, namely (1) the h-cysteinyl-g-glutamyl thiol ester becomes highly reactive and (2) a major conformational change exposes a conserved COOH-terminal receptor binding domain (RBD). (wikipedia.org)
  • NMR solution structure of the receptor binding domain of humanalpha(2)-macroglobulin. (embl.de)
  • SM was prepared by conjugating a TNF-α-targeting peptide with a receptor binding domain (RBD) derived from α2-macroglobulin through a synthetic biology strategy. (bvsalud.org)
Zinc1
  • In its binding with sulfhydryl groups, lead may interfere with the activity of zinc metalloenzymes, as zinc binds to a sulfhydryl group at the active site. (cdc.gov)
Proteinase inhibitors1
  • Release of viable epidermal cells from the dish was inhibited by the proteinase inhibitors, soybean trypsin inhibitor and alpha 2-macroglobulin. (duke.edu)
Antibody1
  • Sodium azide may be removed by washing stained cells or plate-bound antibody or dialyzing soluble antibody in sodium azide-free buffer. (bdbiosciences.com)
Protease inhibitors1
Receptors3
  • RBD exposure allows the αM protease complex to bind to clearance receptors and be removed from circulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • The "fast" forms both bind to specific receptors on macrophages (MP). (aai.org)
  • VWF binds to receptors on the platelet surface membrane (glycoprotein Ib/IX). (msdmanuals.com)
Alpha19
  • In this study, the interaction between clozapine, an atypical antipsychotic drug, and alpha-2-macroglobulin (α2M), a multipurpose anti-proteinase, was investigated under simulated (patho) physiological conditions using multiple spectroscopic techniques and molecular modeling. (ac.rs)
  • This family includes the C-terminal region of the alpha-2-macroglobulin family. (embl.de)
  • Defining the Role of Alpha-Macroglobulins in the Pathogenesis of Flavivirus Encephalitis. (hawaii.edu)
  • Previous reports from our laboratory have shown the up-regulation of alpha-macroglobulins in wild type (WT) mice after a lethal subcutaneous WNV infection. (hawaii.edu)
  • Overall, the data from this study demonstrates the significant impact that alpha-macroglobulins have in the pathogenesis of flavivirus-associated encephalitis in mice. (hawaii.edu)
  • Measured by its binding ability in a functional ELISA.When Recombinant Human alpha 2-Macroglobulin-like1 is immobilized at 2 µg/mL (100 µL/well), the concentration of Recombinant Human LRP-1 Cluster II Fc Chimera that produces 50% of the optimal binding response is approximately 1-5 µg/mL. (creativebiomart.net)
  • The enzyme binds to alpha-2 macroglobulin, allowing it to retain enzymatic activity. (enzyscience.com)
  • Modulation of mouse peritoneal macrophage Ia and human peritoneal macrophage HLA-DR expression by alpha 2-macroglobulin fast forms. (aai.org)
  • alpha 2-Macroglobulin (alpha 2M) is converted from its native form into electrophoretically "fast" forms by reaction with proteinases or with methylamine. (aai.org)
  • The potential of alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M) and clusterin (CLU) as novel diagnostic urinary EV (uEV) biomarkers for bladder cancer (BC) was demonstrated previously. (bvsalud.org)
  • This case report describes the successful treatment of neuroma pain in the setting of below knee amputations using alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M). (bvsalud.org)
  • What is Alpha-2-Macroglobulin (A2M)? (orthocureclinic.com)
  • Highly concentrated injections of Alpha-2-Macroglobulin (A2M) can impact the progression of the disease and potentially reverse it. (orthocureclinic.com)
  • Alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M) binds to the chemicals produced in the joints that degrade cartilage over time and neutralizes their degenerative effect. (orthocureclinic.com)
  • Is Alpha-2-Macroglobulin covered by Insurance? (orthocureclinic.com)
  • Description: Our Human Alpha 2-Macroglobulin ELISA Kit is a sandwich ELISA for the detection of human alpha 2-macroglobulin in plasma, serum, lysates, and other biological fluids. (maracpe.org)
  • Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Canine Alpha 2 macroglobulin P(A2MP) in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. (maracpe.org)
  • MODULATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM - As a result of their coupling to a2M, Tzymeô proteolytic enzymes exhibit an increased binding of several very important cytokines (hormones-like molecules which have a powerful influence on immune cells) such as Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-b), and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-a). (naturalapothecaryshoppe.com)
  • GNL contains little to no carbohydrate and specifically binds to murine IgM immunoglobin and human ?2-macroglobulin, but not to alpha-linked glucose (unlike majority of mannose-binding lectins). (plantmedia.com)
