AnatomyDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentHealth Care
Injections, EpiduralFluoroscopyAnesthetics, LocalAnesthesia, EpiduralRadiculopathySteroidsLumbosacral RegionFailed Back Surgery SyndromeLow Back PainEpidural SpaceChronic PainLidocaineBack PainIntervertebral Disc DisplacementBetamethasoneSpinal StenosisInjectionsNeck PainPain ManagementNerve BlockAnalgesia, EpiduralCervical VertebraeInjections, SpinalDouble-Blind MethodBupivacaineSciaticaTriamcinoloneLumbar VertebraeAdrenal Cortex HormonesPain MeasurementThiamylalPseudarthrosisChronic DiseaseDiscitisSpinal Nerve RootsIntervertebral Disc
Inserted into the epidural spaceInterlaminar epiduralEfficacy of epiduralDisc HerniationPerforming epidural steroid injectionsTransforaminal epidural steroid injectionsLocal anestheticProcedureCaudal epidural steroidPunctureRadiculopathyAnesthesiaCervicalESIsTreatment of lumbarTreatmentsKyphoplastyDegenerative disk diLumbosacralRadicularSciaticaThoracic epiduralTherapeuticSteroidsOutpatientSpecialistPatients undergFluoroscopyMedicationSpinal cordMinimally invasiveHematomaJoint injectionsPainAblationComplicationsSpaceApproachesPuncturesRadiculitisStabilizationSymptomsFungalContrast
Inserted into the epidural space1
Interlaminar epidural1
Efficacy of epidural3
Disc Herniation11
  • The objective of the North American Spine Society's (NASS) Evidence-Based Clinical Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Lumbar Disc Herniation with Radiculopathy is to provide evidence-based recommendations to address key clinical questions surrounding the diagnosis and treatment of lumbar disc herniation with radiculopathy. (nih.gov)
  • The guideline is intended to reflect contemporary treatment concepts for symptomatic lumbar disc herniation with radiculopathy as reflected in the highest quality clinical literature available on this subject as of July 2011. (nih.gov)
  • To provide an evidence-based educational tool to assist spine specialists in the diagnosis and treatment of lumbar disc herniation with radiculopathy. (nih.gov)
  • This guideline is a product of the Lumbar Disc Herniation with Radiculopathy Work Group of NASS' Evidence-Based Guideline Development Committee. (nih.gov)
  • The clinical guideline has been created using the techniques of evidence-based medicine and best available evidence to aid practitioners in the care of patients with symptomatic lumbar disc herniation with radiculopathy. (nih.gov)
  • Epidural steroid injection (ESI) is a technique in which corticosteroids and a local anesthetic are injected into the epidural space around the spinal cord in an effort to improve spinal stenosis, spinal disc herniation, or both. (wikipedia.org)
  • The study aimed to compare the treatment cost, operation time, clinical effect, and complications between punctures done under magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) planning based on picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) and punctures done under immediate X-ray fluoroscopy guidance in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation by transforaminal lumbar epidural injection. (jointdrs.org)
  • Comparison of the Efficacy of Caudal, Interlaminar, and Transforaminal Epidural Injections in Managing Lumbar Disc Herniation: Is One Method Superior to the Other? (epain.org)
  • This manuscript analyzes data from 3 randomized controlled trials that assessed a total of 360 patients with lumbar disc herniation. (epain.org)
  • The results of this assessment show significant improvement in patients suffering from chronic lumbar disc herniation with 3 lumbar epidural approaches with local anesthetic alone, or using steroids with long-term follow-up of up to 2 years, in a contemporary interventional pain management setting. (epain.org)
  • A retrospective longitudinal analysis of patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery for disc herniation and/or spinal stenosis was undertaken using the MarketScan® databases from 2007-2015. (europeanspinejournal.org)
Performing epidural steroid injections1
Transforaminal epidural steroid injections5
Local anesthetic7
  • A lumbar epidural steroid injection is usually administered in an outpatient surgical setting under local anesthetic. (altairhealth.com)
  • The physician uses a fluoroscope to locate the appropriate lumbar vertebra and nerve root and a local anesthetic numbs the skin. (prairiespine.com)
  • Local anesthetic is used to numb the skin and tissue down to the lumbar vertebra and fluoroscope help physician to ensure correct placement of needle tip. (onestopmedcare.com)
  • The lumbar epidural steroid injection is comprised of both a local anesthetic and a steroid medication and can be used for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. (nebraskapaininstitute.com)
