Live attenuated influenza virus. Medical search. Frequent questions

There are two basic types of vaccines available: inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) and live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV). (drugbank.com)
Because of limited use, there have been no effectiveness estimates in the United States since LAIV was recommended again in the 2018-2019 influenza season. (cdc.gov)
Live-attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) vaccines provide better protection against multiple IAV than commercially available vaccines making LAIV a candidate for a next-generation swine IAV vaccine. (usda.gov)
Intranasally administered live-attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) vaccines provide significant protection against heterologous influenza A virus (IAV) challenge. (usda.gov)
A live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) manufactured by MedImmune LLC is approved for persons aged 2--49 years ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
Live, attenuated influenza vaccine (called "LAIV") is a nasal spray vaccine that may be given to non-pregnant people 2 through 49 years of age . (medlineplus.gov)
Viruses known to be associated with recent live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) receipt or found upon further testing to be a vaccine virus are not included as they are not circulating influenza viruses. (cdc.gov)
BACKGROUND: The emergence of pandemic H1N1 influenza virus in early 2009 prompted the rapid licensure and use of H1N1 monovalent inactivated (MIV) and live, attenuated (LAMV) vaccines separate from seasonal trivalent inactivated (TIV) and live, attenuated (LAIV) influenza vaccines. (healthpartners.com)
Influenza vaccine is also available as a nasal spray (FluMist) that contains live, attenuated influenza virus (LAIV). (medscape.com)

All nasal spray influenza (flu) vaccines for the 2023-2024 season are quadrivalent, meaning they are designed to protect against four flu viruses: an influenza A(H1N1) virus, an influenza A(H3N2) virus and two influenza B viruses. (cdc.gov)
After the 2009 pandemic, several U.S. studies among 2 through 17-year-olds found that the nasal spray vaccine was as effective against influenza B viruses and influenza A(H3N2) viruses as inactivated influenza vaccines but was less effective than inactivated flu vaccines against the 2009 pandemic H1N1 viruses. (cdc.gov)
Since the 2017-2018 season, the manufacturer of nasal spray vaccine has used new influenza A(H1N1) vaccine virus ingredients in production. (cdc.gov)
As it turns out, the seasonal influenza vaccine that was pushed on everyone as an added preventive measure against H1N1 appears to have been responsible for actually inducing. (naturalnews.com)
3/9/2011 - Chinese researchers recently warned the world in a study that the H1N1 virus is capable of combining with various other viruses to create "novel pandemic strains. (naturalnews.com)
12/17/2010 - New research published in the journal PLoS ONE has found that a red seaweed-based compound known as Carrageenan is an effective treatment against the common cold, viruses and even H1N1 influenza. (naturalnews.com)
10/2/2010 - Despite all the scare tactics, fear mongering, and pseudoscience about the alleged importance of being vaccinated, a new report from Statistics Canada has revealed that 60 percent of Canadians decided against getting an H1N1 influenza vaccine last year. (naturalnews.com)
The A/PR8 (H1N1) strain used, which was isolated in Puerto Rico in 1934, had a high replication potential in eggs, which enabled the required huge quantities of virus to be obtained. (medscape.com)
Three is for trivalent, which have H1N1, H3N2, and 1 influenza B virus from 1 B virus lineage. (cdc.gov)
On September 15, 2009, four influenza vaccine manufacturers received approval from the Food and Drug Administration for use of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent influenza vaccines in the prevention of influenza caused by the 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus. (cdc.gov)
None of the approved influenza A 2009 (H1N1) monovalent vaccines or seasonal influenza vaccines contains adjuvants ( 1-- 5 ). (cdc.gov)
CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices has made recommendations previously for which persons should be the initial targets for immunization with influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccines and has issued guidelines on decisions for expansion of vaccination efforts to other population groups ( 6 ). (cdc.gov)
The approved age groups for use of inactivated influenza A (H1N1) monovalent influenza vaccines differ by manufacturer ( Table ). (cdc.gov)
Three manufacturers that produce inactivated vaccines approved for prevention of seasonal influenza ( 6 ) also produce formulations of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent influenza vaccines. (cdc.gov)
Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccine approvals were made on the basis of standards developed for vaccine strain changes for seasonal influenza vaccines, adherence to manufacturing processes, product quality testing, and lot release procedures developed for seasonal vaccines. (cdc.gov)
The age groups, precautions, and contraindications approved for the influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccine are identical to those approved for seasonal vaccines. (cdc.gov)
An immunogenicity study of an inactivated influenza A (H1N1) monovalent vaccine manufactured by CSL Limited (Parkville, Victoria, Australia) demonstrated that by day 21 after vaccination, antibody titers of 1:40 or more (hemagglutination-inhibition assay) were observed in 116 (97%) of 120 adults who received the 15 μ g dose. (cdc.gov)
Influenza activity attributed to 2009 H1N1 viruses has increased during September 2009 and is expected to continue through the fall and winter influenza season. (cdc.gov)
Human infection with influenza A(H1N1) 2009 was first identified in the United States on 15 April 2009 and on 11 June 2009, WHO declared that the rapidly spreading swine-origin influenza virus constituted a global pandemic. (biomedcentral.com)
We evaluated the seroprevalence of influenza A(H1N1) 2009 virus on a large public University campus, as well as disparities in demographic, symptomatic and vaccination characteristics of participants. (biomedcentral.com)
158 (52.6%) tested positive for influenza A(H1N1) 2009 via hemagglutination inhibition assay using a ≥ 1:40 dilution cut-off. (biomedcentral.com)
86 people (54.4%) tested positive for H1N1 but did not report experiencing symptoms during the pandemic meeting the May 2010 CDC definition of influenza-like illness. (biomedcentral.com)
Overall, 52.7% of the total study population tested positive for influenza A(H1N1) 2009. (biomedcentral.com)
54.4% of those who tested positive for influenza A(H1N1) 2009 using the ≥ 1:40 dilution cut-off on the hemagglutination inhibition assay in this study population did not report experiencing symptoms during the pandemic meeting the May 2010 CDC definition of influenza-like illness. (biomedcentral.com)
While this strategy was extremely prudent with respect to management of the resources of public health laboratories and the ability to clinically manage influenza A(H1N1) 2009 cases, in the absence of serological surveys of the population it is not possible to accurately measure the critical demographic, symptomatic and vaccination characteristics of the influenza A(H1N1) 2009 virus. (biomedcentral.com)
Surgeons and other healthcare professionals specializing in solid organ transplants have been issued with expert advice to guide them through the complex clinical issues posed by the global H1N1 influenza pandemic. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
Recent studies show that in healthy adults a single dose of inactive split-virus 2009 H1N1 vaccine had a seroconversion (antibody production) rate of 96.7 per cent, while a single dose of a vaccine containing adjuvant MF59 achieved 76 per cent. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
The novel virus, commonly called swine flu, is named influenza A (H1N1). (bcm.edu)
Fortunately, however, H1N1 is far less deadly than the H5N1 virus. (bcm.edu)
In only a few short weeks after emerging in North America, the new H1N1 virus reached around the world. (bcm.edu)
Although the 2009 H1N1 pandemic did not turn out to be as deadly as initially feared, the next pandemic flu virus could emerge at any time, and we must remain vigilant. (bcm.edu)
Hopefully, the knowledge gained in response to the H5N1 and 2009 H1N1 outbreaks, and continued research to more completely understand influenza virus, as well as improvements in vaccine and drug development, will enable us to minimize the effects of future influenza outbreaks. (bcm.edu)
Currently circulating in humans are subtype A(H1N1) and A(H3N2) influenza viruses. (who.int)
The A(H1N1) is also written as A(H1N1)pdm09 as it caused the pandemic in 2009 and subsequently replaced the seasonal influenza A(H1N1) virus which had circulated prior to 2009. (who.int)
PURPOSE: To prospectively conduct safety monitoring of H1N1 and seasonal influenza vaccines during the 2009-2010 season. (healthpartners.com)
CONCLUSIONS: No major safety problems following H1N1 or seasonal influenza vaccines were detected in the 2009-2010 season in weekly sequential analyses. (healthpartners.com)
Subtypes which have in the past caused pandemics include the influenza A H1N1, H2N2, H3N2 and H1N1pdm09 viruses, while the H3N2 and H1N1pdm09 viruses continue to cause epidemics as seasonal influenza viruses. (health.govt.nz)