Bloodstream1
  • Because of its size, α2-macroglobulin is retained in the bloodstream. (wikipedia.org)
Subunits1
  • Human α2-macroglobulin is composed of four identical subunits bound together by -S-S- bonds. (wikipedia.org)
Functional1
  • Functional validation of monocyte scavenger receptor activities were done by binding assays and dose/time dependent uptake analysis using native and oxidized LDL. (biomedcentral.com)
Glycoprotein1
  • Fibrinogen binds to the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complexes of adjacent platelets, connecting them into aggregates. (msdmanuals.com)
Hemoglobin1
  • Initially, lead is distributed to the blood plasma and soft tissues, but under steady state conditions 99% of the lead in blood is found in the erythrocyte, where much of it is bound to hemoglobin. (cdc.gov)
Copper1
  • 10 to 15% of copper in human plasma is chelated by α2-macroglobulin. (wikipedia.org)
Antibodies bound2
  • Pemphigus antibodies bound to both mouse and human cultured epidermal cells. (duke.edu)
  • Now, IgM is actually composed of 5 separate antibodies bound together, thus creating a pentamer, which is a very large, or MACRO-globulin. (osmosis.org)
Gene2
  • We have identified DNA fragments which bind specifically to the nuclear matrix in vitro, termed matrix association regions (MARs), in the first and fourth introns of rat α 2 -macroglobulin gene. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Ito, T & Sakaki, Y 1987, ' Nuclear matrix association regions of rat α2-macroglobulin gene ', Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications , vol. 149, no. 2, pp. 449-454. (elsevierpure.com)
Platelet1
  • Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin monomers, and the fibrin monomers polymerize into fibrin polymers that bind aggregated platelets into platelet-fibrin hemostatic plugs. (msdmanuals.com)
Endocytosis3
  • Consecutive pathway and cluster analysis led to the identification of biological processes, namely processes involving binding and processing of nucleic acids, LRP1-dependent endocytosis, and exosome formation. (degruyter.com)
  • The LDL receptor binds LDL and transports it into cells by acidic endocytosis. (embl.de)
  • In healthy individuals cells ingest cholesterol by endocytosis of LDL bound to the LDL-receptor (LDLR). (biomedcentral.com)
Proteinases2
  • α2-Macroglobulin is able to inactivate an enormous variety of proteinases (including serine-, cysteine-, aspartic- and metalloproteinases). (wikipedia.org)
  • Proteinases binding and cleaving the bait region become bound to α2M. (wikipedia.org)
Calcium2
  • A calcium binding site (K(d) approximately 11 mM) is present in the loopregion at one end of the beta-sandwich. (embl.de)
  • Calcium binding principally affects this loop region and does not significantly perturb the stable core structure of thedomain. (embl.de)
Blood2
  • antioxidant (Francis 2010), and vitronectin/fibronec- In Korea, up to 650,000 cattle are slaughtered every tin aids in cell spreading and heparin and collagen year and around 25 million liters of blood waste is binding activity (Hayman et al. (sagepub.com)
  • These macroglobulins increase the thickness of blood and aggregate with one another causing a condition known as hyperviscosity syndrome. (osmosis.org)
Vitro1
  • An in vitro model system using cultured newborn epidermal cells was employed to investigate the binding of pemphigus autoantibody and subsequent loss of adhesion between epidermal cells. (duke.edu)
Pregnancy1
  • Towards the end of pregnancy, this binding increased. (karger.com)
Structure1
  • α2-Macroglobulin has in its structure a 35 amino acid "bait" region. (wikipedia.org)
Activity1
  • Activity profiling and crystal structures of inhibitor-bound SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease: A framework for anti-COVID-19 drug design. (salvesenlab.org)
Disease2
  • No specific deficiency with associated disease has been recognized, and no disease state is attributed to low concentrations of α2-macroglobulin. (wikipedia.org)
  • A common variant (29.5%) (polymorphism) of α2-macroglobulin leads to increased risk of Alzheimer's disease. (wikipedia.org)
Study1
  • In this study, simplified α2-macroglobulin (SM) as a novel TNF-α inhibitor was fabricated to relieve inflammation response by TNF-α capture and internalization with lysosomal degradation. (bvsalud.org)
Time1
  • At the same time, the binding to α -2-macroglobulin decreased. (karger.com)
Loss1
  • The loss of α2-macroglobulin into urine is prevented by its large size. (wikipedia.org)
High1
  • Several studies have demonstrated that macrophages express high levels of CD36 enabling them to bind and internalize oxidized lipoproteins. (biomedcentral.com)