AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and Processes
AminoquinolinesPrimaquineChloroquineHemolytic AgentsAntimalarialsMefloquineAmodiaquineGlucosephosphate Dehydrogenase DeficiencyPlasmodiumPlasmodium falciparumMalariaDrug ResistanceDrug Evaluation, PreclinicalLiver DiseasesLiver TransplantationLiverLiver NeoplasmsLiver CirrhosisMicrosomes, LiverLiver RegenerationFatty LiverLiver Function TestsMitochondria, LiverDrug-Induced Liver Injury
PrimaquineTafenoquineHypersensitivityPlasmodiumCompoundsMalariaHydroxychloroquineAntimalarialsPrevent relapsesVivaxPsoriasisVitroRadical cureRelapseAzithromycinParasiteKidneyLungEnzymesAbscessDrugTherapyTreatmentHepatocytesDiseaseStageMiceMedicationsShort-livedBloodEfficacyIncidenceAffectsDiseasesSkinCells
Primaquine14
  • Tafenoquine, a long-acting 8-aminoquinoline drug related to primaquine, was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on July 20, 2018, for antirelapse therapy (Krintafel) and August 8, 2018, for chemoprophylaxis (Arakoda) ( 3 , 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Tafenoquine, an 8-aminoquinoline drug related to primaquine, is only the second drug of its class to receive FDA approval. (cdc.gov)
  • Primaquine, an 8-aminoquinoline (8-AQ), is the only widely available antimalarial that kills dormant liver stages (hypnozoites) of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale . (wwarn.org)
  • Tafenoquine is an 8-aminoquinoline antimalarial drug related to primaquine. (cdc.gov)
  • The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a 14-day drug course with primaquine, an 8-aminoquinoline, at 0.25 mg/kg/day in most of the world (standard course), or 0.5 mg/kg/day in East Asia and Oceania (high-standard course). (edu.au)
  • Liver stage treatment: An 8-aminoquinoline, either primaquine or tafenoquine to clear hypnozoites in the liver. (vivaxmalaria.org)
  • The standard recommended regimen for primaquine, which clears hypnozoites in the liver, lasts for 14 days. (vivaxmalaria.org)
  • Hepatic stage parasites represent further complication for and infections, as some of the parasites in the hepatocytes transform into hypnozoites, which can stay dormant up to several years and cause relapse.4 A few medicines, e.g. atovaquone and 8-aminoquinolines primaquine and tafenoquine are effective against LS, but the primaquine is the only FDA licensed drug. (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • Primaquine is also harmful and has a very short half-life.4 Many other non-8-aminoquinolines lack oral bioavailability, and a few natural products with anti-LS activity have low selectivity.5,6 Hence, the search for new organic or synthtetic medicines focusing on the LS of the malaria parasite is timely and necessary. (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • Novel conjugates of the antimalarial drug primaquine (compound 1) with ferrocene, named primacenes, have been synthesized and screened for their activities against blood stage and liver stage malaria in vitro and host-vector transmission in vivo. (unl.pt)
  • In 1952 the United States licensed the 8-aminoquinoline primaquine combined with the 4-aminoquinoline chloroquine for radical cure of P. vivax malaria. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A single licensed drug, primaquine is available to eliminate these liver dormant forms. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Failure of the primaquine treatment that the patients received is unlikely to be due to poor drug metabolism, and could indicate the presence of P. vivax populations in Thailand with poor susceptibility to 8-aminoquinolines. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Primaquine is an 8-aminoquinoline antimalarial which is active against exoerythrocytic stages of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale , primary exoerythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum , and gametocytes of Plasmodia . (azurewebsites.net)
Tafenoquine4
  • Tafenoquine is in the 8-aminoquinoline family of medications. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tafenoquine kills both the liver and blood stages of the parasite, broadening its applicability for chemoprophylaxis to all species of malaria. (cdc.gov)
  • People with known hypersensitivity to tafenoquine, other 8-aminoquinolines, or any component of Arakoda. (cdc.gov)
