ProteinsCytoplasmicHighly conservedSubcellular localizationLncRNAsTranscriptsDegradationMicrotubulesNeuronalDistalRegulate gene expressionRegulationNuclearGeneAssaySequencesMoleculesBoundNeurons2001VivoRegulatesNucleotidesParticlesBindFMRPDifferentiationProtein synthesisStructuresGenesBindsSynaptic plasticityProcessesTranslationModulateStabilityAlternativelySubnuclearTranscriptionalPromotesAssociateDifferentialMotifsInteractionTargetMechanismsTissuesAbundantInfectiousExpressionPredominantlyVariantsFunctionMessengerCellRequiresTransport
Proteins26
- The hnRNPs are RNA binding proteins and they complex with heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA). (antibodies-online.com)
- These proteins are associated with pre-mRNAs in the nucleus and appear to influence pre-mRNA processing and other aspects of mRNA metabolism and transport. (antibodies-online.com)
- This protein, along with other hnRNP proteins, is exported from the nucleus, probably bound to mRNA, and is immediately re-imported. (antibodies-online.com)
- Surprisingly, Loc1p was found to be strictly nuclear, unlike other known RNA-binding proteins involved in mRNA localization which shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. (elsevierpure.com)
- Preliminary experiments suggest that by interacting with Argonaute2, PICK1 can relieve this block of protein synthesis and increase the production of specific proteins. (ukri.org)
- MiRNAs silence target mRNAs via the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), of which Argonaute proteins (Ago) are the major subunit. (ukri.org)
- Heterogeneous population of RNA granules serve as motile units to translocate, store, translate, and degrade mRNAs in the dendrites contain cis -elements and trans -acting factors such as RNA-binding proteins and microRNAs to convey stimulus-, transcript-specific local translation. (frontiersin.org)
- Through this interaction, mRNAs and their associative proteins form messenger ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs) that are actively transported along the cytoskeleton to intracellular destinations. (frontiersin.org)
- Spatial segregation of proteins to neuronal axons arises in part from local translation of select mRNAs that are first transported into axons in ribonucleoprotein particles (RNPs), complexes containing mRNAs and RNA binding proteins. (biorxiv.org)
- Fragile X granules (FXGs) are axonal RNPs containing the Fragile X related family of RNA binding proteins along with ribosomes and specific mRNAs. (biorxiv.org)
- Restricting local translation to the appropriate cellular compartment at the correct developmental timepoint requires correct positioning of ribonucleoprotein particles (RNPs), complexes that contain mRNAs and the RNA binding proteins that control their translation. (biorxiv.org)
- FXGs contain one or more of the Fragile X related (FXR) family of RNA binding proteins: FMRP (Fragile X mental retardation protein), FXR2P, and FXR1P. (biorxiv.org)
- RNA binding proteins recognize these sequences and assemble with their mRNA target into mRNPs. (europa.eu)
- It is still not known which RBPs or adaptor proteins are essential to recruit microtubule-binding motor proteins to mRNPs and to which extend this varies between different transported mRNAs. (europa.eu)
- Mutations affecting zipcodes, RBPs or motor-proteins required for neuronal mRNA localization were shown to lead to severe neurodegenerative diseases as ALS, FXTAS and FXS (7), underlining the need to understand the mechanisms that drive neuronal mRNA transport. (europa.eu)
- Also in this specific case, it is not understood how RBPs, potential adaptors and motor proteins, which are essential for the transport of CaMKIIa-mRNA are mechanistically contributing to its correct localisation. (europa.eu)
- Nanos are RNA-binding proteins playing crucial roles in germ cell development and maintenance. (nature.com)
- The Nanos proteins family regroups highly conserved RNA-binding proteins in higher eukaryotes implicated in germ cell development and maintenance. (nature.com)
- In the central dogma RNA acts as a simple intermediary between the DNA that carries the genetic information and the proteins that define the whole variety of biological processes in the cell. (biomedcentral.com)
- During ribosomal RNA processing, ribosomal proteins are incorporated into the pre-ribosomal subunits to form the mature 40S and 60S subunits. (biomedcentral.com)
- This is the first study describing the production and distribution of ETS-1 and ETS-2 mRNAs and proteins using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry in murine ocular tissue sections of normal control eyes and tumoral eyes from mice of the same age. (molvis.org)
