M2 macrophages. Medical search. Frequent questions

During cancer progression, tumoral/microenvironmental cues educate TAMs towards a M2-phenotype which nurtures, accelerates metastasis, and confers resistance to chemotherapy. (nih.gov)
Glibenclamide (K ATP blocker) and pinacidil (K ATP opener) treatment not only affect macrophage polarization, but also influence the phenotype of prepolarized macrophages. (nature.com)
These findings suggest that control of bioelectric properties of macrophages could offer a promising approach to regulate macrophage phenotype as a useful tool in regenerative medicine. (nature.com)
We found that a chimeric adenoviral vector overcame the inherent resistance of primary human macrophages to genetic manipulation and imparted a sustained pro-inflammatory (M1) phenotype. (nature.com)
By simplified classification, macrophage phenotype has been divided into 2 groups: M1 (classically activated macrophages) and M2 (alternatively activated macrophages). (wikipedia.org)
This broad classification was based on in vitro studies, in which cultured macrophages were treated with molecules that stimulated their phenotype switching to a particular state. (wikipedia.org)
A number of studies have shown that bacterial infection induces polarization of macrophages toward the M1 phenotype, resulting in phagocytosis and intracellular killing of bacteria in vitro and in vivo. (wikipedia.org)
In order to counteract the inflammatory response, macrophages undergo apoptosis or polarize to an M2 phenotype to protect the host from the excessive injury. (wikipedia.org)
Our newly validated M2 suppression assay based on i) the co-culture of autologous monocyte-derived M2 macrophages and activated CD4+ T cells (or PBMCs) and on ii) the quantitation of IFNg levels as surrogate of T cell activation, is specifically designed to assess new immunotherapeutics for their modulatory activity on the phenotype and function of M2 macrophages. (explicyte.com)
IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 as to evaluate the potency of candidate compounds to revert M2 phenotype. (explicyte.com)
In this study, immunohistochemical analysis was performed to examine the phenotype of Mφ subpopulations, namely M1, M2, and M4, in the skin lesions of patients diagnosed with leprosy . (bvsalud.org)
Additionally, the M2 phenotype showed a statistically significant difference among the VV (12.5 ± 2.3, p (bvsalud.org)
The M1 Mφs constituted the predominant Mφ subpopulation in the TT and Borderline forms of leprosy , whereas the M2 Mφs showed increased immunoexpression and M4 was the predominant Mφ phenotype in VV leprosy . (bvsalud.org)
We discovered a novel role for Hh signaling in promoting macrophage polarization to an M2 phenotype and in enhancing Treg differentiation and activity. (uab.edu)
Activation of PKM2 attenuated an LPS-induced proinflammatory M1 macrophage phenotype while promoting traits typical of an M2 macrophage. (nih.gov)
We investigated the phenotype of human alveolar macrophages (AM) in adults living in two different geographical locations: UK and Malawi. (lstmed.ac.uk)
We show that the majority of AM express high levels of M1 and M2 markers simultaneously, with the M1/M2 phenotype being stable in individuals from different geographical locations. (lstmed.ac.uk)
The combined M1/M2 features confer to AM a hybrid phenotype, which does not fit the classic macrophage classification. (lstmed.ac.uk)
This hybrid phenotype may confer to alveolar macrophages an ability to quickly switch between M1 or M2 associated functions allowing for appropriate responses to stimuli and tissue environment. (lstmed.ac.uk)
There is evidence that tissue-resident macrophages (TRMs) maintain their M2-like phenotype even in an infection-driven pro-inflammatory environment. (nih.gov)
Ferritin greatly increased with a macrophage phenotype-dependent distribution. (cdc.gov)

