• Continuous pressure limits blood supply and causes ischemia, and the inflammation occurs during reperfusion. (wikipedia.org)
  • When cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury happened in patients, multiple pathological processes occur, such as leukocyte infiltration, platelet, and complement activation, which would result in cognitive dysfunction and inflammation. (hindawi.com)
  • Additionally, evidence has revealed that enhancing Sirt1 activity can reduce ROS production, reduce inflammation of neurons and glial cells, so as to reduce neuronal cell death ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Gynostemma pentaphyllum is a traditional Chinese medicine that has previously been used for the treatment of chronic inflammation, hyperlipidemia and liver disease. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Rosiglitazone, a PPAR-gamma agonist, plays a protective role in hippocampal neuron damage of GCIRI rats by inhibiting the oxidative stress response and inflammation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (GCIRI) occurs in patients who are successfully resuscitated from various clinical conditions such as cardiac arrest, asphyxia and shock, which are frequently accompanied by inflammation and can lead to serious neuronal injury, and further to neurodegeneration and learning and memory impairment [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Water electrolysis-derived hydrogen inhalation had neuroprotective effects on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats with the effect of suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation, and it is a possible new hydrogen resource to electrolyze water at the bedside clinically. (molecularhydrogenstudies.com)
  • Green tea polyphenols upregulate the Nrf2 signaling pathway and suppress oxidative stress and inflammation markers in D-galactose-induced liver aging in mice. (inventbiotech.com)
  • showed that EX527 could increase ROS production by inhibiting Sirt1 activity, which aggravates myocardial injuries caused by diabetes ( 15 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Above all, PGRN also provides protection in the initial phase following myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Previous studies showed that Sirt1 can regulate diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction and brain ischemic reperfusion injuries by preventing mitochondrial dysfunction and alleviating hepatic steatosis ( 2 - 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Cryonics patients frequently experience ischemic & reperfusion injury between the time when the heart stops and cryostorage begins. (benbest.com)
  • In this article I attempt to evaluate the nature & extent of ischemic & reperfusion injury -- primarily focused on the impact for cryonics (although certainly relevant to stroke and cardiac arrest). (benbest.com)
  • I focus my attention on ischemic/reperfusion injury to the brain. (benbest.com)
  • Reperfusion injury, sometimes called ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) or reoxygenation injury, is the tissue damage caused when blood supply returns to tissue (re- + perfusion) after a period of ischemia or lack of oxygen (anoxia or hypoxia). (wikipedia.org)
  • After hypoxia and ischemia, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) rapidly accumulates and leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and delayed neuronal death. (frontiersin.org)
  • In the early stage of ischemia and hypoxia, cells will increase the energy supply to the ischemic area, especially the functional area of the ischemic penumbra, by regulating glycolysis. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Autophagy is a process that relies on lysosomal pathways for the degradation of cytoplasmic proteins and organelles and plays an important role in the pathology of brain injury such as hypoxia ischemia[ 3 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Studies have shown that puerarin reduced cerebral edema in rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, removed lipid peroxidation products, enhanced antioxidant capacity, improved antioxidant activity of the brain tissue, and reduced the degree of focal cerebral ischemic injury [ 2 - 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Adeno-associated viral (AAV)-NRP-1 was stereotaxically inoculated into the cortex and ipsilateral striatum posterior of adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats before a 90-min transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) and subsequent reperfusion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Sprague-Dawley rats were used as experimental animals, and middle cerebral artery occlusion was used to make cerebral ischemia/reperfusion model. (molecularhydrogenstudies.com)
  • Reperfusion of ischemic tissues is often associated with microvascular injury, particularly due to increased permeability of capillaries and arterioles that lead to an increase of diffusion and fluid filtration across the tissues. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mitochondrial complex I is thought to be the most vulnerable enzyme to tissue ischemia/reperfusion but the mechanism of damage is different in different tissues. (wikipedia.org)