- We focus our research on the post-transcriptional regulation of embryonic myogenesis and adult muscle differentiation by RNA-binding proteins.We use zebrafish as a model, which is most suitable for in vivo and in vitro analyses using cell and molecular biology, genetics, and living imaging approaches. (sorbonne-universite.fr)
- The post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression orchestrated by RNA-binding proteins is involved in a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes. (sorbonne-universite.fr)
- In particular, we focus our research on the role of RNA-binding proteins in the post-transcriptional regulation of muscle differentiation and regeneration. (sorbonne-universite.fr)
- RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) control RNA metabolism at multiple levels, and are critical for maintaining the homeostasis of protein synthesis during early development and in adult life. (sorbonne-universite.fr)
- To reduce the risk of analyzing cell line- pathway can be divided into distinct stages based on the specific features, we used several representative cell lines for recombination status of the Ig genes and on the expression each of four major stages in B cell development: pro-B, pre-B, pattern of surface markers and the presence of intracellular proteins [1- 6]. (lu.se)
Cytoplasmic5
- We propose that efficient cytoplasmic ASH1 mRNA localization requires a previous interaction with specific nuclear factors. (elsevierpure.com)
- Context and state of the art mRNA transport in general: Cytoplasmic mRNA transport and local translation are essential for many processes requiring symmetry breaking such as embryonic development, cell migration and neuronal differentiation (1). (europa.eu)
- mRNAs are transported along microtubules (MTs) by different kinesins and cytoplasmic dynein and get anchored at the actin cortex, intermediate filaments or unknown structures (1, 3). (europa.eu)
- Since the first discovery of cytoplasmic mRNA transport almost three decades ago, several essential questions could not be answered mostly due to the complexity of the in vivo situation and the approaches available. (europa.eu)
- We have made the unprecedented finding that RBM24 plays a key role in cytoplasmic polyadenylation to control mRNA translation. (sorbonne-universite.fr)
Highly conserved3
- Shep harbors two highly conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), and genetic evidence points to a functional relationship between its RNA-binding capability and insulator function. (nih.gov)
- For example, XIST (X-inactive specific transcript), one of the first described lncRNAs has a low level of sequence conservation, but a highly conserved function across placental mammals - inactivation of the X chromosome [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- The RNA-binding protein RBM24 displays highly conserved expression pattern in vertebrate embryos. (sorbonne-universite.fr)
Subcellular localization3
- Additionally, the 5′ and 3′ UTRs flanking the coding region regulate mRNA translation, half-life, and subcellular localization [2]. (researchgate.net)
- In addition, it displays dynamic subcellular localization during cellular differentiation. (sorbonne-universite.fr)
- Furthermore, we found that RBM24 displays dynamic subcellular localization and post-transcriptional functions during muscle differentiation and regeneration. (sorbonne-universite.fr)
LncRNAs9
- Mounting evidence supports that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have critical roles during cancer initiation and progression. (biomedcentral.com)
- The second group includes rRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which to date are very poorly functionally annotated. (biomedcentral.com)
- In-depth analysis revealed that lncRNAs is an extensive and very heterogenic group from mRNA-like transcripts to circular RNAs. (biomedcentral.com)
- According to the GENCODE project one third of all human lncRNAs genes are primate-specific [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- LncRNAs share a lot of common features with mRNAs, they are often capped, polyadenylated and undergo splicing. (biomedcentral.com)
- Whereas 95% of all multi-exon mRNAs are alternatively spliced only 25% of lncRNAs undergo alternative splicing. (biomedcentral.com)
- Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) participate in regulating biological processes, especially host-pathogen interactions. (biomedcentral.com)
- A RNA sequencing method (RNA-seq) was used to confirm the differential expression profiles of lncRNAs in Plasmodium yeolii 17XL ( P.y 17XL)-infected BALB/c mice. (biomedcentral.com)
- Subsequently, the effect of specific lncRNAs on the modulation of immune-related signaling pathways in malaria was determined by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. (biomedcentral.com)
Transcripts4
- Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene but only two transcripts are fully described. (antibodies-online.com)
- Both highly sensitive and specific, a Stellaris RNA FISH assay is comprised of up to 48 single-labelled oligonucleotides designed to selectively bind to target RNA transcripts. (bioscience.co.uk)
- LncRNA are found in all branches of life and the complexity of different organisms is well correlated with the amount and the diversity of these transcripts [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Through de novo transcriptome assembly with the RNA-seq reads from whole organ samples of C. virgata at the germination stage (2 days after germination, DAG), early young development stage (8 DAG), young development stage (17 DAG), and adult development stage (28 DAG), we identified 21,589 unified transcripts (contigs) and found that 19,346 and 18,156 protein-coding transcripts were homologous to those in rice and Arabidopsis , respectively. (frontiersin.org)
Degradation1
- Human ZAP inhibits many viruses, including HIV and coronaviruses, by binding to viral RNAs to promote their degradation and/or translation suppression. (bvsalud.org)
Microtubules5
- To investigate how spindle-localized RNAs might influence mitosis, we comprehensively surveyed all messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that bound to microtubules during metaphase in both Xenopus laevis egg extracts and mitotic human cell extracts. (escholarship.org)
- We identify conserved classes of mRNAs that are enriched on microtubules in both human and X. laevis. (escholarship.org)
- Although many MT-mRNAs associate with polyribosomes, we find that active translation is not required for mRNA localization to mitotic microtubules. (escholarship.org)
- While it is clear, that RNA distribution patterns in neurons are created by active transport processes of mRNPs along microtubules, the essential enzymatic activities required are not known. (europa.eu)
- Before we can understand how overall distributions of thousands of mRNA are generated, we first need to understand how any specific mRNA can be transported along microtubules - a question unanswered since the first MT based mRNA transport was observed more than 2 decades ago. (europa.eu)
Neuronal6
- A large proportion of miRNAs are expressed in the brain, and most of these are found in neuronal dendrites associated with synapses. (ukri.org)
- Shep is required for neuronal remodeling during development and is highly enriched in the CNS, perhaps serving to negatively regulate insulator function in these cell types to promote CNS-specific gene expression programs. (nih.gov)
- Here we report a class of mRNA granules in human neuronal processes that are enriched in the nuclear cap-binding protein complex (CBC) and exon junction complex (EJC) core components, Y14 and eIF4AIII. (frontiersin.org)
- The existence of mRNAs retaining both nuclear cap binding protein and EJC in the distal sites of neuronal processes suggests that some localized mRNAs have not yet undergone the "very first translation," which contribute to the spatio-temporal regulation of gene expression. (frontiersin.org)
- In neurons, local translation is supported by a variety of RNPs that can differ in their prevalence, mRNA cargoes, and RNA binding protein composition depending upon developmental stage, neuronal cell type, and subcellular location. (biorxiv.org)
- Neuronal mRNA transport occurs in packages of single to a few copies of mRNAs (8-11), mostly in a translationally repressed mode. (europa.eu)
Distal2
- The localization of ASH1 mRNA to the distal tip of budding yeast cells is essential for the proper regulation of mating type switching in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (elsevierpure.com)
- After induction of long-term potentiation, CaMKIIa-mRNA is transported to distal parts of dendrites where its translation is locally regulated (12, 13). (europa.eu)
Regulate gene expression2
- Noncoding RNA sequences can regulate gene expression via interactions with epigenetic and other control mechanisms. (stanford.edu)
- They can bind to the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) of target messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in order to regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally with no sequence specificity but by potential electrostatic interactions with the phosphate backbone of RNA 2 , 3 . (nature.com)
Regulation3
- Our results represent the first genome-wide survey of mRNAs localized to a specific cytoskeletal component and suggest that microtubule localization of specific mRNAs is likely to function in mitotic regulation and mRNA segregation during cell division. (escholarship.org)
- In addition to classical gene regulatory networks noted above, we have recently identified a central role for additional biologic mechanisms, namely gene regulation by chromatin regulators and by noncoding RNAs. (stanford.edu)