In general, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) display two distinct polarized forms: classical (M1) form characterized by enhancing immune responses and acting as antitumor factors and alternative (M2) form characterized by suppressing immune activities and promoting tumorigenesis [ 16 ]. (hindawi.com)
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are a major cell population of the tumor microenvironment and play key role in promoting tumor progression in many solid organ cancers. (nih.gov)
Current drug development efforts targeting TAMs primarily focus an unselective systemic inhibition of macrophage recruitment to disease sites or modulation of their immuno-cytokine profile. (nih.gov)
In conclusion, the RP-182 peptide depletes the immune evasive M2 population of TAMs via engagement with the M2-specific receptor CD206. (nih.gov)
which characteristics that they share with the so-called tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). (explicyte.com)
M2-polarized macrophages are tumor-associated-macrophages (TAMs), which are important contents of tumor-infiltrating immune cells. (biomedcentral.com)
M2-polarized macrophages are generally considered tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) that sustain tumor progression and one of the primary tumor-infiltrating immune cells [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
As a facilitator of these traits as well as immunosuppression and chemoresistance, the presence of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) may serve as the seventh hallmark of cancer. (providence.org)
Areas covered: This article summarizes the characteristics of the macrophage-stimulating agent RRx-001, a molecular iconoclast, sourced from the aerospace industry, with a particular emphasis on the cell-to-cell transfer mechanism of action (RBCs to TAMs) underlying its antitumor activity as well as its chemo and radioprotective properties, consolidated from various preclinical and clinical studies. (providence.org)
TIMER analysis indicated that RIMKLB transcription was closely related with several TIICs, including CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, B cells, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), monocytes, neutrophils, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, and subsets of T cells. (frontiersin.org)

We demonstrate that RP-182 specifically and effectively binds to the mannose receptor MRC1/CD206 expressed on M2-like macrophages, induces a conformational switch of the receptor, and activates in human and murine M2-like macrophages a program of phagocytosis, autophagy, and apoptosis. (nih.gov)
For instance, Listeria monocytogenes, a Gram-positive bacteria causing listeriosis is shown to induce an M1 polarization, as well as Salmonella Typhi (the agent of typhoid fever) and Salmonella Typhimurium (causing gastroenteritis), which are shown to induce the M1 polarization of human and murine macrophages. (wikipedia.org)
High-resolution electron microscopy was used to investigate the uptake, distribution, and biotransformation of nanoceria in human and murine M1 and M2 macrophages in unprecedented detail. (cdc.gov)

Similarly in vivo, classically activated macrophages arise in response to IFN-γ produced by Th1 lymphocytes or by natural killer cells (NK), and tumor-necrosis factor (TNF), produced by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). (wikipedia.org)
Macrophages - the most abundant antigen-presenting cells in the periphery - represent by themselves a wide group of functionally-different subpopulations involved in several immunological functions, including inflammatory responses and tissue homeostasis maintain & repair. (explicyte.com)
In the case of the former, comprehensive in-vitro analysis of the mechanism of action revealed that HERA-CD40L induced the development of pro-inflammatory antigen-presenting cells, including B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. (drugdiscoverynews.com)

Bronchial epithelial cell extracellular vesicles ameliorate epithelial-mesenchymal transition in COPD pathogenesis by alleviating M2 macrophage polarization. (medscape.com)

We used the HCC cell lines SMMC-7721 and MHCC97-H cultured in conditioned medium from M2-like macrophages (M2-CM) to investigate the migration potential of HCC cells and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated molecular genetics. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, we initially hypothesized that M2-polarized macrophages induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and accelerate the invasion and migration of HCC cells via a TLR4-dependent signaling pathway. (biomedcentral.com)

