Individual amino acidsPeptidesConditionally essential aminCationicArginine and lysineTransporterDibasic aminoDifferent amino acidsResiduesTyrosineSkeletal muscleOrnithineEssentialCellularFattyAbsorptionAliphaticCollagenNucleicCleavesMetabolismNutrientsProteinSuperfamilyCarboxylOrganicPathwayPolypeptideMoleculesProteinsTransportersAcylDerivativesEnzyme that catalyzesSequenceGenerallyStomachReadilyEstersAcidicTransportCarbonSmallResistanceBlood
Individual amino acids3
- There are also exopeptidases which remove individual amino acids at both ends of proteins (carboxypeptidases produced by the pancreas and aminopeptidases secreted by the small intestine). (wikipedia.org)
- The end product of protein digestion is a complex mixture of primarily dipeptides and tripeptides, along with individual amino acids [ 14 ]. (springer.com)
- The fact that the detailed structure of this domain (at the level of individual amino acids) has been conserved over evolution is often taken as an indication that its mechanism has also been conserved. (elifesciences.org)
Peptides8
- During the process of digestion, these enzymes, each of which is specialized in severing links between particular types of amino acids, collaborate to break down dietary proteins into their components, i.e., peptides and amino acids, which can be readily absorbed by the small intestine. (wikipedia.org)
- C ell- P enetrating P eptide s (CPPs), also known as protein transduction domains (PTDs), membrane translocating sequences (MTSs), and Trojan peptides are short peptides (≤40 amino acids), with the ability to gain access to the interior of almost any cell. (cell-penetrating-peptides.org)
- a) The higher extracellular pH deprotonates fatty acids attracting arginine rich peptides. (cell-penetrating-peptides.org)
- c) The positive charge of the peptides is now screened by the fatty acids. (cell-penetrating-peptides.org)
- Therefore, after these typical treatments to obtain collagen hydrolysate, peptides with varying lengths and varying C- and N-terminal amino acids are formed. (springer.com)
- Finally, at the brush border, peptidases are present that cleave peptides down to small peptides and amino acids, ready for uptake into enterocytes and transport to the blood. (springer.com)
- A zinc containing enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the removal of the N-terminal amino acid from most L-peptides, particularly those with N-terminal leucine residues but not those with N-terminal lysine or arginine residues. (lookformedical.com)
- The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS . (lookformedical.com)
Conditionally essential amin2
- L -arginine is an essential amino acid for chickens and turns out to be a conditionally essential amino acid for mammals under many stressful conditions [ 4 , 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- In mammals, arginine is formally classified as a semi-essential or conditionally essential amino acid, depending on the developmental stage and health status of the individual. (cannabisdatabase.ca)
Cationic3
- Among the transporters identified, we characterized the cationic amino acid transporter SLC7A3 as a gene that, when up-regulated, overcame low availability of arginine and lysine by increasing their uptake, whereas SLC7A5 was able to sustain cellular fitness upon deprivation of several neutral amino acids. (life-science-alliance.org)
- Cellular arginine uptake is mainly mediated by the cationic amino acid transporter (CAT) family, also known as y + transporters, which is involved in active transport [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- They are highly cationic and usually rich in arginine and lysine amino acids. (cell-penetrating-peptides.org)
Arginine and lysine1
- Cystinuria is an autosomal-recessive defect in reabsorptive transport of cystine and the dibasic amino acids ornithine, arginine, and lysine from the luminal fluid of the renal proximal tubule and small intestine. (medscape.com)
Transporter3
- The authors were able to test the effects of various mutations in order to measure the strength of the transporter protein (chloroquine uptake). (blogspot.com)
- have presented the crystal structure of apo-ApcT, a proton-coupled broad-specificity amino acid transporter, at 2.35 Å resolution. (tcdb.org)
- In 1993, Lee et al cloned a human complementary DNA, rBAT (renal basic amino acid transporter) in chromosome 2, encoding a transport protein for cystine and dibasic amino acids. (medscape.com)
Dibasic amino4
- L-Arginine is a dibasic amino acid. (complementary-therapists.com)
- [ 9 ] showed abnormal excretion of the dibasic amino acids lysine, arginine, and ornithine in persons with cystinuria. (medscape.com)
- [ 10 ] In 1961, Milne et al demonstrated reduced intestinal absorption of dibasic amino acids in persons with cystinuria. (medscape.com)
