Lower creatinine. Medical search. Frequent questions

Note: See Analytical Note on comparing the urine albumin-creatinine ratio of the random urine (first collection) and the follow-up first-morning void urine (second collection). (cdc.gov)
Urinary albumin and urinary creatinine are measured in a random urine sample collected in the MEC (first collection) and a first morning void urine sample collected by the participant at home (second collection). (cdc.gov)
Urine albumin-creatinine ratio is used to classify stages of chronic kidney disease. (cdc.gov)
Therefore, measurement of urinary albumin and creatinine concentrations are performed and an albumin:creatinine ratio (ACR) was determined from both a random urine and a first morning void. (cdc.gov)
The ratio of urine albumin to urine creatinine is used to predict nephropathy risk in diabetic patients. (cdc.gov)
Since the ACR depends not only on urinary albumin but also on urinary creatinine excretion, it will be affected by gender and age because muscle mass is lower in females than in males and decreases with age. (cdc.gov)
It is especially useful for the measurement of low levels of urinary albumin not detectable by dipstick methods. (cdc.gov)
Urine protein/creatinine ratios and urine albumin/creatinine ratios have proved exceedingly helpful in the evaluation of proteinuria. (medscape.com)
The urine albumin-creatinine ratio (uACR) test measures the amount of two different substances in your urine - albumin (protein) and creatinine. (kidney.org)
Healthy kidneys keep the albumin in your blood while filtering the creatinine out into the urine. (kidney.org)
The uACR is calculated by dividing the amount of urine albumin by the amount of urine creatinine to find the ratio. (kidney.org)
Urinary albumin and urinary creatinine are measured in a random urine collected in the MEC. (cdc.gov)
Urine albumin/creatinine ratio and echocardiographic left ventricular structure and function in hypertensive patients with electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy: the LIFE study. (nih.gov)
The urine albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR) and echocardiographic measures of LV structure and function were obtained in 833 patients with stage I to III hypertension and LV hypertrophy determined by electrocardiogram (ECG) (Cornell voltage-duration or Sokolow-Lyon voltage criteria) after 14 days of placebo treatment. (nih.gov)
We included all adult participants with available data on body mass index, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), urine albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR), and each of the MS components. (karger.com)
Clinically significant CKD is defined by an increased urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR) and/or an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) lower than 60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 , as patients with these features are at much higher risk of disease progression [ 3 ]. (karger.com)
Age- and sex-adjusted FABP3 levels were positively associated with uric acid, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio, FABP1, FABP2, and fatty liver index, but negatively associated with eGFR and hemoglobin. (medsci.org)
Should urinary albumin/creatinine ratio thresholds be lowered to enable earlier identification and management of chronic kidney disease? (medscape.com)

Creatinine measurement is useful in the diagnosis and treatment of renal diseases, in monitoring renal dialysis, and is used to standardize other urinary analytes (e.g. environmental chemicals). (cdc.gov)
Serum creatinine is the most commonly used indicator (but not direct measure) of renal function. (wikipedia.org)
Diagnostic serum creatinine studies are used to determine renal function. (wikipedia.org)
The reference interval is 0.6-1.3 mg/dL (53-115 μmol/L). Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test, and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. (wikipedia.org)
Creatinine is critically important in assessing renal function because it has several interesting properties. (medscape.com)
As a result, one should look at the calculated eGFR (estimated glomerular filtration rate), as reported from the measured serum creatinine, to assess renal function. (medscape.com)
While there is no such thing as abnormally low creatinine levels, abnormally high levels can be symptomatic of many kidney disorders ranging from diabetes, glomerular disease, birth defects such as renal dysplasia and many other kidney diseases. (healthfully.com)
CONCLUSION: The CKD-EPI creatinine equation is more accurate than the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation and could replace it for routine clinical use. (globalrph.com)
Plasma (or serum) creatinine (Pl-Cr) concentration is mainly measured in dogs and cats to aid diagnosis of renal dysfunction. (vin.com)
3. Administration of urea or creatinine lowered the oral glucose tolerance of patients with moderately impaired renal function. (portlandpress.com)
Consequently, they found that the D-serine clearance strongly correlated with GFR and was less biased than the creatinine clearance, a conventional marker for renal function. (sciencedaily.com)
Patients were included in this study without distinction of sex, age or nationality, hospitalized for renal failure whose cause is an obstacle in the urinary tract and having a medical record including clinical variables, paraclinical variables, procedures performed, surgical results, creatinine levels before and after drainage. (scirp.org)
ABSTRACT We aimed to develop a reliable, low cost method to assess the early stages of renal impairment in diabetes, for use in high-risk populations in countries with limited resources. (who.int)