In response to M1 stimulants (Lipopolysaccharide: LPS and Interferon-γ: IFN-γ), classically activated macrophages (M1) secrete inflammatory cytokines to kill invading pathogens. (nature.com)
In response to M2 stimuli (Interleukin 4: IL-4 and Interleukin 13: IL-13), wound healing macrophages (M2) produce MMPs (matrix metalloproteinase) and cytokines to promote wound healing and fibrosis. (nature.com)
Characterization of CAR-M activity showed that CAR-Ms expressed pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, converted bystander M2 macrophages to M1, upregulated antigen presentation machinery, recruited and presented antigen to T cells and resisted the effects of immunosuppressive cytokines. (nature.com)
A continuum of M1-M2 polarization may arise even in the absence of polarizing cytokines and differences in substrate stiffness. (wikipedia.org)
M1 macrophages were described as the pro-inflammatory type, important in direct host-defense against pathogens, such as phagocytosis and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and microbicidal molecules. (wikipedia.org)
HTRF-based quantification of key cytokines released by macrophages, e.g. (explicyte.com)
Additionally, M2 cytokines (IL-10, IL-1ra, TGF-beta) were up-regulated by both cordycepin and adenosine. (researchgate.net)
At infection sites, activated T cells secrete cytokines (eg, interferon-gamma [IFN-gamma]) that induce production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor, preventing macrophages from leaving. (msdmanuals.com)
Macrophages are activated by cytokines (eg, IFN-gamma, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13) and by various microbial components (eg, lipopolysaccharide). (msdmanuals.com)
Activated macrophages kill intracellular organisms and secrete cytokines (eg, tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-alpha], IL-10). (msdmanuals.com)

Macrophages play a key role in the regulation of pro- or anti-inflammatory actions at the lesion sites of disease. (researchgate.net)
We investigated the effects of cordycepin and adenosine on the morphological changes of macrophages under the inflammatory condition of LPS and an anti-inflammatory condition involving high concentrations of adenosine. (researchgate.net)
Later studies found that pro-inflammatory M1- and anti-inflammatory M2-macrophages are involved. (frontiersin.org)
Studies from the last cycle demonstrated the ability of Se to effectively shunt the arachidonic acid pathway of eicosanoid metabolism from pro-inflammatory prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) towards the anti-inflammatory 15-deoxy-?12,14-PGJ2 (15d-PGJ2) in macrophages. (nih.gov)
Our studies suggest that changes in the metabolome are key to such a phenotypic switch towards reparative M2 macrophages that are endowed with anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving properties, which will be tested in three diverse models. (nih.gov)
Then, seven days after MI, anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophages are present in the damaged myocardium. (unifr.ch)
M2 release anti-inflammatory mediators such as IL-10 and TGF-$\beta$ and tissue repair associated growth factors. (unifr.ch)

As multifunctional regulators, M2 macrophages secrete a high level of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) to induce checkpoint blockade of T cells, thereby promoting immunosuppressive responses to tumor cells [ 17 ]. (hindawi.com)
Furthermore, STEAP3 expression was closely correlated with immune infiltrates and may induce recruitment and polarization of M2 macrophages in ccRCC. (authorea.com)
Conclusion · Fusobacterium nucleatum-related bacterial biofilm can induce M2-polarization of intratumor macrophages and could promote chemoresistance to chemicals in CRC cells, which may contribute to prognosis of colon cancer patients. (shsmu.edu.cn)

Targeted genetic analysis and functional studies assessing monocyte responses, macrophage differentiation, and osteoclastogenesis were conducted to compare the pathogenesis of Majeed syndrome to interleukin-1 (IL-1)-mediated diseases including neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disease (NOMID) and deficiency of the IL-1 receptor antagonist (DIRA). (nih.gov)
This study aimed to define the role of M1 macrophages at bone injury sites via the function of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25[OH]2D) in suppressing M1 but promoting M2 differentiation. (jci.org)
Macrophage differentiation into functional phenotypes influences the fate of nanomaterials taken up by these immune cells. (cdc.gov)

Unlike M1 macrophages which promote a pro-inflammatory response, alternatively activated M2 macrophages, with diametrically opposed functions, trigger inflammation resolution and suppress T cell activation via several mechanisms including immune checkpoint engagement (e.g. (explicyte.com)
Differential expression of surface markers classifies macrophages to either classically (M1) or alternatively activated (M2). (lstmed.ac.uk)
They exist on a spectrum of phenotypes, with M1 classically activated and M2 alternatively activated macrophages being the traditional ends of this spectrum. (confex.com)