- The high-affinity system mediates uptake of 10% of L-cystine and the dibasic amino acids at the apical membrane of the straight third segment (S3) of the proximal tubule. (medscape.com)
Different amino acids2
- It consists of three polypeptide chains, two of which are identical, which are called chain α1 (I) and α2 (I), and which are composed of different amino acids. (earthwormexpress.com)
- The experiments showed that different amino acids in the active site of the Rab protein are involved when the GEFs mediate the release of the GDP during the activation process. (elifesciences.org)
Residues1
- A large superfamily of transcription factors that contain a region rich in BASIC AMINO ACID residues followed by a LEUCINE ZIPPER domain. (lookformedical.com)
Tyrosine1
- The cleavage specificity of pepsin is broad, but some amino acids like tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophan increase the probability of cleavage. (wikipedia.org)
Skeletal muscle1
- Compared with intact protein, the ingestion of protein hydrolysate accelerates protein digestion and absorption in the gut, increases amino acid availability after passage through the stomach, and tends to increase the incorporation rate of dietary amino acids into skeletal muscle protein [ 2 ]. (springer.com)
Ornithine2
- The structure and function of the cadaverine-lysine antiporter, CadB (2.A.3.2.2), and the putrescine-ornithine antiporter, PotE (2.A.3.2.1), in E. coli have been evaluated using model structures based on the crystal structure of AdiC (2.A.3.2.5), an agmatine-arginine antiporter. (tcdb.org)
- Foods and beverages containing other amino acids, such as l-lysine, l-ornithine, and l-cysteine can lead to saturation of the bodies absorption system leading to an excess of unabsorbed amino acids, including the L-Arginine in ProArgi-9 Plus, thereby creating gastrointestinal distress. (complementary-therapists.com)
Essential10
- L-Aspartic acid is a non-essential amino acid. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Also, carob is rich in both essential and nonessential amino acids. (preparedfoods.com)
- This work unveiled the essential role of guanidinium groups and two universal cell components: fatty acids and the cell membrane pH gradient. (cell-penetrating-peptides.org)
- Immediate Results - Breakdown of three different proteins by microorganisms in the soil produces a long list of essential amino acids that are quickly absorbed and have a direct impact on overall plant health. (ginabinternational.com)
- For subjects suffering from reduced absorptive capacity, it can be an option to consume protein in hydrolyzed form to facilitate the uptake of essential amino acids [ 1 ]. (springer.com)
- It is an amino acid derivative and an essential cofactor for fatty acid metabolism. (lookformedical.com)
- Arginine or l-arginine, abbreviated Arg or R, is an essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. (cannabisdatabase.ca)
- An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins . (lookformedical.com)
- A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. (lookformedical.com)
- A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. (lookformedical.com)
Cellular4
- The solution to this puzzle has been recently found ( 'Fundamental Molecular Mechanism for the Cellular Uptake of Guanidinium-Rich Molecules' published in JACS). (cell-penetrating-peptides.org)
- TAT peptide (labeled in red) in cells from different species and kingdoms (left panel) and scheme of the cellular uptake mechanism (right panel). (cell-penetrating-peptides.org)
- As mono or diiron center as well as incorporated into heme or iron-sulfur clusters, this metal is an indispensable cofactor for a variety of cellular processes including electron transport, amino acid metabolism, and biosynthesis of DNA and sterols. (frontiersin.org)
- These are the ' zinc-binding cellular acid ' sugar and the ' genome resulting ' history. (evakoch.com)
Fatty18
- b) The positively charged guanidinium groups bind strongly to the deprotonated carboxyl groups of fatty acids. (cell-penetrating-peptides.org)
- d) The peptide diffuses on the surface of this pore towards the interior of the cell while the lower pH in the cytosol protonates the fatty acids releasing the peptide. (cell-penetrating-peptides.org)
- f) The protonated (and neutral) fatty acids rapidly flip-flop across the plasma membrane eventually becoming in contact with the extracellular media at higher pH where they become negatively charged and the process can start again. (cell-penetrating-peptides.org)
- A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids. (lookformedical.com)
- A group of 16-carbon fatty acids that contain no double bonds. (lookformedical.com)
- Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (lookformedical.com)