Why Is My Pet's BUN: Creatinine Ratio High or Low? (kattentrimsalon.com)
Have you ever wondered why your dog or cat's BUN:Creatinine ratio might be high or low? (kattentrimsalon.com)
In this article, we will explore the significance of the BUN:Creatinine ratio and what it reveals about your furry friend's well-being. (kattentrimsalon.com)
The BUN:Creatinine ratio is calculated by comparing the amount of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) to the amount of creatinine in your pet's blood. (kattentrimsalon.com)
The normal BUN:Creatinine ratio for dogs typically ranges from approximately 4-27, while for cats, it ranges from 4 to 33. (kattentrimsalon.com)
A slightly elevated BUN:Creatinine ratio may simply indicate temporary dehydration at the time the blood sample was taken. (kattentrimsalon.com)
Other factors that can contribute to a high BUN:Creatinine ratio include bleeding into the intestines or pockets of blood in the body or under the skin following trauma or surgery. (kattentrimsalon.com)
Certain medications, such as corticosteroids, azathioprine, and tetracycline, can also elevate BUN levels and subsequently increase the BUN:Creatinine ratio. (kattentrimsalon.com)
Maintaining a healthy BUN:Creatinine ratio is crucial for your pet's well-being. (kattentrimsalon.com)
Remember, it's always best to consult with a veterinarian if you have concerns about your dog or cat's BUN:Creatinine ratio. (kattentrimsalon.com)
Now that you have a better understanding of the BUN:Creatinine ratio, you can keep a closer eye on your pet's urinary health and overall well-being. (kattentrimsalon.com)
[ 140 ] The hazard ratio for kidney damage was 1.08 (95% confidence interval, 0.76-1.52) in patients who received urate-lowering therapy more than 80% of the time and was 1.27 (95% confidence interval, 1.05-1.55) in those who received urate-lowering therapy less than 80% of the time. (medscape.com)
A urinary albu- min/creatinine ratio of 3.0 g/mol, assumed as diagnostic of microalbuminuria, was found to correlate with a cut-off value of 24 mg/L for microproteinuria. (who.int)
0.9 kDa) results in increased plasma levels of cystatin C (cysC) compared to creatinine resulting in a low eGFRcysC/eGFRcrea ratio. (lu.se)
Reference values for eGFRcysC/eGFRcrea ratio, the prevalence of SPS and the consequence of low eGFRcysC/eGFRcrea ratio in the general, elderly population are unknown. (lu.se)

Blood creatinine concentrations may also be used alone to calculate the estimated GFR (eGFR). (wikipedia.org)
As a result, for adult patients (age 18 and over), along with every measured serum creatinine, most clinical labs now report an estimated GFR (eGFR). (medscape.com)
[ 3 , 10 ] The eGFR accounts for some of these variables, and it can alert physicians to significant reductions in GFR even when the serum creatinine appears to be normal or only minimally elevated. (medscape.com)
For example, a white woman with a serum creatinine of 1.0 (a value within the traditional reference interval) has an eGFR of 59 mL/min/1.73 m 2 , a value consistent with chronic kidney disease . (medscape.com)
In general, an eGFR value lower than 60 is a sign that the kidneys may not be working properly. (kidney.org)
An eGFR lower than 15 is a marker of kidney failure. (kidney.org)
So, your healthcare provider will likely compare your BUN level to your creatinine and eGFR levels when evaluating your kidney health. (kidney.org)
When each of the MS components was evaluated separately, elevated blood pressure and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were associated with both UACR and reduced eGFR, while elevated blood glucose and triglycerides were only associated with UACR. (karger.com)
These lower eGFR numbers indicate more severe kidney damage. (medicalnewstoday.com)
however, the current evaluation of GFR has several limitations, including a labor-intensive procedure for the inulin clearance, the gold standard of GFR, a major bias for the creatinine clearance, and imprecise estimation of estimated GFR (eGFR). (sciencedaily.com)
CMI was defined as creatinine filtration (the product of serum creatinine times eGFR on the basis of cystatin C ) and was analyzed in sex -specific tertiles. (bvsalud.org)