We also found that the same ferritin biomineralization mechanism occurs after the uptake of Ce-ions into polarized macrophages and into unpolarized human monocytes and murine RAW 264.7 cells. (cdc.gov)
Monocytes in the circulation are precursors to tissue macrophages. (msdmanuals.com)
Monocytes migrate into tissues, where over about 8 hours, they develop into macrophages under the influence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), secreted by various cell types (eg, endothelial cells, fibroblasts). (msdmanuals.com)

Collectively, these results demonstrate that CSE-treated BEAS-2B cells could alleviate M2 macrophages polarization by modulated EVs, and eventually relieve the EMT process of BEAS-2B cells themselves under COPD pathogenesis, revealing a novel compensatory role of them in COPD. (medscape.com)
Several studies have associated the fibrotic profile of M2 macrophages with the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. (wikipedia.org)
Macrophages (Mφs) are key players involved in the pathogenesis of leprosy . (bvsalud.org)

Study of Fusobacterium nucleatum-related bacterial biofilm promoting M2 polarization of macrophages and chemoresistance in colon cancer[J]. JOURNAL OF SHANGHAI JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY (MEDICAL SCIENCE), 2020, 40(08): 1018-1029. (shsmu.edu.cn)

Objective · To investigate whether and how Fusobacterium nucleatum-related bacterial biofilm modulates the infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages into tumor microenvironment and the response to chemotherapy in colon cancer patients. (shsmu.edu.cn)
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were conducted to evaluate existence of bacterial biofilm and infiltration of macrophages in tumor tissues of colon cancer. (shsmu.edu.cn)
correlated with infiltration rate of M2 macrophages. (shsmu.edu.cn)
mHO-1-KO mice displayed increased hepatocellular damage, serum AST/ALT levels, Suzuki's histological score of liver IRI, and neutrophil and macrophage infiltration, while mHO-1-Tg mice exhibited the opposite. (nih.gov)

Meanwhile, M2 macrophages produce interleukin-10 (IL-10), an immunosuppressive cytokine, to suppress antitumor immune responses [ 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
Regulatory macrophages are generated in response to a variety of signals including interleukin 10 (IL-10), apoptotic cells, immune complexes and glucocorticoids, which secrete high levels of IL-10 to suppress immune responses. (nature.com)
The predominant functions of M2 macrophages and Tregs include dampening the immune response and promoting wound healing and tissue repair. (uab.edu)
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have important roles in the immune system and M2-polarized macrophages. (biomedcentral.com)
Combined single-cell RNA sequencing, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry studies of the innate immune compartment in the bone marrow of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) reveal a shift toward a tumor-supportive M2-polarized macrophage landscape with an altered transcriptional program, with enhanced fatty acid oxidation and NAD + generation. (rug.nl)
For instance, CXCL5 was related to poor survival in PCa and contributed to tumor-infiltrating immune suppressive cells in PCa cells, including M2 macrophages and neutrophils [ 20 ]. (hindawi.com)
Myocardial injury such as ischemia induces a biphasic innate immune response from macrophages. (unifr.ch)
Dr. Lee's primary interests are understanding how the localized circuitries between various neuronal and immune cells, such as sensory neurons, innate lymphoid cells, and eosinophils, allow dermis resident macrophages to maintain M2-like properties and provide replicative niches for parasite growth even in a strong pro-inflammatory environment. (nih.gov)
As explained in the company news release about the published data, "The potent antigen-specific activation of T cells by HERA-CD40L-treated macrophages led to an immune response specifically directed against the tumor. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
Hanahan and his team found that the antidepressant also has a separate and unanticipated effect on a type of immune cell known as the macrophage, which is found in large numbers in GBM tumors. (news-medical.net)
chronic alcohol consumption suppresses most immune functions including phagocytic activity of macrophages and development of adaptive immune defense, yet paradoxically activates chronic inflammation. (nih.gov)