  • Furthermore, an increased protein expression of heme oxygenase-1 in the liver tissues of the I/R mice was attenuated by the administration of GP. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Ischemia is the condition suffered by tissues & organs when deprived of blood flow -- mostly the effects of inadequate nutrient & oxygen. (benbest.com)
  • Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a common complication in liver transplantation. (nanostring.com)
  • Gypenoside (GP), the predominant component of Gynostemma pentaphyllum, exhibits a therapeutic effect on chronic hepatic injury, fibrosis and fatty liver disease via its anti-inflammatory and anti‑oxidant activity. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • However, the effect of GP on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced hepatic injury has, to the best of our knowledge, not previously been investigated. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In the present study, a hepatic I/R‑injury model was successfully established using C57BL/6 mice. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In conclusion, the present study indicated that GP effectively protected against I/R-induced hepatic injury via its anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic bioactivity. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is a predominant cause of hepatic injury, which is of clinical significance following liver surgery, hemorrhagic shock and liver transplantation ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Therefore, developing effective preventive and therapeutic strategies for I/R-induced hepatic injury is required. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • It has been demonstrated that I/R-induced hepatic injury is initially triggered by reactive oxygen species (ROS), which induce oxidative damage and apoptosis, an important mechanism for cell death following hepatic I/R injury ( 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In addition, certain pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines are key during the initial period of reperfusion, whereas the late period of hepatic injury is neutrophil-mediated ( 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Furthermore, GP exhibits a therapeutic effect on chronic hepatic injury, fibrosis, as well as fatty liver disease, which were induced by a high fat, high cholesterol diet and alcohol in mice ( 5 , 8 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • To the best of our knowledge, the role of GP in hepatic I/R injury and the underlying molecular mechanism, have not yet been investigated. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Therefore, in the present study the protective effects of GP against I/R-induced hepatic injury in mice was studied. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Biomolecules in living organisms are highly exposed to oxidative stress, which is the main cause of damage to nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and polyunsaturated lipids, which finally develops cells mortality. (psychosocialsomatic.com)
  • Outer radial glial cells (oRGs) give rise to neurons and glial cells and contribute to cell migration and expansion in developing neocortex. (nanostring.com)
  • However, whether NRP-1 can repair mitochondrial structure and promote functional recovery after cerebral ischemia is still unknown. (biomedcentral.com)
  • NRP-1 can produce neuroprotective effects against I/R injury to the brain by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and promoting mitochondrial structural repair and functional recovery, which may serve as a promising candidate target in treating ischemic stroke. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Therefore, promoting the mitochondrial structural repair and functional recovery is the crucial for the amelioration of the neurological damage after cerebral ischemia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Within two minutes without blood flow (due to heart stoppage or blood vessel occlusion) neurons lack the energy to power the sodium/potassium pump. (benbest.com)
  • These applications include but are not limited to aging, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, cardiac atrial fibrillation, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. (epiphanyasd.com)
  • Ischemia and reperfusion can cause serious brain damage in stroke or cardiac arrest. (benbest.com)
  • The inflammatory response is partially responsible for the damage of reperfusion injury. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tissue damage due to the general energy deficit during ischemia is followed by reperfusion (increase of oxygen level) when the injury is enhanced. (wikipedia.org)
  • The severe damage that VaD causes to the brain parenchyma greatly affects patients' learning ability and memory function, as well as their daily lives and health [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Rotational forces on the brain during acceleration-deceleration injuries cause widespread damage to axons in the white matter of the brain, and this should be suspected in a child when the degree of neurologic deterioration is out of proportion to a relatively unremarkable cranial computed tomography (CT) scan. (medscape.com)