Serum creatinine (a blood measurement) is an important indicator of kidney health, because it is an easily measured byproduct of muscle metabolism that is excreted unchanged by the kidneys. (wikipedia.org)
Creatinine is removed from the blood chiefly by the kidneys, primarily by glomerular filtration, but also by proximal tubular secretion. (wikipedia.org)
The creatinine clearance test helps provide information about how well the kidneys are working. (medlineplus.gov)
Creatinine is removed, or cleared, from the body by the kidneys. (medlineplus.gov)
Like creatinine, it is also removed from the body through the kidneys. (kidney.org)
BUN and creatinine are waste products that need to be eliminated by the kidneys and excreted through urine. (kattentrimsalon.com)
Creatinine clearance is used, among other things, to detect early stage kidney disease, to adjust medication dosages and to monitor the adverse effects of certain medications on the kidneys. (uniprix.com)
Creatinine is excreted from the body through the kidneys. (uniprix.com)
As a result, creatinine provides a good measure of how well the kidneys are working. (uniprix.com)
A lower than normal creatinine clearance level may indicate that the kidneys are not working to their full capacity. (uniprix.com)
It could also mean a low blood flow to the kidneys. (uniprix.com)
The bloodstream carries creatinine to the kidneys, which filter it out of the blood. (kidshealth.org)
Low levels of creatinine in the urine may point to a kidney disease or another condition affecting the kidneys or urinary tract. (kidshealth.org)
Doctors often do the test along with a blood test to measure the creatinine level in the blood to get information about how well the kidneys are working. (kidshealth.org)

A urine creatinine test measures the amount of creatinine in the urine. (kidshealth.org)

If the filtration in the kidney is deficient, blood creatinine concentrations rise. (wikipedia.org)
Therefore, creatinine concentrations in blood and urine may be used to calculate the creatinine clearance (CrCl), which correlates approximately with the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). (wikipedia.org)
Dehydration secondary to an inflammatory process with fever may cause a false increase in creatinine concentrations not related to an actual kidney injury, as in some cases with cholecystitis. (wikipedia.org)
Note that urine creatinine concentrations (mg/dL) vary depending on water intake (hydration status) and, therefore, are not very meaningful by themselves. (medscape.com)
this was caused mainly by lower creatinine concentrations. (unboundmedicine.com)

citation needed] An alternative estimation of kidney function can be made when interpreting the blood plasma concentration of creatinine along with that of urea. (wikipedia.org)
for example, a urea concentration raised out of proportion to the creatinine may indicate a prerenal problem such as volume depletion. (wikipedia.org)
In addition to creatinine measurements, blood urea nitrogen levels are also measured. (uniprix.com)
Both blood urea nitrogen, or BUN, and creatinine are nitrogenous wastes produced by the muscles. (healthfully.com)
1. Uptake of glucose by the rat diaphragm in vitro and utilization of glucose by human erythrocytes were inhibited by urea, creatinine and, to an even greater extent, by urea plus creatinine. (portlandpress.com)
Serum urea and creatinine levels were normal. (hindawi.com)

Creatinine is produced by creatine and creatine phosphate as a result of muscle metabolic processes. (cdc.gov)
Creatinine itself is produced via a biological system involving creatine, phosphocreatine (also known as creatine phosphate), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP, the body's immediate energy supply). (wikipedia.org)
An increase in serum creatinine can be due to increased ingestion of cooked meat (which contains creatinine converted from creatine by the heat from cooking) or excessive intake of protein and creatine supplements, taken to enhance athletic performance. (wikipedia.org)
Creatinine is a waste product of creatine. (medlineplus.gov)
An individual's creatinine clearance is determined using a mathematical calculation and the level of creatine in urine and in the blood. (uniprix.com)
In this enzymatic method creatinine is converted to creatine under the activity of creatininase. (cdc.gov)
When muscles work hard, they convert creatine into creatinine. (healthfully.com)
If we know the concentration of an item like creatinine (a by-product of creatine breakdown) in the plasma and in the urine, then we have a good idea of GFR. (robbwolf.com)