M2 macrophages were described to have quite the opposite function: regulation of the resolution phase of inflammation and the repair of damaged tissues. (wikipedia.org)
Macrophages play a central role in tissue remodeling, repair, and resolution of inflammation. (cun.es)

CXCL14 promoted M2 macrophage polarization through the NF- κ B signaling pathway and exosome-mediated mechanism. (hindawi.com)
Taken together, exosomal CXCL14 promoted M2 macrophage polarization through the NF- κ B signaling pathway and contributed to PC progression. (hindawi.com)
TLR4 overexpression promoted HCC cell migration, and a TLR4-neutralizing antibody markedly inhibited HCC EMT in cells cultured with M2-CM. Furthermore, the TLR4/(signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway contributed to the effects of M2-CM on HCC cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Taken together, M2-polarized macrophages facilitated the migration and EMT of HCC cells via the TLR4/STAT3 signaling pathway, suggesting that TLR4 may be a novel therapeutic target. (biomedcentral.com)
Imipramine, it turns out, also targets a biochemical signaling pathway that helps maintain macrophages in a so-called 'M2' state, in which they support tumor growth. (news-medical.net)

Proinflammatory M1 macrophages promote T helper (Th) 1 responses and show tumoricidal activity. (nih.gov)
Previous data have demonstrated the copresence of M1 macrophages and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) during the proinflammatory stage of bone repair. (jci.org)
Importantly, the 1,25(OH)2D-mediated suppression of osteogenic function in M1 macrophages at the proinflammatory stage was associated with 1,25(OH)2D-mediated reduction of MSC abundance, compromised osteogenic potential of MSCs, and impairment of fracture repair. (jci.org)
Accordingly, our data support 2 conclusions: (a) M1 macrophages are important for the recruitment and osteogenic priming of MSCs and, hence, are necessary for fracture repair, and (b) under vitamin D-sufficient conditions, 1,25(OH)2D treatment is unnecessary and can be detrimental if provided during the proinflammatory stage of fracture healing. (jci.org)
First, proinflammatory (M1) macrophages release pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-$\alpha$ , IFN-$\gamma$) to recruit phagocytic cells for the removal of the necrotic tissues. (unifr.ch)
Macrophages polarize into heterogeneous proinflammatory M1 and antiinflammatory M2 subtypes. (nih.gov)

Glia maturation factor-γ regulates murine macrophage iron metabolism and M2 polarization through mitochondrial ROS. (nih.gov)
To test our hypothesis that HO-1 regulates macrophage polarization and protects against IRI, we generated myeloid-specific HO-1-knockout (mHO-1-KO) and -transgenic (mHO-1-Tg) mice, with deletion or overexpression of HO-1, in various macrophage populations. (nih.gov)

Classically activated macrophages (M1) were named by G. B. Mackaness in the 1960s. (wikipedia.org)

Given the unique effector functions of macrophages and their capacity to penetrate tumors 5 , we genetically engineered human macrophages with CARs to direct their phagocytic activity against tumors. (nature.com)
Functionally, these AML-associated macrophages display decreased phagocytic activity and intra-bone marrow coinjection of M2 macrophages together with leukemic blasts strongly enhances in vivo transformation potential. (rug.nl)

We here show that LPS induces expression of the key metabolic regulator Pyruvate Kinase M2 (PKM2). (nih.gov)

All Trans Retinoic Acid, Transforming Growth Factor β and Prostaglandin E2 in Mouse Plasma Synergize with Basophil-Secreted Interleukin-4 to M2 Polarize Murine Macrophages. (bccrc.ca)