  • Qi et al ( 9 ) reported that GP protected against DNA damage in neurons in I/R-induced cerebral injury. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Reperfusion injury refers to the tissue damage inflicted when blood flow is restored after an ischemic period of more than about ten minutes. (benbest.com)
  • Proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tissue necrosis factor (TNF)-α, have been implicated as important mediators of injury following cerebral ischemia [ 13 ] and contribute to pathogenesis, exacerbating brain tissue damage following ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Taking alpha-lipoic acid by mouth daily for up to 6 months does not improve liver function or reduce liver damage in people with alcohol-related liver disease. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Puerarin has shown protective effect on injury of neural cell. (hindawi.com)
  • The results showed that puerarin derivative P1-EA and P2-EA were resulting in an increased lipophilicity that enabled the derivatives to pass more efficiently through the blood-brain barrier, thus, improving the protective effects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. (hindawi.com)
  • In summary, these results confirmed that Sirt1 is a potent protective factor for neurons subjected to oxidative stress, and the protective effect of Sirt1 is attributed to its regulation of PGC-1α. (frontiersin.org)
  • There is evidence in a brain injury model that RSV has a protective effect ( 13 , 14 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Bacteria living in colonies form a protective shield known as a biofilm. (traceminerals.com)
  • Ferroptosis plays an important regulatory role in the occurrence and development of many diseases, such as tumors, neurological diseases, acute kidney injury, ischemia/reperfusion, etc. (nature.com)
  • Mechanisms of cerebrovascular dysregulation include direct vessel wall injury and reduced levels of vasodilators, including nitric oxide, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). (medscape.com)
  • Erythromycin Cyclocarbonate Peroxynitrite neurotoxicity Ca2+ Hsp70 cognition Introduction Peroxynitrite the product of the diffusion-controlled bi-radical reaction between nitric oxide and superoxide radical is a short-lived oxidizing and nitrating specie and commonly considered to be involved in NO-induced modification of cellular functions including cell apoptosis and death [1-3]. (researchassistantresume.com)
  • Chao HW, Chao SW, Lin H, Ku HC, Cheng CF. Homeostasis of Glucose and Lipid in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease . (sinica.edu.tw)
  • Linear forces as a result of direct blows to the head generate focal injuries such as intracranial hemorrhages and contusions. (medscape.com)
  • Male C57Bl/6 mice were subjected to focal cerebral ischemia and periods of reperfusion (0, 8 and 24 h). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Microglia were both hyper- and de-ramified in striatal and cortical brain regions (respectively) after 60 min of focal cerebral ischemia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ischemic stroke is sudden neurologic deficits that result from focal cerebral ischemia associated with permanent brain infarction (eg, positive results on diffusion-weighted MRI). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Hypoxic ischemia (HI) involves multiple mechanisms, but the detailed pathogenesis is still unclear. (frontiersin.org)
  • In one study, patients who took 1,200 mg/day of NAC in combination with weekly intravenous NAC, had better neurological health and improvement in midbrain dopamine neurons. (traceminerals.com)
  • TTC, Nissl, and TUNEL staining showed the significant improvement of infarction volume, neuron morphology, and neuron apoptosis in rat with hydrogen treatment. (molecularhydrogenstudies.com)
  • Microglia cells continuously survey the healthy brain in a ramified morphology and, in response to injury, undergo progressive morphological and functional changes that encompass microglia activation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The purpose of this study was to quantitatively characterize the spatiotemporal pattern of microglia morphology during the evolution of cerebral injury after IS and reperfusion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Live cell morphology and process activity were measured from movies acquired in acute brain slices from GFP-CX3CR1 transgenic mice after IS and 24-h reperfusion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Quantitative analysis reveals a significant spatiotemporal relationship between microglia morphology and evolving cerebral injury in the ipsilateral hemisphere after IS and reperfusion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, a de-ramified morphology was prominent when ischemia was coupled to reperfusion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Importantly, quantitative analyses of microglial morphology and activity are feasible and, in future studies, would assist in the comprehensive identification and stratification of their dichotomous contribution toward cerebral injury and recovery during IS and reperfusion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Recent studies have shown that ferroptosis is closely related to the pathophysiological processes of many diseases, such as tumors, nervous system diseases, ischemia-reperfusion injury, kidney injury, and blood diseases. (nature.com)