  • Diagnostically, ESIs may help to identify the epidural space as the potential pain generator, through pain relief after local anesthetic injection to the site of presumed anatomic pathology. (medscape.com)
  • The analysis of caudal epidural injections showed the potential superiority of steroids compared with local anesthetic alone a 2-year follow-up, based on the average relief per procedure. (epain.org)
  • The proportion of patients nonresponsive to initial injections was also lower in the group for local anesthetic with steroid in the interlaminar trial. (epain.org)
Procedure11
  • Hello OP back here.I said I would come back and tell how it is going with my Lumbar Epidural.After a referral to the pain DR.and a consultation then the OK for the procedure to have Depo Medrol injected. (rv.net)
  • This injection procedure is performed to relieve low back and radiating leg pain. (scoi.com)
  • A lumbar epidural steroid injection is a minimally invasive procedure for treating leg, buttock and lower back pain originating from the epidural space. (altairhealth.com)
  • They normally experience immediate pain relief for a few hours after the procedure as a result of the injected anesthetic, although there may be some irritation at the injection site. (altairhealth.com)
  • During the procedure the patient lies face down and a cushion is placed under the stomach area for comfort and to arch the back for easier access to the epidural space. (onestopmedcare.com)
  • This outpatient procedure is an injection of a steroid-anesthetic medication. (nvpaincare.com)
  • The exhibit shows a male figure orientation in posterior view on the left and a close up sagittal view of the lumbar spine anatomy and detail of the procedure on the right. (stocktrialexhibits.com)
  • Compared to immediate X-ray guided puncture, the puncture method using PACS for MRI planning shortened the transforaminal lumbar epidural injection procedure time and reduced the treatment costs without exposing the physician or patient to additional radiation, while there was no significant difference in the short-term clinical outcome or complication rate. (jointdrs.org)
  • Two months post-procedure, the patient returned to the pain management physician's office complaining of a headache and some lumbar pain. (medscape.com)
  • What happens during the epidural steroid injection procedure? (emoryhealthcare.org)
  • Lumbar puncture is an extremely common procedure, and the strong results from this study call for switching the type of needle. (medscape.com)
Caudal epidural steroid3
  • The exact effectiveness of a lumbar caudal epidural steroid injection depends on the individual patient's condition. (altairhealth.com)
  • Are Caudal Epidural Steroid Injections Effective for Chronic Lumbar Radiculopathy? (sprite-ideas.com)
  • In comparison to interlaminar and caudal epidural steroid injections, transforaminal ESIs allow for highly targeted administration of an anti-inflammatory medication to inflamed nerve roots. (palmharborortho.com)
Puncture12
  • Possible complications of epidural and facet joint injections were subarachnoid and vertebral venous plexus puncture and periarticular spread, respectively. (avmi.net)
  • Given concern for recurrent fungal infection, nates this disease is unknown because of limited reports she also underwent lumbar puncture. (cdc.gov)
  • NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Atraumatic lumbar puncture needles are safe and effective, and they cause fewer postdural-puncture headaches and returns to the hospital for additional treatment, according to a systematic review and meta-analysis. (medscape.com)
  • As they report in The Lancet, online December 6, Dr. Almenawer and colleagues conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare patient outcomes after lumbar puncture with atraumatic needles versus conventional needles. (medscape.com)
  • The researchers searched 13 databases with no language restrictions from inception to Aug 15, 2017, for randomized controlled trials comparing the use of atraumatic needles and conventional needles for any lumbar puncture indication. (medscape.com)
  • They excluded randomized trials in which no dural puncture was performed (epidural injections) and those without a conventional needle control group. (medscape.com)
  • Lumbar puncture success on the first attempt, failure rate, average number of attempts, and incidence of traumatic tap and backache were similar with the two needle types. (medscape.com)
  • Subgroup analyses of postdural-puncture headache showed no interactions between needle type and patient sex, age, position, bed rest after puncture, needle gauge, indication for lumbar puncture, use of intravenous fluid, or clinician specialty. (medscape.com)
  • This should change clinical practice and result in fewer patients with lumbar puncture complications. (medscape.com)