- When comparing the transcriptomes across developmental stages, we found an over-representation of genes involved in growth regulation in the early development stage in C. virgata . (frontiersin.org)
Nuclear3
- The introns containing these large expansions are transcribed and indeed in patients the GGGGCC-repeat expansion is detectable by in situ hybridization in nuclear RNA foci 5 . (nature.com)
- Its M9 domain acts as both a nuclear localization and nuclear export signal. (antibodies-online.com)
- Generally, lncRNA has a lower expression level, their expression is more tissue-specific, and the majority of lncRNA has nuclear localization. (biomedcentral.com)
Gene6
- The protein encoded by this gene has two repeats of quasi-RRM domains that bind to RNAs. (antibodies-online.com)
- RNA localization is of critical importance in many fundamental cell biological and developmental processes by regulating the spatial control of gene expression. (escholarship.org)
- RNA transport and regulated local translation play critically important roles in spatially restricting gene expression in neurons. (frontiersin.org)
- To analyze the regulatory mechanism involved in the high growth potential of C. virgata , we performed RNA-seq-based transcriptome analysis and illustrated a comprehensive gene expression map of the species. (frontiersin.org)
- This class of noncoding RNAs is small, single stranded, and 19-25 nucleotide long that act as negative regulators involved in posttranscriptional silencing of the gene expression [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Due to their importance in the temporal and spatial control of gene expression, a growing number of human diseases are associated with RNAs and RBPs. (sorbonne-universite.fr)
Assay2
- Using this element in the three-hybrid in vivo RNA-binding assay, we identified a protein, Loc1p, that binds in vitro directly to the wild-type ASH1 3′-UTR RNA, but not to a mutant RNA incapable of localizing to the bud nor to several other mRNAs. (elsevierpure.com)
- Dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA pull-down experiments were used to examine the mechanisms interaction between molecules. (biomedcentral.com)
Sequences2
- G-rich sequences have a propensity for forming highly stable quadruplex structures in both RNA and DNA termed G-quadruplexes. (nature.com)
- mRNA localisation requires primary sequences and secondary structures often localised in their 3'UTR (3). (europa.eu)
Molecules3
- MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding endogenous RNA molecules that repress target mRNAs through complementary binding in the message 3'-UTR. (ukri.org)
- The Stellaris® RNA FISH technology from LGC Biosearch Technologies offers an RNA visualisation method for simultaneous detection, localisation, and quantification of individual mRNA molecules at the cellular level. (bioscience.co.uk)
- When bound to RNA, a fluorescent signal is produced for the detection of single RNA molecules as diffraction-limited spots using conventional fluorescence microscopy. (bioscience.co.uk)
Bound1
- Active mitotic translation occurs on X. laevis meiotic spindles, and a subset of microtubule-bound mRNAs (MT-mRNAs) associate with polyribosomes. (escholarship.org)
Neurons5
- An intermediate between DNA and protein is called messenger RNA (mRNA), and neurons can transport mRNA to the parts of the neuron close to synapses and locally control the synthesis of a particular protein that is important for those synapses at a particular time. (ukri.org)
- The subcellular localisation of translational repression via miRNA and RISC in neurons is unknown, and the mechanisms for activity-dependent modulation are also unclear. (ukri.org)
- The molecular link between splicing and mRNA localization/local translation has also been demonstrated in mammalian neurons. (frontiersin.org)
- We found FXGs in a conserved subset of neurons and circuits in the brains of every examined species that together include mammalian taxa separated by up to 160 million years of divergent evolution. (biorxiv.org)
- mRNA transport in neurons: In neurons, thousands of mRNAs are transported into axons or dendrites by so far not identified transport mechanisms (6). (europa.eu)
20011
- Consistent with this finding, core components of EJC (eIF4AIII, Barentsz, Tsunagi, and Mago nashi) are critical for oskar mRNA localization ( Hachet and Ephrussi, 2001 , 2004 ). (frontiersin.org)
Vivo1
- These results would not have been possible without critical recent innovations in the field, such as the development of safe and efficient materials for in vivo mRNA delivery and advanced protocols for the production of high quality mRNA. (researchgate.net)
Regulates1