An indispensable role of macrophages in bone repair has been well recognized. (jci.org)
The knowledge of the cardioprotective role of macrophages in cardiac repair is still in infancy. (unifr.ch)

The present systematic literature review aimed to determine current consensus about the functions of macrophages in renal crystal development and suppression, and to synthesize evidence to provide a basis for future immunotherapy. (frontiersin.org)

This knowledge will help us to better understand how to target and diminish the protumorigenic phenotypes of macrophages and Tregs in the TME. (uab.edu)
Moreover, type 2 pathways are shown to play important roles in promoting CNT-induced lung fibrosis by producing type 2 pro-fibrotic factors and inducing the reparative phenotypes of macrophages in response to CNTs. (cdc.gov)

M2 macrophages are pro-wound healing and promote angiogenesis, and M1 macrophages are pro-inflammatory and promote tumor necrosis. (confex.com)
Tumor associated macrophages (TAM's) are mostly M2-like macrophages and promote tumor growth. (confex.com)

For example, it has been shown that increased M1/M2 ratio correlates with development of inflammatory bowel disease, as well as obesity in mice. (wikipedia.org)
Earlier studies of mice-associated macrophages with the acceleration and suppression of renal crystal formation. (frontiersin.org)
Functional muscle recovery with nanoparticle-directed M2 macrophage polarization in mice. (nih.gov)
Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from mHO-1-KO mice, treated with M1-inducing LPS or M2-inducing IL-4, exhibited increased mRNA expression of M1 (CXCL10, IL-1β, MCP1) and decreased expression of M2 (Arg1 and CD163) markers as compared with controls, while BMDMs from mHO-1-Tg mice displayed the opposite. (nih.gov)

Chaves MM, Lee SH, Kamenyeva O, Ghosh K, Peters NC, Sacks D. The role of dermis resident macrophages and their interaction with neutrophils in the early establishment of Leishmania major infection transmitted by sand fly bite . (nih.gov)

Based on these observations, both cordycepin and adenosine regulated the phenotypic switch on macrophages and suggested that cordycepin and adenosine may potentially be used as immunomodulatory agents in the treatment of inflammatory disease. (researchgate.net)

CAR macrophages (CAR-Ms) demonstrated antigen-specific phagocytosis and tumor clearance in vitro. (nature.com)
Later, more extensive in vitro and ex vivo studies have shown that macrophage phenotypes are much more diverse, overlapping with each other in terms of gene expression and function, revealing that these many hybrid states form a continuum of activation states which depend on the microenvironment. (wikipedia.org)
On the other side, in vitro experiments implicated M2 macrophages as the primary mediators of tissue fibrosis. (wikipedia.org)
M1-activation in vitro is evoked by treatment with TLR ligands such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - typical for Gram-negative bacteria and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) - typical for Gram-positive bacteria, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or combination of LPS and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). (wikipedia.org)
A 2-day in vitro exposure to M2 macrophages results in the accumulation of CALR low leukemic blast cells, which are now protected against phagocytosis. (rug.nl)
Studies of human-derived and other macrophages in vitro and ex vivo showed that M2-macrophages (stimulated by CSF-1, IL-4, and IL-13) can phagocytose CaOx crystals, which suppresses stone development. (frontiersin.org)

Human autologous M2 suppression assay, based on a co-culture of monocyte-derived M2 macrophages with activated T cells (or PBMCs) and measurement of IFNγ, as one of the most representative surrogates of T cell activation. (explicyte.com)
Although macrophages have historically been viewed as monocyte-derived and terminally differentiated cells, recent progress has revealed that many tissue-resident macrophages are embryonically seeded, self-renewed, and perform homeostatic functions associated with M2-like activation programs. (nih.gov)

We confirmed the mRNA levels of the M1/M2 cytokine genes through RT-PCR and morphological change. (researchgate.net)

Targeting M2-like macrophage function might offer a therapeutic strategy with which to prevent stones via crystal phagocytosis. (frontiersin.org)