  • Especially the frequency of post-lumbar puncture headache will decrease, and the number of hospital readmissions or epidural blood patches for this complication will be strongly reduced," added Dr. Brouwer, who co-wrote an editorial about the study. (medscape.com)
  • Lumbar puncture was invented by Dr. Heinrich Quincke in 1890," he noted. (medscape.com)
  • Evaluation for fungal meningitis includes a lumbar puncture (LP, also known as spinal tap) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain. (cdc.gov)
Radiculopathy2
Anesthesia8
  • A detailed sagittal (cut-away) view of the spine revealing the needle placement between L5 and S1 with injection of anesthesia into the lumbar epidural space. (doctorstock.com)
  • In this paper, the authors present a case in which the current American Society for Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine guidelines were strictly followed with respect to withholding and reintroducing warfarin and enoxaparin after an epidural steroid injection, but the patient nevertheless developed a spinal epidural hematoma requiring emergency surgical evacuation. (nih.gov)
  • A total of 212 residents in 25 U.S. states and jurisdictions have been identified who might be at risk of fungal meningitis because they received epidural anesthesia at the clinics of interest in 2023. (cdc.gov)
  • Healthcare providers, public health officials, and the public should be aware that all patients, including those without symptoms, who underwent medical or surgical procedures under epidural anesthesia at River Side Surgical Center or Clinica K-3 in Matamoros, Mexico, since January 1, 2023, should be evaluated for fungal meningitis as soon as possible. (cdc.gov)
  • Department were notified through th e Emerging Infections Network of two people hospitalized in Texas with symptoms consistent with meningitis (e.g., headache, fever, photophobia, stiff neck) after receiving cosmetic procedures under epidural anesthesia at River Side Surgical Center in Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Mexico. (cdc.gov)
  • Since then, public health officials have identified a multistate outbreak of fungal meningitis among patients who received procedures under epidural anesthesia at River Side Surgical Center or Clinica K-3. (cdc.gov)
  • Note: All patients, regardless of symptoms, who received procedures under epidural anesthesia at River Side Surgical Center or Clinica K-3 since January 2023 should be evaluated for fungal meningitis including an LP or spinal tap and MRI of the brain. (cdc.gov)
  • Recommendations for diagnosis and management of patients with possible fungal meningitis associated with epidural anesthesia administered in Matamoros, Mexico, are available on CDC's website, which will be updated as new information becomes available. (cdc.gov)
Cervical2
ESIs2
  • Epidural steroid injections (ESIs) have been endorsed by the North American Spine Society and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (formerly, the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research) of the Department of Health and Human Services as an integral part of nonsurgical management of radicular pain from lumbar spine disorders. (medscape.com)
  • The aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the success of ESIs in the treatment of ongoing radicular pain in patients undergoing lumbar spinal surgery . (bvsalud.org)
Treatment of lumbar1
  • Chemonucleolysis in the treatment of lumbar disc disease. (cdc.gov)
Treatments2
  • Consequently, multiple minimally invasive treatments, including epidural injections, are applied in addition to conservative management. (epain.org)
  • If your pain does not improve with medicine, physical therapy, and other treatments, your provider may recommend an epidural injection . (medlineplus.gov)
Kyphoplasty1
  • It covers a broad range of material that is presented by experts in each field, such as discography, percutaneous discectomy, vertebroplasty and balloon kyphoplasty, epidural steroid injections, selective nerve root blocks, autonomic nerve blocks, spinal stimulator implantation, and spine v- cular intervention. (springer.com)
Degenerative disk di1
  • Natural progression of degeneration of the lumbar segment with motion proceeds with characteristic anatomic, biomechanical, radiologic, and clinical findings in lumbar degenerative disk disease (LDDD). (medscape.com)
Lumbosacral1
  • In dogs, CT-guided lumbosacral epidural or lumbar facet joint injections have not been described. (avmi.net)
Radicular7
  • Objective Spinal epidural steroid injections are generally considered a safe, effective treatment for radicular pain in a variety of spinal conditions. (bmj.com)