  • Tafenoquine, a single-dose 8-aminoquinoline, which was approved by the US FDA and Australian TGA in 2018, should improve adherence. (vivaxmalaria.org)
Hypersensitivity2
  • Use of this drug is contraindicated in the presence of retinal or visual field changes either attributable to 4-aminoquinoline compounds or to any other etiology, and in patients with known hypersensitivity to 4-aminoquinoline compounds. (drugs.com)
  • Hypersensitivity, liver impairment. (arogga.com)
Plasmodium7
  • AbstractImproved control of Plasmodium vivax malaria can be achieved with the discovery of new antimalarials with radical cure efficacy, including prevention of relapse caused by hypnozoites residing in the liver of patients. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Treatment of malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale requires antirelapse therapy to kill the dormant liver-stage parasite. (cdc.gov)
  • Plasmodium first develops in the liver before emerging up to 1 month later to infect red blood cells. (cdc.gov)
  • Plasmodium vivax hypnozoites persist in the liver, cause malaria relapse and represent a major challenge to malaria elimination. (elifesciences.org)
  • Thanks to recent progresses, stem cells have been extensively employed to study Plasmodium liver and blood cycle in vitro . (wjgnet.com)
  • Background: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax requires treatment of the blood-stage infection and treatment of the hypnozoites that develop in the liver. (edu.au)
  • Unlike, Plasmodium falciparum , P. vivax places latent stages called hypnozoites in the liver after inoculation of mosquito-borne sporozoites. (biomedcentral.com)
Compounds4
  • We screened several compound libraries against P. vivax liver stages, including 1565 compounds against mature hypnozoites, resulting in one drug-like and several probe-like hits useful for investigating hypnozoite biology. (ox.ac.uk)
  • It has been found that certain strains of P. falciparum have become resistant to 4-aminoquinoline compounds (including chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine). (drugs.com)
  • In a search for effective compounds against both the blood- and liver-stages of infection by malaria parasites with the ability to block the transmission of the disease to mosquito vectors, a series of hybrid compounds combining either a 1,2,4-trioxane or 1,2,4,5-tetraoxane and 8-aminoquinoline moieties were synthesized and screened for their antimalarial activity. (unl.pt)
  • Not recommended in patients with known allergy to 4-aminoquinoline compounds. (com.pk)
Malaria5
  • Malaria transmission begins when uni-nucleated sporozoites are transmitted by mosquito bite, reach the liver and invade hepatocytes within which they transform into multi-nucleated hepatic schizonts. (elifesciences.org)
  • Mainly due to technical difficulties and high costs, LS has been little exploited, despite its longer life span (6C7 days in hepatic forms could be useful in malaria prevention for people living in malaria endemic areas, as well as for refugees and travelers who are exposed to malaria risk for a limited time. (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Novel+potent+metallocenes+against+liver+stage+malaria. (unl.pt)
  • Given environmental and demographic trends, including the projected growth in the size of the world population by 2030, even more people will be living in areas where malaria is a risk, putting a further strain on health systems. (who.int)
  • An assessed 3.3 billion of the world human population lives in areas with risk of Malaria infection 2 is contaminated with its mosquito vector Anopheles spp. (nature.com)
Hydroxychloroquine1
  • Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) and chloroquine (Ara-len) are 4-aminoquinoline antimalarial drugs that pos-sess modest DMARD activity. (brainkart.com)
Antimalarials3
  • However, most antimalarials do not kill the liver stages of the parasite, including hypnozoites that cause relapses of disease caused by P. vivax or P. ovale . (cdc.gov)
  • Skin rashes and pruritus are common adverse effects of the 4-aminoquinoline antimalarials, as are GI effects. (brainkart.com)
  • Decreased serum concentrations w/ aminoquinoline (antimalarials), carbamaz. (arogga.com)
Prevent relapses1