Macrophages are considered a critical component of innate immunity against intracellular pathogens. (nih.gov)

We reasoned that double-labelling immunohistochemistry for the detection of macrophage markers together with transcription factors may be suitable to characterise macrophage polarisation in situ. (nih.gov)
More interestingly, glibencalmide promoted macrophage alternative activation by enhancing certain M2 markers during M2 polarization. (nature.com)
Human alveolar macrophages predominately express combined classical M1 and M2 surface markers in steady state. (lstmed.ac.uk)
HCC cells cultured with M2-CM displayed a fibroblast-like morphology, an increased metastatic capability, and expression of EMT markers. (biomedcentral.com)

In vivo tracking of macrophage activated killer cells to sites of metastatic ovarian carcinoma. (nature.com)
Moreover, in vivo, there is a high diversity in gene expression profile between different populations of tissue macrophages. (wikipedia.org)
The diversity of macrophage phenotypes still remain to be fully characterized in vivo. (wikipedia.org)

Macrophages are critical factors for establishing a protumor inflammatory microenvironment associated with tumor cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis [ 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
Macrophage polarization is a process by which macrophages adopt different functional programs in response to the signals from their microenvironment. (wikipedia.org)

In addition to chemical stimulation, it has been shown that the stiffness of the underlying substrate a macrophage is grown on can direct polarization state, functional roles and migration mode. (wikipedia.org)

Interleukin 12 (IL-12) delivery to macrophages has been shown to reprogram M2 macrophages to M1 macrophages. (confex.com)

Additionally, 1,25(OH)2D inhibited M1 macrophage secretion of osteogenic proteins (i.e. (jci.org)

CD68 and CD163 are used to identify macrophages in tissue sections. (nih.gov)

As a key determinant of disease development and/or regression, macrophages have emerged as an important therapeutic target in the treatment of many human disease. (nature.com)
The involvement of renal and peripheral macrophages in inflammatory processes offers promise that might lead to the development of therapeutic targets. (frontiersin.org)
We study the polarization of macrophage induced by a therapeutic cardiac bandage and its effect on cardiac repair and regeneration. (unifr.ch)

Macrophage activation spectrum is thus considered to be wider, involving complex regulatory pathway to response to plethora of different signals from the environment. (wikipedia.org)
PKM2 is therefore a critical determinant of macrophage activation by LPS, promoting the inflammatory response. (nih.gov)
Macrophage polarization to M1 or M2 activation status may determine the progression or resolution of the inflammatory response. (cun.es)
Downregulation of IL-8 and IL-10 by the Activation of Ca(2+)-Activated K(+) Channel K(Ca)3.1 in THP-1-Derived M(2) Macrophages. (nih.gov)

Additionally, M1 macrophages produce enzymes to degrade the extracellular matrix. (nature.com)

Thanks to their ability to fight pathogens, M1 macrophages are present during acute infectious diseases. (wikipedia.org)
In this regard, several intracellular pathogens, such as leishmania, are shown to exploit M2-like TRMs as replicative niches to evade pathogen-specific immunity. (nih.gov)

We showed that 1,25(OH)2D suppressed M1 macrophage-mediated enhancement of MSC migration. (jci.org)
Signaling pathways that mediated M2-CM-promoted HCC migration were detected using western blotting. (biomedcentral.com)
However, the exact mechanisms by which M2-polarized macrophages modulate the migration potential of HCC are not completely defined. (biomedcentral.com)

M2 macrophages contribute to tissue repair and promote Th2 responses. (nih.gov)
Macrophages play a critical role in regulating wound healing and tissue regeneration by changing their polarization state in response to local microenvironmental stimuli. (nature.com)
The native roles of polarized macrophages encompass biomaterials and tissue remodeling needs, yet harnessing or directing the polarization response has been largely absent as a potential strategy to exploit in regenerative medicine to date. (nature.com)
The native roles of polarized macrophages encompass the same types of control that biomaterials and tissue remodeling are often sought in tissue repairs and regeneration. (nature.com)
Improper and untimely control of M1 macrophage-mediated inflammatory response can lead to disruption of normal tissue homeostasis and impede vascular repair. (wikipedia.org)