- FATTY ACIDS found in the plasma that are complexed with SERUM ALBUMIN for transport. (lookformedical.com)
- These fatty acids are not in glycerol ester form. (lookformedical.com)
- An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. (lookformedical.com)
- Covalent attachment of LIPIDS and FATTY ACIDS to other compounds and PROTEINS. (lookformedical.com)
- A fatty acid coenzyme derivative which plays a key role in fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis. (lookformedical.com)
- Triglycerides are a type of fat found in the blood that are made up of three fatty acids and a glycerol molecule. (lookformedical.com)
- A group of fatty acids that contain 18 carbon atoms and a double bond at the omega 9 carbon. (lookformedical.com)
- A group of compounds that are derivatives of octadecanoic acid which is one of the most abundant fatty acids found in animal lipids. (lookformedical.com)
- A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. (lookformedical.com)
- A coenzyme A derivative which plays a key role in the fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasmic and microsomal systems. (lookformedical.com)
- The immature myocardium can use several substrates, such as carbohydrates, medium-chain and long-chain fatty acids, ketones, and amino acids. (medscape.com)
- In the mature heart, long-chain fatty acids are the primary substrates, and several enzymes and an increased number of mitochondria are needed. (medscape.com)
Absorption2
- The US NIEHS contracted studies on the aromatic diisocyanate toluene diisocyanate (TDI), demonstrating that TDI polymerized in the acid environment of the stomach to solid polyurea before absorption into the body (Jeffcoat et al. (europa.eu)
- Three types of samples, the dissolved start products, in vitro generated dialysates (containing the digested components that are potentially available for small intestinal absorption), and human serum collected after product ingestion, were analyzed using LC-MS to compare the state of the hydrolysates before and after absorption, i.e., uptake into the blood. (springer.com)
Aliphatic2
- Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure. (lookformedical.com)
- Arginine is a basic amino acid as its side chain contains a positively charged guanidinium group, which is highly polar, at the end of a hydrophobic aliphatic hydrocarbon chain. (cannabisdatabase.ca)
Collagen2
- One of the amino acids in carob helping it garner this renewed interest is that it is a plant-based source of hydroxyproline, an amino acid form linked to collagen production, making it an excellent "beauty from within" ingredient. (preparedfoods.com)
- The amino acid sequence in collagen is generally a repetitive tripeptide unit (Gly-X-Y), where X is frequently Pro and Y is Hyp (Nelson and Cox, 2004). (earthwormexpress.com)
Nucleic1
- The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. (lookformedical.com)
Cleaves1
- Pepsin cleaves the 44 amino acids from pepsinogen to create more pepsin. (wikipedia.org)
Metabolism1
- Diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D) demonstrated shifts in the metatranscriptome and metabolome including increased bile acids, polyamines, succinate pathway intermediates (malate, fumarate), and transcripts involved in fructose, mannose, and polyol metabolism compared to constipation-predominant IBS (IBS-C). A classifier incorporating metabolites and gene-normalized transcripts differentiated IBS-D from IBS-C with high accuracy (AUC 0.86). (biomedcentral.com)
Nutrients1
- When Buckwheat residue is incorporated into the soil, it quickly breaks down and releases nutrients for uptake by the following crop. (gardenia.net)
Protein3
- For example, the amino acid glutamine is involved when the Listeria GEF and one of the human GEFs activate the protein, whereas a different amino acid-aspartate-is involved when one of the other human GEFs is responsible for the activation. (elifesciences.org)
- An unnatural amino acid that is used experimentally to study protein structure and function. (lookformedical.com)
- The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein. (lookformedical.com)
Superfamily1
- An octameric enzyme belonging to the superfamily of amino acid dehydrogenases. (lookformedical.com)
Carboxyl1
- Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. (lookformedical.com)
Organic3
- Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. (lookformedical.com)
- The addition of an organic acid radical into a molecule. (lookformedical.com)
- Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as l-alpha-amino acids. (cannabisdatabase.ca)
Pathway1
- An enzyme that catalyzes the first step in the biosynthetic pathway to LEUCINE , forming isopropyl malate from acetyl-CoA and alpha-ketoisovaleric acid. (lookformedical.com)
Polypeptide2