  • This parasite requires the use of 8-aminoquinoline drugs to prevent relapses from liver hypnozoites, but high prevalence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in the endemic human populations makes it difficult to adopt this treatment regimen. (intechopen.com)
Vivax9
  • A comparison of P. vivax liver stage activity data with that of the P. cynomolgi blood, P. falciparum blood, and P. berghei liver stages reveals overlap in schizonticidal but not hypnozonticidal activity, indicating that the delivery of new radical curative agents killing P. vivax hypnozoites requires an independent and focused drug development test cascade. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Furthermore, effective measures that could lead to its elimination would require the development of novel drugs to eliminate the hypnozoite, the dormant liver form responsible for relapses that also characterise P. vivax infections, as well as strategies to thwart transmission. (nature.com)
  • However, research on P. vivax remains severely hampered because, to date, attempts to maintain this parasite in routine in vitro blood cultures have been hindered by the strict restriction to invasion of reticulocytes, a minor short-lived fraction of peripheral blood. (nature.com)
  • However, P. vivax and P. ovale develop hypnozoites, a dormant stage of the parasite in the liver that can emerge months later to cause disease relapses. (cdc.gov)
  • Prevention of relapses of P. vivax or P. ovale because it is not active against the hypnozoite liver stage forms of these parasites. (nih.gov)
  • For radical cure of P. vivax and P. ovale infections, concomitant therapy with an 8-aminoquinoline drug is necessary. (nih.gov)
  • 1 Also referred to as antirelapse therapy , radical cure eliminates dormant P. vivax and P. ovale liver-stage parasites (hypnozoites). (cdc.gov)
  • P vivax and P ovale require additional therapy with an 8-aminoquinoline to eradicate the liver stage. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Pc is used as a model for human P. vivax infection because these species are phylogenetically close and share a similar lifecycle, including the dormant liver form (hypnozoite). (guidetomalariapharmacology.org)
Psoriasis3
  • Psoriasis and porphyria are fre-quently exacerbated by the administration of the aminoquinolines. (brainkart.com)
  • A-SAA expression was also studied in mouse skin and liver in a model mimicking psoriasis and in the skin and sera of psoriatic and atopic dermatitis (AD) patients.MethodsNHEK were stimulated by A-SAA or the cytokines IL-1α, IL-17A, IL-22, OSM, TNF-α alone or in combination, previously reported to reproduce features of psoriasis. (ox.ac.uk)
  • A-SAA expression was increased in skins and livers from imiquimod-treated mice and in patient skins with psoriasis, but not significantly in those with AD. (ox.ac.uk)
Vitro1
  • In vitro metabolism experiments were performed in the liver microsomes of male or female mice, rat or human. (biomedcentral.com)
Radical cure1
  • Radical cure requires the administration of a combination therapy (blood stage treatment in combination with liver stage treatment) to clear all parasites. (vivaxmalaria.org)
Relapse1
  • Our results provide novel biological insights in the initiation of liver stage schizogony and an early marker suitable for the development of drug discovery assays predictive of anti-relapse activity. (elifesciences.org)
Azithromycin2
  • Worldwide the efficacy and safety of Azithromycin and 4-Aminoquinoline regimen in the treatment of COVID-19 has remained uncertain in both pregnant and other mothers. (hilarispublisher.com)
  • This study aimed at systematically reviewing studies regarding the use of Azithromycin and 4-Aminoquinoline based regimens in COVID-19 positive pregnant mothers. (hilarispublisher.com)
Parasite1
  • The parasite first develops in the liver before infecting red blood cells. (cdc.gov)
Kidney1
  • When using chloroquine, certain precautions should be taken, such as regular monitoring of blood count, blood electrolytes, blood glucose, as well as liver and kidney function. (canadianpharmacy.net)
Lung1
  • Albenza can also be used to treat cystic hydatid disease (liver, lung, and peritoneum) brought by dog tapeworm. (curezone.org)
Enzymes2
  • In addition, it points out how the malarial liver organ stage growth inhibitory aftereffect of the 2-HDA may be promoted via enzymes. (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • Discontinue the treatment if any elevation in the liver enzymes is identified. (com.pk)