Based on different gene expression profiles, subtypes of macrophages (eg, M1, M2), which have different roles in amplifying or limiting the inflammatory response, have been identified. (msdmanuals.com)

We discovered that O-GlcNAc modifications on key M2 and Treg-specific proteins contribute to their immunosuppression within the TME, and that this phenomenon can be reversed with Hh blockade. (uab.edu)

Hh blockade rewires M2 macrophage metabolism to be reminiscent of M1 macrophage metabolism and promotes Treg to Th17 conversion. (uab.edu)
This study is the first to elucidate Hh signaling's role in recalibrating the metabolism of tumor-supporting M2 macrophages and Tregs. (uab.edu)
Moreover, M2-exposed "trained" leukemic blasts display increased mitochondrial metabolism, in part mediated via mitochondrial transfer. (rug.nl)

Ferritin biomineralization is a direct response to nanoparticle uptake inside both macrophage phenotypes. (cdc.gov)

Specifically, HERA-CD40L promoted a shift in the balance from tumor-promoting (M2-type) macrophages to antitumor (M1-type) macrophages. (drugdiscoverynews.com)

Similarly, RP-182 selective reduction of M2-like macrophages, finding also made in a non-cancerous murine fibrosis model. (nih.gov)

Macrophages exist along a spectrum of M1 (tumor-eradicating) to M2 (tumor-promoting), while regulatory T cells (Tregs) are an immunosuppressive cell type. (uab.edu)

Importantly, we demonstrated that CT-1 primes macrophages for IL-4-dependent M2 polarization by inducing IL-4 receptor expression. (cun.es)

Especially in ccRCC, STEAP3 is a new prognostic biomarker and exerts tumor-promoting function via stimulating the invasion and EMT and inducing recruitment and polarization of M2 macrophages. (authorea.com)
16. BCL3 Expression Is a Potential Prognostic and Predictive Biomarker in Acute Myeloid Leukemia of FAB Subtype M2. (nih.gov)

Proteomic findings have indicated that patients who form kidney stones mainly express M1-like macrophage-related proteins, which might be due to CaOx stimulation of the macrophage exosomal pathway. (frontiersin.org)

Expert opinion: RRx-001 is macrophage-stimulating agent with the potential to synergize with chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy while simultaneously protecting normal tissues from their cytotoxic effects. (providence.org)

Anatomy38

Organisms26

Diseases10

Chemicals and Drugs112

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment21

Phenomena and Processes50

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science3

Phenotype21

TAMs10

Human and murine3

Antigen prese3

Alleviating M2 macrophage polarization1

Epithelial-mesenchyma2

Cytokines10

Anti-inflammatory7

Induce3

Differentiation3

Alternatively activated3

Monocytes3

Pathogenesis3

Polarization of macrophages1

Infiltration4

Immune11

Inflammation2

Signaling pathway5

Proinflammatory6

Regulates2

Classically activated macrophages1

Phagocytic activity2

Induces1

Murine macrophages1

Role of macrophages2

Functions of macrophages1

Phenotypes of macrophages2

Promote tumor2

Mice4

Neutrophils1

Phenotypic switch1

Vitro6

Monocyte-derived2

Cytokine1

Phagocytosis1

Innate immunity1

Markers4

Vivo3

Microenvironment2

Functional1

Interleukin1

Secretion1

CD1631

Therapeutic3

Activation4

Additionally1

Pathogens2

Migration3

Tissue5

Subtypes1

Immunosuppression1

Metabolism3

Nanoparticle1

Antitumor1

Fibrosis1

Spectrum1

Receptor1

Biomarker2

Proteins1

Tissues1