- they are stabilized by hydrogen bonds and intermolecular bonds (Silva and Penna, 2012), which are composed of three helical polypeptide chains, each with about 1000 amino acids, which are called an α chain. (earthwormexpress.com)
- The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. (lookformedical.com)
Molecules1
- During my own PhD that focused on the development of small neutral molecules that can transport chloride anions across biological membranes, we often observed binding to the lipid headgroup in molecular dynamics modelling. (rsc.org)
Proteins3
- Exposure of laryngeal mucosa to enzymatically active pepsin, but not irreversibly inactivated pepsin or acid, results in reduced expression of protective proteins and thereby increases laryngeal susceptibility to damage. (wikipedia.org)
- L-Aspartic acid is used as a cell culture media component for the commercial biomanufacture of therapeutic recombinant proteins and monoclonal antibodies. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins . (lookformedical.com)
Transporters1
- One-by-one depletion of 13 amino acids required for cell proliferation enabled gain-of-function genetic screens using a SLC-focused CRISPR/Cas9-based transcriptional activation approach to uncover transporters relieving cells from growth-limiting metabolic bottlenecks. (life-science-alliance.org)
Acyl1
- Most frequently the process consists of the reaction of an acid with an alcohol in the presence of a trace of mineral acid as catalyst or the reaction of an acyl chloride with an alcohol. (lookformedical.com)
Derivatives1
- Derivatives of caprylic acid. (lookformedical.com)
Enzyme that catalyzes1
- A PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE containing enzyme that catalyzes the reversible transamination of branched-chain AMINO ACIDS to 2-oxoglutarate. (lookformedical.com)
Sequence1
- Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories. (lookformedical.com)
Generally2
- Generally, hydrophobic amino acids at P1 and P1' positions increase cleavage probability. (wikipedia.org)
- A practical consequence proposed is that these gels may not reliably mediate pH sensitive swelling controlled release in oral applications, because the levels of buffer acids in the stomach (where swelling and release are expected to occur) generally cannot be controlled. (scialert.net)
Stomach2
- Pepsin's proenzyme, pepsinogen, is released by the gastric chief cells in the stomach wall, and upon mixing with the hydrochloric acid of the gastric juice, pepsinogen activates to become pepsin. (wikipedia.org)
- This zymogen is activated by hydrochloric acid (HCl), which is released from parietal cells in the stomach lining. (wikipedia.org)
Readily1
- Amino acids are readily filtered by the glomerulus and undergo nearly complete reabsorption by proximal tubular cells. (medscape.com)
Esters1
- Salts and esters of the 16-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acid--palmitic acid. (lookformedical.com)
Acidic2
- Pepsin may also cause mucosal damage during weakly acidic or non-acid gastric reflux. (wikipedia.org)
- With a pKa of 12.48, the guanidinium group is positively charged in neutral, acidic, and even most basic environments. (cannabisdatabase.ca)
Transport2
- Our brains contains transport systems for neutral, dibasic, and dicarboxylic amino acids. (complementary-therapists.com)
- Various authors have studied amino acid transport in cell membranes obtained from the proximal renal tubule of humans, rats, and rabbits. (medscape.com)
Carbon3
- 14-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acids. (lookformedical.com)
- These are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. (cannabisdatabase.ca)
- Amino acids which have a branched carbon chain. (lookformedical.com)
Small1
- Also, their small size facilitates the intracellular uptake. (oaepublish.com)
Resistance4
- By itself, this was neutral with respect to chloroquine resistance (blue arrows) but in combination with N75E OR N326D (pink circles), the strain acquired a low level of chloroquine resistance (green arrows). (blogspot.com)
- Several additional mutations were required in order to confer a significant level of resistance and some of these reduced the level of chloroquine uptake (red arrows). (blogspot.com)
- The first two positions (272 and 284) have been linked previously with resistance to ciprofloxacin (i.e. amino acid positions 91 and 95). (cdc.gov)
- One location (amino acid 87) has been previously reported to be associated with ciprofloxacin resistance. (cdc.gov)
Blood2
- The aim of this study was to compare the dosimetry and therapeutic efficacy of 161Tb and 177Lu in tumor-bearing mice using SibuDAB and PSMA-I&T, which differ in their blood residence time and tumor uptake. (bvsalud.org)
- Lupins are one of the best natural sources of the amino acid - arginine, which is thought to improve blood vessel performance. (lupinausa.com)