- We will focus our research on the identification of its interacting partners and mRNA targets to understand how it regulates mRNA stability, polyadenylation and translation. (sorbonne-universite.fr)
Nucleotides1
- Five hundred ninety-two nucleotides compared to 2453 for mRNA. (biomedcentral.com)
Particles1
- The encoded protein is involved in the packaging of pre-mRNA into hnRNP particles, transport of poly A+ mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and may modulate splice site selection. (antibodies-online.com)
Bind1
FMRP1
- Dendritic localisation of CaMKIIa-mRNA requires its 3'UTR harbouring binding sites for RBPs as FMRP and Staufen2, which are required for its correct localisation. (europa.eu)
Differentiation1
- The function of histone modifying epigenetic regulators and noncoding RNA as central mediators of epithelial stem cell renewal and differentiation represent major emerging areas of study in the lab. (stanford.edu)
Protein synthesis1
- We have found that a protein (called PICK1), which is known to be involved in synaptic plasticity over the timescale of hours, interacts with another protein (called Argonaute2), which is an important component of the cell machinery that promotes the association of miRNA with mRNA to block protein synthesis. (ukri.org)
Structures1
- LOC1 codes for a novel protein that recognizes double-stranded RNA structures and is required for efficient localization of ASH1 mRNA. (elsevierpure.com)
Genes3
- In Vertebrates, Nanos paralogous genes were associated to partial redundancies and specific functional evolutions. (nature.com)
- In teleostean fish, two nanos1 genes were generated, probably during the Teleost specific whole genome duplication (3R). (nature.com)
- Thousands of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) genes are annotated in the human genome. (biomedcentral.com)
Binds1
- We recently identified a novel RNA-binding protein, Isha, that binds to the su(Hw) mRNA and is required for gypsy insulator function. (nih.gov)
Synaptic plasticity1
- Synapses can change their strength (known as 'synaptic plasticity') by altering the number of receptors found on the surface of the neuron in the synapse, and also by changing the size and shape of the dendritic spine that houses the synapse. (ukri.org)
Processes1
- G-quadruplexes have been shown to be involved in a range of processes including telomere stability and RNA transcription, splicing, translation and transport. (nature.com)
Translation1
- Understanding the importance of local translation for a particular circuit requires not only identifying axonal RNPs and their mRNA cargoes, but also whether these RNPs are broadly conserved or restricted to only a few species. (biorxiv.org)
Modulate1
- We found that the splicing factors hnRNPA1/A2, PTBP1/2, and U1-snRNP inhibit ZAPS production and demonstrated the feasibility to modulate the ZAPL/S balance by splice-switching antisense oligonucleotides in human cells. (bvsalud.org)
Stability1
- Despite this, the mRNAs have concerns about their stability and immuno-stimulation, therefore, researchers and companies have concentrated their work to address this issue [2]. (researchgate.net)
Alternatively1
- Tumor suppressors, oncogenes and alternatively deregulated upstream signalling pathways can directly influence the RNA polymerase I activity inducing hyper activation of rRNA transcription in cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Subnuclear2
- We speculate that these mRNAs also harbor a noncoding function, such as acting as a scaffold for insulator complexes at specific subnuclear locations. (nih.gov)
- In the eukaryotic cells the production of ribosomes takes place in the nucleolus, a specialized subnuclear compartment where the RNA Polymerase I (RNA Pol I) catalyses the ribosomal RNA synthesis (rRNA). (biomedcentral.com)
Transcriptional2
- We recently found that Shep can antagonize enhancer-promoter looping of one of its downstream transcriptional targets in a temporal manner. (nih.gov)
- Tumor suppressors such as retinoblastoma (pRB) and p53 negatively regulate RNA polymerase I and interfere with the assembly of transcriptional machinery on the rDNA promoter. (biomedcentral.com)
Promotes1
- Expression of untranslatable versions of these mRNAs alters insulator body localization and promotes insulator activity. (nih.gov)
Associate1
- Using RNA immunoprecipitation followed by deep sequencing (RIP-seq), we made the striking finding that certain mRNAs, including that encoding Su(Hw) itself, associate stably with gypsy insulator complexes. (nih.gov)
Differential1
- We established that endogenous ZAPL and ZAPS localize to membrane compartments and cytosol, respectively, and that the differential localization correlates with their target-RNA specificity. (bvsalud.org)
Motifs1