Estimated creatinine clearance was significantly lower. (cdc.gov)

Serum creatinine levels vary in children. (uniprix.com)
Serum creatinine levels are fairly constant and proportional to muscle mass. (uniprix.com)
Low muscle mass, liver disease or muscle conditions may explain low serum creatinine levels. (uniprix.com)
Pregnancy and significant muscle loss (amputation, paralysis, etc.) are usually associated with decreased serum creatinine levels. (uniprix.com)
Serum creatinine levels are different from urine creatinine levels. (healthfully.com)
Urine creatinine levels should not be confused with serum creatinine levels because taken alone, urine levels are not indicators of disease. (healthfully.com)
If serum creatinine levels are not normal, it is important to get the test repeated before panicking. (healthfully.com)
Serum creatinine levels remained teinuria ( 2 - 4 ). (cdc.gov)

A "normal" uACR level is lower than 30 mg/g. (kidney.org)

If kidney function is abnormal, creatinine level increases in the blood because less creatinine is excreted through the urine. (medlineplus.gov)
The increase in serum creatinine is relatively minor at the earliest stages of disease due to mathematical reasons (eg, a patient whose baseline creatinine is 0.6 would have to lose more than 50% of his GFR before the creatinine would increase to 1.3 and first be noted to be "abnormal" by most reference intervals). (medscape.com)

Counterintuitively, supporting the observation of higher creatinine production in women compared to men, and putting into question the algorithms for GFR that do not distinguish for sex accordingly, women have higher muscle protein synthesis and higher muscle protein turnover across the life span. (wikipedia.org)
Creatinine is a waste product that comes from the digestion of protein in your food and the normal breakdown of muscle tissue. (kidney.org)
Urine creatinine levels are used to calculate other values such as protein creatinine ratios or calcium creatinine ratios. (healthfully.com)
urinary protein (low-molecular-weight proteins such as β 2 -microglobulin and RBP). (cdc.gov)
5-For serious kidney damage a low-protein, ketogenic diet can be remarkably therapeutic. (robbwolf.com)

Creatinine clearance progressively decreases with age. (uniprix.com)

Abnormally low glucose levels were reported in asymptomatic pediatric patients, with one occurring at the colonoscopy, and one at the 5-day follow-up visit. (drugs.com)

In cases of severe kidney dysfunction, though, the CrCl rate will overestimate the GFR because hypersecretion of creatinine by the proximal tubules will account for a larger fraction of the total creatinine cleared. (wikipedia.org)
All 24-hour urine collections should be assessed for accuracy/completeness by calculating the 24-hour total creatinine excretion. (medscape.com)

Men usually have higher creatinine values than women because they are more muscular. (healthfully.com)

Additionally, the combinational analysis of clearances of D-serine and creatinine could measure GFR with high performance. (sciencedaily.com)

Purpose: The purpose of this analysis was to assess the accuracy of two point-of-care creatinine devices, the i-STAT handheld (Abbott, Princeton, New Jersey, USA) and the StatSensor Xpress (Nova Biomedical, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA) in comparison to venipuncture creatinine measures. (cdc.gov)

High creatinine levels can be a sign of acute kidney injury and/or chronic kidney disease . (kidney.org)
With low to moderate chronic exposure, urinary cadmium reflects integrated exposure over time and total body burden (Jarup 2002). (cdc.gov)
[ 140 ] In a retrospective study of 16,186 patients with initial serum uric acid levels above 7 mg/dL, Levy and colleagues found that patients with gout who remained on urate-lowering therapy were less likely to develop kidney damage leading to chronic kidney disease than those who were untreated. (medscape.com)

If creatinine levels are abnormally high on repeated tests, additional diagnostic work will be necessary to determine the nature of the disorder 1 . (healthfully.com)