Of influenza A viruses detected and subtyped during week 50, 77.8% were influenza A(H3N2) and 22.2% were influenza A(H1N1). (cdc.gov)
For example, the 2011-2012 flu vaccine protected against an influenza A H3N2 virus, an influenza B virus and the 2009 H1N1 virus that caused so much illness that year. (score.org)
The Masters of the ScienTWIVic Universe discuss a novel poxvirus isolate from an immunosuppressed patient, H1N1 and the gain-of-function debate, and attenuation of dengue virus by recoding the genome. (microbe.tv)
Following aerosolization, quantitative PCR was used to detect and quantify H1N1 and H3N2 influenza strains. (cdc.gov)
In the Western Pacific Region of the World Health Organization (WHO), awareness of the public health importance of influenza and the need for pandemic preparedness has increased in recent years motivated by the re-emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) in 2003-2004 and subsequently by the occurrence of the influenza A(H1N1) pandemic in 2009. (who.int)

A single dose of intranasal vaccination of the attenuated viruses in mouse models induces potent innate, humoral, and cellular immune responses, and it could protect mice against homologous and heterologous viral challenges. (hku.hk)
Oral Typhoid Vaccination With Live-Attenuated Salmonella Typhi Strain Ty21a Generates Ty21a-Responsive and Heterologous Influenza Virus-Responsive CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells at the Human Intestinal Mucosa. (ox.ac.uk)
BACKGROUND: Oral vaccination with live-attenuated Salmonella Typhi strain Ty21a is modestly efficacious, but the mechanisms of protection are currently unknown. (ox.ac.uk)
Influenza vaccination for healthy children. (cdc.gov)
New recommendations for influenza vaccination for children and pregnant women. (cdc.gov)
Predictors of influenza virus vaccination status in hospitalized children. (cdc.gov)
Esposito S , Marchisio P , Faelli N , Gasparini R , Droghetti R , Gironi S , Nonadherence with influenza vaccination in children with chronic medical conditions. (cdc.gov)
Hurwitz ES , Haber M , Chang A , Shope T , Teo S , Ginsberg M , Effectiveness of influenza vaccination of day care children in reducing influenza-related morbidity among household contacts. (cdc.gov)
Esposito S , Marchisio P , Cavagna R , Gironi S , Bosis S , Lambertini L , Effectiveness of influenza vaccination of children with recurrent respiratory tract infections in reducing respiratory-related morbidity within the households. (cdc.gov)
These trials carried out by the U.S. Army led to the conclusion that vaccination reduced the incidence of both mild and severe clinical episodes of influenza and influenza-related mortality. (medscape.com)
Vaccination is the primary intervention used to curb influenza virus infection, and the WHO recommends immunization for at-risk individuals to mitigate disease. (mdpi.com)
Documentation of the patient's vaccination status during this influenza season. (jointcommission.org)
What is the patient's influenza vaccination status? (jointcommission.org)
4 There was documentation of an allergy/sensitivity to influenza vaccine, anaphylactic latex allergy or anaphylactic allergy to eggs OR is not likely to be effective because of bone marrow transplant within the past 6 months OR history of Guillian-Barré syndrome within 6 weeks after a previous influenza vaccination. (jointcommission.org)
There is documentation in the medical record stating "influenza vaccination status: current," but the physician H&P indicates the patient has not received an influenza vaccine this season, select Value "2. (jointcommission.org)
There is documentation in medical record stating "influenza vaccination status: current," but the influenza vaccination date is from the previous season, select Value "2. (jointcommission.org)
Outline updates on the advisory committee on immunizations practices, recommendations for 2021-2022 influenza vaccination season, discuss general influenza vaccination guidance during the COVID-19 pandemic, and describe clinical considerations and best practices for coadministration of influenza vaccines and COVID-19 vaccines. (cdc.gov)
And that is that annual influenza vaccination is recommended for all persons aged six months and older who did not have contraindications. (cdc.gov)
In some cases, your health care provider may decide to postpone influenza vaccination until a future visit. (medlineplus.gov)
Vaccination is based on the principle of altering of immunity by inducing the multiplication of specialized cells, mainly lymphocytes, which either kill virus-infected cells by direct contact or through proteins they secrete. (globenewswire.com)
A robust influenza immunization program in the U.S. requires ongoing monitoring of potential adverse events associated with vaccination. (healthpartners.com)