- Nanos family is characterized by two specific Cys-Cys-His-Cys zinc finger motifs at the carboxy-terminal region which present a regular spacing between the Cys and the His residues. (nature.com)
Interaction1
- In this context, during any sort of stress condition the alternative reading frame protein p14ARF subtracts MDM2, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, from the interaction with p53 in manner to free and stabilise p53 level in the nucleolus of the cell where it inhibits RNA polymerase I activity [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Target2
- In efforts to identify pharmacological agents that target this pathway, we found that fisetin, a natural flavonoid, is an ULK1 inhibitor that decreases type I IFN-induced dACE2 expression. (bvsalud.org)
- Off-target binding of single probes generates only weak and diffuse fluorescence, which falls well below the threshold for detection of the targeted mRNAs. (bioscience.co.uk)
Mechanisms1
- Our goal is to convey a picture of pattern formation that draws attention to the principles rather than solely to specific molecular mechanisms. (mpi-cbg.de)
Tissues2
- ETS-1 and ETS-2 mRNA and protein levels were much higher in the ocular tissues of Tyrp-1-TAg mice than in control ocular tissues from wild-type mice. (molvis.org)
- We found RCC tissues displayed significantly higher miR-34a expression level than their corresponding noncancerous tissues, particularly in chromophobic subtype. (hindawi.com)
Abundant1
- This showed that non-coding RNAs are a lot more abundant than it was considered before. (biomedcentral.com)
Infectious1
- This optimism is built on recently published studies demonstrating the efficacy of mRNA vaccines in combatting several types of cancer and infectious pathogens where conventional vaccine platforms may fail to induce protective immune responses. (researchgate.net)
Expression3
- Insulators are required for the formation of topologically associating domains (TADs), and on a local scale, insulators enforce the strict specific and temporal expression of loci with complex enhancer and/or promoter configuration. (nih.gov)
- These analyses of the relationships between patient survival and expression patterns obtained from an open mRNA database in cancer patients indicate that ORs may be cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets. (bmbreports.org)
- In addition, OR expression pattern in various cancers were analyzed based on RNA-sequencing data reported in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and the associations between patient survival outcomes and OR levels were analyzed to determine the clinical relevance and significances of OR expression in tumors. (bmbreports.org)
Predominantly1
- A localization element that is predominantly in the 3′-untranslated region (UTR) can direct this mRNA to the bud. (elsevierpure.com)
Variants1
- The mRNA vaccines can encode multiple antigens, strengthening the immune response against pathogens and enabling the targeting of multiple microbial variants [19] . (researchgate.net)
Function2
- LncRNA is less conserved than mRNA, but the sequence conservation in lncRNA is not always correlated to their function. (biomedcentral.com)
- We focused our research on the nucleolar function that a specific member of EGFR family, the ErbB3 receptor, plays in glioblastoma, a tumor without effective therapies. (biomedcentral.com)
Messenger1
- Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines represent a relatively new vaccine class showing great promise for the future. (researchgate.net)
Cell3
- Important recent specific progress was brought to my attention by Dr. Victoria Lunyak , a lab director at the Buck Institute who presented on her recent work at the Cell signaling, inflammation and aging symposium in Las Vegas last week, where I was also a presenter. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
- IF we could find a way to rejuvenate adult stem cells in their niches, then the stem cell supply chain could possibly be transformed from being a once-through-in-life process to a continuing closed-loop process. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
- The use of cell lines does, however, introduce a risk the immunoglobulin (Ig)-secreting plasma cell in the spleen, of obtaining cell line-specific features as a result of the trans- gut, or BM [1, 2]. (lu.se)
Requires1
- In addition to the cis -elements in its 3′UTR and trans -acting factor Staufen, posterior localization of oskar mRNA requires deposition of exon junction complex (EJC) in its first exon through splicing ( Hachet and Ephrussi, 2004 ). (frontiersin.org)
Transport1
- This defines the extent to which transport of an mRNP is biased towards one direction, which ultimately gives rise to the steady state distributions pattern of mRNAs observed (5). (europa.eu)