  • Injection of corticosteroids into the epidural space for the management of lumbar radicular pain was first recorded in 1952. (medscape.com)
  • Inflammation within the epidural space and nerve roots, as can be provoked by a herniated disk, is a significant factor in causing radicular pain. (medscape.com)
  • Historical evidence of nerve root inflammation has been demonstrated during surgery in patients with radicular low back pain (LBP) from lumbar disk herniation. (medscape.com)
  • In summary, clinical practice and animal research suggest that radicular pain is the result of inflammation of the nerve root in the epidural space provoked by leakage of disk material, compression of the nerve root vasculature, and/or irritation of dorsal root ganglia from spinal stenosis. (medscape.com)
  • An epidural steroid injection may help alleviate radicular pain felt in either your arm or leg resulting from pressure and irritation on one of the nerves. (emoryhealthcare.org)
  • Although the primary indication for epidural steroid injection (ESI) is radicular pain associated with a herniated nucleus pulposus, a variety of other indications have been reported in the literature. (medscape.com)
Sciatica5
  • If you are experiencing back and/or leg pain caused by sciatica, herniated discs, or other back problems, a lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injection may be an option for you. (nvpaincare.com)
  • Patients who are dealing with sciatica of a chronic nature often turn to epidural steroid injections for relief Mk 677 for sale . (sprite-ideas.com)
  • see also Approaches for Epidural Injections) was performed in 1901, when cocaine was injected to treat lumbago and sciatica (presumably pain referred from lumbar nerve roots). (medscape.com)
  • Epidural steroid injection for sciatica and spinal stenosis is of unclear effect. (wikipedia.org)
  • When medical imaging is not used to determine the proper spot for injection, ESI benefits appear to be of short-term benefit when used in sciatica. (wikipedia.org)
Thoracic epidural2
  • Background: This randomised, double-blind study was designed to assess the analgesic efficacy of dexmedetomidine as compared with fentanyl as an adjunct to local anaesthetic in thoracic epidural for upper abdominal surgeries. (bvsalud.org)
  • Methods: Forty adult patients of American Society of Anesthesiologists grade I-II undergoing upper abdominal surgery were randomly allocated into two groups to receive 50 µg fentanyl or 50 µg dexmedetomidine as an adjunct to 10 ml 0.125% bupivacaine via thoracic epidural. (bvsalud.org)
Therapeutic3
  • steroids) into epidural space of lumbar spine for diagnostic, therapeutic and pain relief purposes, labeled diagram. (alilamedicalmedia.com)
  • To identify problems, alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life, she specializes in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, including electromyography, nerve conduction studies, fluoroscopy-guided injections for all parts of the spine, fluoroscopy-guided injections into joints, and ultrasound-guided injections. (ucsfhealth.org)
  • Chemonucleolysis involved the injection of therapeutic doses of chymopapain into the intervertebral disc space to induce depolymerization of mucoprotein. (cdc.gov)
Steroids1
  • During a transforaminal injection, steroids are injected directly into the neural foramen where nerves exit the spine. (palmharborortho.com)
Outpatient1
  • If the aforementioned measures are appropriate and completed, an active, dynamic rehabilitation program to stabilize the lumbar spine may be started on an outpatient basis. (medscape.com)
Specialist1
Patients underg1
  • Half of patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery for stenosis and/or herniation had a preoperative ESI. (europeanspinejournal.org)
Fluoroscopy3
Medication7
  • A steroid-anesthetics mix is injected into the foraminal epidural space, bathing the painful nerve root with soothing medication. (prairiespine.com)
  • Some patients may need multiple injections before they feel the full benefit of the medication. (nvpaincare.com)
  • A contrast dye will be administered first to determine the flow of the medication upon injection. (palmharborortho.com)
  • Contrast dye is used to ensure the medication is correctly administered into the epidural space. (nebraskapaininstitute.com)
  • The medication is injected into the epidural space and flows to the nerves on both sides. (nebraskapaininstitute.com)
  • CDC and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are investigating fungal infections among patients who received epidural steroid injections (medication injected into the spine) with contaminated medication. (cdc.gov)
  • The epidural steroid medication associated with this outbreak is not the same as the epidural injections given to pregnant women during childbirth. (cdc.gov)