Overview of Immunization Immunization (vaccination) helps the body defend itself against diseases caused by certain bacteria or viruses. (msdmanuals.com)
While we could just chalk this one up to an old wives' tale, folklore, or memories of influenza vaccine manufacturing methods of the past, there are some valid reasons why the public connects vaccination to getting influenza. (nfid.org)
Influenza vaccination often occurs at the start of viral respiratory season. (nfid.org)
It is very common to be exposed to viruses other than flu after vaccination. (nfid.org)
But this rationale neglects one of the major reasons influenza vaccination is recommended universally-because low-risk individuals can be very effective vectors, passing the virus on to high-risk individuals, some of whom either cannot be vaccinated or who do not mount a strong immune response. (nfid.org)
Influenza vaccination is an essential tool along with other valuable prevention tools-hand and respiratory hygiene, cough etiquette, and social distancing when we're feeling ill. (nfid.org)
RePub, Erasmus University Repository: Vaccination against acute respiratory virus infections and measles in man. (eur.nl)
Vaccination against acute respiratory virus infections and measles in man. (eur.nl)
Therefore, instead of using the parenteral route, the possibility to use the mucosal route of primary immunization is also investigated for vaccination with attenuated live measles vaccines. (eur.nl)
Live vaccines based on adenovirus types 4 and 7 in oral enteric-coated vaccines, which lead to virus replication in the intestines but not in the respiratory tract have been included in military vaccination programs. (eur.nl)
A novel high-throughput multiplex influenza antibody detection assay was used to provide detailed IgG , IgA , and IgM antibody isotypes, along with hemagglutination inhibition levels (HAI), measured pre- and 28 days post- vaccination . (bvsalud.org)
The principal changes include a) information about the influenza virus strains included in the trivalent vaccine for 1998-99, b) more detailed information about influenza-associated rates of hospitalization, and c) updated information on the possible relationship between Guillain-Barre syndrome and influenza vaccination. (cdc.gov)
To prevent seasonal flu, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends routine annual influenza vaccination for all persons aged 6 months or older, preferably before the onset of influenza activity in the community. (medscape.com)
Specific recommendations for individuals who should be immunized can be obtained from the CDC, which publishes regular updates of this information (see Seasonal Influenza Vaccination Resources for Health Professionals). (medscape.com)
The continued evolution of the A(H7N9) viruses poses major challenges in pandemic preparedness strategies through vaccination. (bvsalud.org)
Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent seasonal influenza and its severe outcomes. (who.int)
The objective of our study was to synthesize information on seasonal influenza vaccination policies, recommendations and practices in place in 2011 for all countries and areas in the Western Pacific Region of the World Health Organization (WHO). (who.int)
Data were collected via a questionnaire on seasonal influenza vaccination policies, recommendations and practices in place in 2011. (who.int)
Eighteen (50%) reported having established seasonal influenza vaccination policies, an additional seven (19%) reported having recommendations for risk groups for seasonal influenza vaccination only and 11 (30%) reported having no policies or recommendations in place. (who.int)
In light of the new WHO position paper on influenza vaccines published in 2012 and the increasing availability of country-specific data, countries and areas should consider reviewing or developing their seasonal influenza vaccination policies to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with annual epidemics and as part of ongoing efforts for pandemic preparedness. (who.int)
2 The most effective way to prevent seasonal influenza and its severe outcomes is through vaccination, and safe and effective vaccines have been used for more than 60 years. (who.int)
8,9 Despite the Western Pacific Region contributing more than 76% of the total virus isolates submitted to the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance Response and System (GISRS) between 1998 and 2010 for vaccine strain selection, 10 influenza vaccination programmes have not been established consistently throughout the Region. (who.int)
These programmes facilitate governments' health policies for influenza vaccination and provide the mechanisms for ensuring the target groups for vaccination actually receive vaccines. (who.int)