Abscess2
  • Wilquine tablet 250 mg 20×10's is used in the amebiasis which is a parasitic infection that affects the intestine and amebic liver abscess caused by Entamoeba histolytica. (com.pk)
  • In amoebic liver abscess, it is used as an additional remedy. (canadianpharmacy.net)
Drug1
Therapy3
  • Reversible side ef-fects observed during high-dose, long-term therapy with the aminoquinolines include lichenoid skin lesions, leukopenia, neuromyopathy, hair loss, sensitivity to sun-burn, and changes in the electrocardiogram. (brainkart.com)
  • G6PD-deficient individuals must be identified and excluded from 8-aminoquinoline therapy. (vivaxmalaria.org)
  • Perform liver function tests and blood counts before and every 2 wk during high dose therapy of hydatid disease. (medicscientist.com)
Treatment2
  • Your doctor may monitor your blood counts and liver function before you start taking this medicine and regularly throughout your treatment. (arogga.com)
  • The current package of core interventions - namely, vector control, chemoprevention, diagnostic testing and treatment - has proved to be highly cost-effective and needs to be further expanded in order to save more lives. (who.int)
Hepatocytes1
  • The sporozoites inoculated beneath the skin from the sponsor migrate towards the liver organ, where they infect hepatocytes and commence to build up into merozoites. (exposed-skin-care.net)
Disease3
  • Although the molecular mechanisms that regulate autophagy are not fully understood, recent work indicates that dysfunctional/impaired autophagic functions are associated with the development and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). (hindawi.com)
  • Our review focuses on the recent estimates of disability adjusted recent advances in the control and treat- life years (DALY), which incorporate both ment of these parasitic diseases with par- life lost from premature death and years of ticular reference to diagnosis, chemo- life lived with disability due to disease [ 1 ]. (who.int)
  • Parnil DS should be used with caution in patients with liver disease. (arogga.com)
Stage2
  • 2017). In this dataset, we identified and characterized the Liver-Specific Protein 2 (LISP2) protein as an early molecular marker of liver stage development. (elifesciences.org)
  • This so-called liver-stage (LS) or exo- erythrocytic forms requires 2C16 days, with regards to the varieties, a large number of LS merozoites are released in to the blood stream after that, where they invade reddish blood cells and start multiple rounds of Igf1 the asexual blood phases (BS). (exposed-skin-care.net)
Mice1
  • There was no metabolic difference for NQ in male and female mice, rat or human liver microsomes. (biomedcentral.com)
Medications1
  • Details of other medications that can affect the liver should be informed to the doctor. (com.pk)
Short-lived1
  • In general, autophagy degrades long-lived damaged intracellular proteins, in contrast to the ubiquitin-proteasome system, which controls the degradation of short-lived proteins [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
Blood1
Efficacy1
  • Triclabendazole displays high efficacy against both immature and adult liver fluke. (curezone.org)
Incidence1
  • As of 2019, Uganda had an estimated population of 41.5 million, of whom 1,915,533 live with HIV/AIDS with HIV incidence among susceptible individuals at 1.4%, the ultimate highest. (hilarispublisher.com)
Affects1
  • In this review, we summarize how impaired autophagy affects liver function and contributes to NAFLD, AFLD, and HCC progression. (hindawi.com)
Diseases1
  • The cutaneous porphyrias are dermatologic diseases that may or may not involve the liver and nervous system. (medscape.com)
Skin1
  • BackgroundAcute-serum Amyloid A (A-SAA), one of the major acute-phase proteins, is mainly produced in the liver but extra-hepatic synthesis involving the skin has been reported. (ox.ac.uk)
Cells2
  • The overuse of CQ and HCQ could possibly result in tissue injury in the liver, retina, skeletal, and cardiac muscle cells as a consequence of their lysosomal affinity (Satarker et al. (trpv1inhibitor.com)
  • The overuse of CQ and HCQ could possibly lead to tissue injury in the liver, retina, skeletal, and cardiac muscle cells as a result of their lysosomal affinity (Satarker et al. (esiservizi.com)