Spinal cord4
  • The epidural space surrounds the dura, a membrane which protects the spinal cord and its nerves. (altairhealth.com)
  • Epidural - Around the "dura mater," the tough membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord. (algchiro.com)
  • Lumbar spine surgery may be used to fix areas of your spine where movement causes pain and/or to relieve pressure on your spinal cord and spinal nerves. (discmdgroup.com)
  • Preoperative evaluation included electromyography to confirm the presence of a herniated disc, myelography to discount spinal stenosis and spinal cord tumor, epidural venography, and prognostic psychometric testing. (cdc.gov)
Minimally invasive1
  • He utilizes conservative and physical/functional rehabilitative measures in combination with injections and minimally invasive spinal procedures to provide long-term success in the management of spinal disorders. (rochester.edu)
Hematoma1
  • Case Report The following case study provides a description of a patient with spinal stenosis who discontinued anticoagulation therapy according to the recommended guidelines but who experienced a subsequent acute epidural hematoma and significant neurologic injury. (bmj.com)
Joint injections3
  • A total of six translaminar and five transforaminal epidural and 53 joint injections were performed. (avmi.net)
  • Success rate of facet joint injections was 62% and was higher for larger facet joints, such as L7-S1. (avmi.net)
  • Accuracy of facet joint injections ranged from accurate (37-62%) to highly accurate (25%) depending on the volume injected. (avmi.net)
Pain30
  • Called guided image injection) If no relief, that too is of value, because it rules that area out as the pain generator. (rv.net)
  • The pain may originate in any part of the lumbar region of the spine, including the coccyx, or tailbone, where it is referred to as caudal. (altairhealth.com)
  • Some patients experience long-term, or sometimes even permanent, pain relief after one injection, requiring no further treatment. (altairhealth.com)
  • The injection is meant to help reduce inflammation and relieve pain while your body attempts to heal your condition. (prairiespine.com)
  • It is important to keep track of what happens to your pain after the injection until you follow up with your physician. (prairiespine.com)
  • Lumbar Epidural Steroid Injection is used to relief low back and radiating leg pain. (onestopmedcare.com)
  • While 50-75% of patients with leg pain received temporary relief after lumbar epidural steroid injections, only 25-57% received excellent long-term relief. (algchiro.com)
  • Injections for back pain are most helpful for reducing pain in the short term. (algchiro.com)
  • Your pain management doctor may suggest an injection right away. (algchiro.com)
  • A lumbar epidural steroid injection may provide pain relief by reducing inflammation. (spine-health.com)
  • A steroid injection administered in the space surrounding the spine can reduce pain signals as well as inflammation. (spine-health.com)
  • A steroid injection may be used in combination with a physical therapy program to provide pain relief during exercise and rehabilitation. (spine-health.com)
  • When effective, an epidural steroid injection may alleviate pain for a couple weeks up to one year. (spine-health.com)
  • Tightness in these muscles places more pressure on the lumbar spine and contributes to low back pain. (spine-health.com)
  • In 2012, the National Institutes of Health published a study from the Pain Management Center of Paducah that measured the effectiveness of lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injection for treating lower back pain and leg pain. (palmharborortho.com)
  • If you are suffering from chronic lower back pain that radiates into your legs, a lumbar transforaminal ESI may provide relief from your symptoms. (palmharborortho.com)
  • How can an epidural steroid injection help my back and leg pain? (nebraskapaininstitute.com)
  • Epidural steroid injections are beneficial in treating pain caused by inflamed or compressed nerve roots. (nebraskapaininstitute.com)
  • Pain in these specific areas allows the doctor to expertly determine where to place the epidural injection. (nebraskapaininstitute.com)
  • He successfully treats most of his patients using simple non-operative measures like spinal injections, Rhizolysis (heat denervation), pain management, tailored physiotherapy, postural training, activity modification, patient education and advice. (nuffieldhealth.com)
  • Two months later, the patient reported continuing pain in the lumbar region. (medscape.com)
  • Did you know that lumbar back pain is the leading cause of disability worldwide? (discmdgroup.com)
  • If you've been dealing with lumbar back pain for an extended period of time, you are probably searching for a way to relieve it. (discmdgroup.com)