  • Because alpha-lipoic acid seems to work like an antioxidant, it might provide protection to the brain and also be helpful in certain liver diseases. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Reperfusion injury plays a major part in the biochemistry of hypoxic brain injury in stroke. (wikipedia.org)
  • Primary injury to the brain occurs as an immediate consequence of the force of the trauma. (medscape.com)
  • Secondary brain injury develops in the initial minutes to weeks following primary brain injury and occurs in two forms. (medscape.com)
  • As such, the dichotomous nature of these cells continues to confound our understanding of microglia-mediated injury after IS and reperfusion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Live microglia were de-ramified, and, in addition, process activity was severely blunted proximal to the necrotic core after IS and 24 h of reperfusion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • CD11b expression, but not iNOS expression, was increased in regions of hyper- and de-ramified microglia during the course of ischemic stroke and 24 h of reperfusion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Minocycline prevents the depressive-like behavior through inhibiting the release of HMGB1 from microglia and neurons. (inventbiotech.com)
  • Inhalation of water electrolysis-derived hydrogen ameliorates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats: a possible new hydrogen resource for clinical use. (molecularhydrogenstudies.com)
  • The other form of secondary brain injury includes a cascade of cellular events that occur in the initial minutes and extend into the weeks following the primary injury, leading to neuronal cell degeneration, ongoing or secondary traumatic axonal injury (TAI), and, ultimately, neuronal cell death. (medscape.com)
  • Some theorize that this delayed reaction derives from the various inflammatory immune responses that occur during reperfusion. (wikipedia.org)
  • These inflammatory responses cause intracranial pressure, pressure which leads to cell injury and in some situations cell death. (wikipedia.org)
  • Rosiglitazone treatment significantly protected rats from SLM function impairment and neuron death, and resulted in higher expressions of SOD activity and NF-kappa B, but lower contents of MDA and inflammatory factors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The extension of the necrotic core into the penumbra is influenced by additional factors such as regional differences in the composition of brain tissue, the vulnerability of different cell types to ischemia, residual tissue perfusion and additional events such as reperfusion [ 2 - 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Contusions may lead to local edema, and ischemia will result in neurologic deterioration, increased intracranial pressure (ICP) and intracranial hypertension (ICH), and brain herniation. (medscape.com)
  • Most of the metabolic energy of neurons is expended on maintaining ion gradients across the cell membrane. (benbest.com)
  • Moreover, it was observed that, PGRN protects the heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Activation of the Nrf2 Antioxidant Pathway by Longjing Green Tea Polyphenols in Mice Livers. (inventbiotech.com)
  • Sestrin2 promotes angiogenesis to alleviate brain injury by activating Nrf2 through regulating the interaction between p62 and Keap1 following photothrombotic stroke in rats. (inventbiotech.com)
  • Lin H, (Cheng CF*). Activating transcription factor 3, an early cellular adaptive responder in ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury . (sinica.edu.tw)
  • Although ideally positioned for immediate response to ischemic stroke (IS) and reperfusion, their progressive morphological transformation into activated cells has not been quantified. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The original phenolic hydroxyl in the puerarin molecules was substituted in order to change the blood-brain barrier permeability and thus enhance the efficacy for preventing cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. (hindawi.com)
  • In addition, we tested the anticerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury activity of these puerarin derivatives in order to determine their permeability through the blood-brain barrier and pharmacological activity. (hindawi.com)
  • Nevertheless, your smile will be short-lived when you start noticing the wrinkles all over your skin. (articlecity.com)
  • The mouse model of cerebral artery ischemia/reperfusion injury was established to test the anticerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury activity of the puerarin derivatives. (hindawi.com)
  • Sirtuins are a class of NAD + -dependent histone deacetylases widely expressed in living organisms. (frontiersin.org)