Laboratory analysis revealed further anemia (hemoglobin level 95 g/L) and low blood sodium (127 mmol/L). Cystoscopy performed by urologist revealed normal bladder mucosa and efflux of bloody urine from the left ureteral orifice but found no active bleeding. (hindawi.com)
However, risk is lower with newer contrast agents, which are nonionic and have a lower osmolality than older agents, whose osmolality is about 1400 to 1800 mOsm/kg (or mmol/kg). (msdmanuals.com)
For example, 2nd-generation, low-osmolal agents (eg, iohexol , iopamidol , ioxaglate) have an osmolality of about 500 to 850 mOsm/kg (or mmol/kg), which is still higher than blood osmolality. (msdmanuals.com)

A mathematical formula is used to calculate creatinine clearance. (uniprix.com)

In some of cases, more accurate information on the GFR can be obtained from a 24-hour creatinine clearance, which requires an accurate 24-hour urine collection and measurement of urine and serum creatinine. (medscape.com)

This is an endpoint reaction that agrees well with recognized HPLC methods, and it has the advantage over Jaffe picric acid-based methods that are susceptible to interferences from non-creatinine chromogens. (cdc.gov)

Urate-lowering therapy appears to reduce the incidence of kidney damage in gout. (medscape.com)

In addition, the urine creatinine is used to standardize the collection of urine analytes such as environmental chemicals. (cdc.gov)
A urine creatinine test might be done on a single urine sample or by measuring creatinine in a 24-hour collection of urine. (kidshealth.org)

Ketoacids, cimetidine, and trimethoprim reduce creatinine tubular secretion and, therefore, increase the accuracy of the GFR estimate, in particular in severe kidney dysfunction. (wikipedia.org)
In the absence of secretion, creatinine behaves like inulin. (wikipedia.org)
A high reading may be due to increased production of creatinine not due to decreased kidney function, to interference with the assay, or to decreased tubular secretion of creatinine. (wikipedia.org)
Creatinine secretion by the tubules can be blocked by some medications, again increasing measured creatinine. (wikipedia.org)

When kidney or urinary tract issues are present, both BUN and creatinine levels tend to increase or decrease simultaneously. (kattentrimsalon.com)

Unlike BUN, creatinine levels remain relatively stable in healthy people. (healthfully.com)

Serum and urine creatinine, as well as creatinine clearance, are used to assess kidney function. (uniprix.com)

Improvement in the mean graft creatinine was noted after intervention. (urotoday.com)

Theoretically, low values may also reflect increased glomerular filtration rates (GFRs). (medscape.com)

A "normal" creatinine level in the blood is hard to define because it can change depending on your age, sex, body size, and other factors. (kidney.org)
Similarly, the normal blood creatinine level for dogs is around 0.5-1.6 mg/dl, and for cats, it ranges from 0.8-2.0 mg/dl. (kattentrimsalon.com)
Creatinine is a waste product that is produced by the muscles through normal contraction. (uniprix.com)
A higher than normal creatinine clearance level can be indicative of anemia or increased blood flow to the heart. (uniprix.com)
According to the Family Practice Notebook, normal creatinine values for adult males are between 0.8 and 1.3 mg/dl. (healthfully.com)
Normal values for children are lower. (healthfully.com)
Creatinine (kree-AT-eh-neen) is a waste product our muscles make at a steady rate during normal daily activity. (kidshealth.org)

[ 2 ] The GFR can also be calculated from the creatinine clearance (see below). (medscape.com)
Improper urine collection can affect creatinine clearance or urine creatinine levels. (uniprix.com)
Some studies have shown that utilizing the adjusted body weight improves accuracy compared to other commonly used equations in estimating the creatinine clearance in the elderly population. (globalrph.com)
Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine. (globalrph.com)
Comparison of creatinine clearance estimation methods in patients with trauma. (globalrph.com)
Estimation of creatinine clearance in morbidly obese patients. (globalrph.com)
The low bias as a measure of GFR was an advantage for the D-serine clearance. (sciencedaily.com)
The degree of bias against GFR was smaller than that of the creatinine clearance. (sciencedaily.com)