  • Many advances have been made in treating lumbar back pain. (discmdgroup.com)
  • Not all lumbar back pain is the same, and getting the right diagnosis is key to finding the right treatment. (discmdgroup.com)
  • With only rare exceptions, lumbar back pain should first be treated with conservative measures. (discmdgroup.com)
  • When it comes to treating your lumbar back pain, there's a lot to consider. (discmdgroup.com)
  • It may last another hour or more if the woman has been given an epidural injection or a drug to relieve pain. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The use of chemonucleolysis in the treatment of discogenic pain associated with lumbar disc disease was described. (cdc.gov)
  • Patients who become sick can develop symptoms including fever, new or worsening headache, sensitivity to light, stiff neck, new weakness or numbness, slurred speech, and/or increased pain, redness, and swelling at the injection site. (cdc.gov)
Ablation2
  • DW has had the injections and radio ablation that toedtoes described in lumbar area. (rv.net)
  • She had weeks of relief from the injections and months from the ablation. (rv.net)
Complications3
  • Complications secondary to these injections, although rare, can result in devastating neurologic symptoms. (bmj.com)
  • Epidural steroid injections are relatively safe procedures, although the risk of hemorrhagic complications in patients undergoing long-term anticoagulation therapy is higher. (nih.gov)
  • The study objectives were to use a large national claims data resource to examine rates of preoperative epidural steroid injections (ESI) in lumbar spine surgery and determine whether preoperative ESI or the timing of preoperative ESI is associated with rates of postoperative complications and reoperations. (europeanspinejournal.org)
Space8
  • Caudal lumbar epidural injections are performed by inserting a needle through the sacral hiatus into the epidural space at the sacral canal (Figs. 68-9 and 68-10). (dieutridau.com)
  • This position causes the spine to open, allowing for easier access to the epidural space. (prairiespine.com)
  • All 3 of these epidural steroid injection methods work by decreasing swelling and inflammation of the nerve roots in the space around the dural sac, which is known as the epidural space. (sprite-ideas.com)
  • Some doctors still perform them without x-ray guidance, however, it has been shown that without it 30% of the time the injection misses the epidural space. (sprite-ideas.com)
  • Most of the time, the nerve root that is being compressed is actually being pinched as it exits from the epidural space Mk 2866 for sale. (sprite-ideas.com)
  • Animal research in dogs and rats also has revealed severe inflammation locally within the epidural space and nerve root after injection of autologous nuclear material into the epidural space. (medscape.com)
  • Accuracy was assessed according to epidural or joint space contrast opacification. (avmi.net)
  • The needle is inserted under X-ray guidance into the epidural space (the small space surrounding the nerves inside the spinal canal). (emoryhealthcare.org)
Approaches1
  • Epidural injections are performed utilizing 3 approaches in the lumbar spine: caudal, interlaminar, and transforaminal. (epain.org)
Punctures2
  • Therapy response was monitored with serial lumbar punctures. (cdc.gov)
  • The answer to the question, 'Are atraumatic needles better for lumbar punctures? (medscape.com)
Radiculitis1
  • Researchers found that transforaminal ESI is highly effective for the treatment of radiculitis stemming from herniated discs in the lumbar region of the back. (palmharborortho.com)
Stabilization2
  • Strengthening exercise programs might include a customized physical therapy program, dynamic lumbar stabilization, tai chi, Pilates, or others. (spine-health.com)
  • Dynamic lumbar-spine stabilization programs are aimed at maintaining a neutral spine position throughout various daily activities. (medscape.com)
Symptoms2
  • Given epidural steroid injections (L5-S1, July 2015), did not the patient's worsening symptoms, we performed nerve control her symptoms. (cdc.gov)
  • They can trigger severe neurological symptoms, and should be differentiated from other forms of epidural cysts and tumors. (bvsalud.org)
Fungal2
  • Fungal meningitis transmitted through injections of in March 2013. (cdc.gov)
  • Contrast-en- from Wake Forest University Medical Center, we describe hanced lumbar MRI demonstrated a homogeneous fungal infection recurrence at 24 months. (cdc.gov)
Contrast2
  • There were 6 intradiscal (annular) injections of contrast, for a rate of 1:402. (northwestern.edu)
  • Contrast medium was injected and a CT scan was performed after each injection. (avmi.net)