The test compares the creatinine level in urine with the creatinine level in blood. (medlineplus.gov)
It is calculated using your serum creatinine level, age, and sex. (kidney.org)
UCd is a biomarker for lifetime cadmium exposure among people with lower, nonoccupational exposures because, in the absence of episodes of high-level exposure, cadmium-binding sites, primarily in the kidney and liver, are not saturated, and UCd increases in proportion to the amount of cadmium stored in the body ( Dillon and Ho 1991 ). (nih.gov)
In addition, Hu et al reported that an elevated serum level of cancer antigen 72-4 (CA72-4)-a monoclonally-identified glycoprotein that has been noted to be elevated in adenocarcinomas and inflammatory diseases-is an independent risk factor for gout flares during initiation of urate-lowering therapy. (medscape.com)
Current literature is heterogeneous and of low-level evidence. (urotoday.com)

This paper describes a novel creatinine muscle index (CMI) on the basis of serum creatinine and cystatin C . CMI was moderately associated with frailty among older adults . (bvsalud.org)
This study describes a novel creatinine muscle index (CMI) on the basis of serum creatinine and cystatin C in a community -based sample of older adults from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. (bvsalud.org)

Measurements may be biased in infants, the elderly, obese patients or those with low muscle mass. (uniprix.com)
Nakagawa and Nishijo (1996) interpreted these differences as an effect of low versus high exposures to cadmium, identified exposure misclassification as a limitation of studies conducted before the 1970s when cadmium measurements were semiquantitative, and also noted failure to account for the influence of smoking as a concern. (nih.gov)

Creatinine is included in most routine lab work because it is the most reliable indicator of kidney health 1 . (healthfully.com)

Endogenous molecules potentiating the precise assessment of kidney function with low biases are still necessary for important clinical decisions, including drug administration design, transplant donor selection, and staging of kidney disease. (sciencedaily.com)
These results are consistent with the hypothesis that creatinine filtration may be an index of muscle mass, which may have utility in clinical practice. (bvsalud.org)
Lower CMI was associated with frailty and increased mortality , two clinical outcomes known to be associated with decreased muscle mass. (bvsalud.org)
Creatinine filtration may be an index of muscle mass and have utility in clinical practice, particularly at low levels. (bvsalud.org)

001). Furthermore, patients with microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria had a significantly higher LV mass and lower endocardial and midwall fractional shortening. (nih.gov)
Kidney patients should know what creatinine is, how it is measured and what their creatinine values mean. (healthfully.com)
Many patients find it helpful to maintain a spreadsheet of their creatinine levels. (healthfully.com)
Patients who change medical providers should not be surprised if their lab results edge up or down because there are slight variations in how labs measure creatinine 1 . (healthfully.com)
Low GFR occurred in 28.5% of patients using the day-before regimen compared to 25.1% of patients using the split-dose regimen at 24 to 48 hours after the colonoscopy . (drugs.com)
In a study of gout flares in patients newly started on urate-lowering therapy, Rashid et al found that 68% of these patients had one or more gout flares during the first 12 months of therapy. (medscape.com)
Preventing contrast nephropathy involves avoiding contrast when possible (eg, not using CT to diagnose appendicitis) and, when contrast is necessary for patients with risk factors, using a nonionic agent with the lowest osmolality at a low dose. (msdmanuals.com)

The risk of gout flares emphasizes the importance of providing close coverage, patient education, and prophylaxis, especially during the first year of urate-lowering therapy. (medscape.com)
7-If you get kidney stones that are from urate salts, you are likely NOT following a low-ish carb paleo diet, you likely have insulin resistance and your liver is not processing uric acid. (robbwolf.com)

Anatomy1

Organisms1

Diseases6

Chemicals and Drugs7

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment7

Phenomena and Processes3

Health Care1

Albumin18

Renal13

Ratio15

EGFR11

Kidneys14

Amount of creatinine1

Concentrations5

Urea6

Creatine8

Estimated creatinine clearance1

Serum creatinine levels8

UACR1

Abnormal2

Protein5

Decreases with age1

Glucose1

Total creatinine2

Higher creatinine1

Additionally1

Venipuncture1

Chronic3

Abnormally1

Mmol3

Calculate1

Measurement1

Chromogens1

Kidney damage1

Collection of urine2

Secretion4

Urinary tract1

Healthy1

Assess1

Graft1

Glomerular filtration1

Normal7

Clearance8

Level5

Cystatin2

Measurements2

Routine1

Clinical4

Patients7

Urate2