the vaccine had 47% efficacy against the predominant influenza A H3N2 subtype and 67% efficacy against influenza B virus infections. (medscape.com)
The 2021-2022 flu season featured two distinct waves of A(H3N2) viruses. (cdc.gov)
The majority (96.7%) of influenza-associated hospitalizations, were due to influenza A viruses (99.2% of those subtyped were A(H3N2) viruses). (cdc.gov)

Antigenic drift, along with waning immunity, results in annual influenza epidemics, since the protection that remains from past exposures to similar viruses is incomplete. (cdc.gov)
Influenza virus Influenza history Historical records indicate flu-like epidemics throughout recorded history. (powershow.com)
There are 4 types of seasonal influenza viruses, types A, B, C and D. Influenza A and B viruses are the most common and cause seasonal epidemics of disease globally (1). (who.int)
In temperate regions, both influenza A and B cause winter epidemics, with sporadic cases and outbreaks occurring out of season. (who.int)
The effects of seasonal influenza epidemics in developing countries are not fully known, but research estimates that 99% of deaths in children under 5 years of age with influenza-related lower respiratory tract infections are found in developing countries (2). (who.int)
However, during periods of low influenza activity and outside of epidemics situations, the infection of other respiratory viruses e.g. rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza and adenovirus can also present as Influenza-like Illness (ILI) which makes the clinical differentiation of influenza from other pathogens difficult. (who.int)
There are four classes of influenza viruses (A-D), with influenza A and B causing most seasonal epidemics. (scienceboard.net)
Two types of influenza virus, type A and type B, regularly cause seasonal epidemics of influenza in the United States. (msdmanuals.com)
Influenza epidemics usually begin in late December or midwinter. (msdmanuals.com)
Influenza epidemics occur each year. (health.govt.nz)
Influenza B has two lineages of viruses: B/Victoria and B/Yamagata, which are also associated with outbreaks and epidemics, and account for a significant proportion of the overall burden of influenza. (health.govt.nz)
For these reasons, major epidemics of respiratory disease caused by new variants of influenza continue to occur. (cdc.gov)
During influenza epidemics, high attack rates of acute illness result in both increased numbers of visits to physicians' offices, walk-in clinics, and emergency rooms and increased hospitalizations for management of lower respiratory tract complications. (cdc.gov)
Previously healthy children and younger adults also may require hospitalization for influenza-related complications, but the relative increase in their hospitalization rates during epidemics is less than for persons who belong to high-risk groups. (cdc.gov)
Worldwide, annual influenza epidemics result in about 3 to 5 million cases of severe illness and about 250 000 to 500 000 deaths. (who.int)

In studies of other seasonal inactivated influenza vaccines, rates of adverse events were not significantly different from placebo injections except for arm soreness and redness at the injection site ( 9 ). (cdc.gov)
Receiving inactivated influenza vaccines can actually help protect the health of loved ones. (nfid.org)
4 The same review reported that trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines had an efficacy of 59% (95% confidence interval: 51%-67%) in healthy adults 18-65 years of age and provided significant protection against medically attended influenza. (who.int)

Influenza viral master strains are available. (hku.hk)
The NS1 influenza protein (NS1) is a viral nonstructural protein encoded by the NS gene segments of type A, B and C influenza viruses. (wikipedia.org)
however, the influenza virus' NS1 protein is an agent that circumvents host defenses to allows viral gene transcription to occur. (wikipedia.org)
Influenza is an infectious viral illness. (cdc.gov)
Unfortunately, influenza vaccine composition needs to be updated annually due to antigenic shift and drift in the viral immunogen hemagglutinin (HA). (mdpi.com)
We discuss the different vectored vaccines that have been or are currently in clinical trials, with a forward-looking focus on immunogens that may be protective against seasonal and pandemic influenza infection, in the context of viral-vectored vaccines. (mdpi.com)
Additional studies further demonstrated BCG vaccine's protective effects against viral infections , including influenza and herpes simplex virus 2 in mouse models. (cdc.gov)
How can a live attenuated bacterial vaccine protect against viral infection? (cdc.gov)
Fully understanding the different awareness, attitudes and protective behaviors adopted by workers in live-poultry markets (LPMWs) and local community residents (CRs) to face the challenges of LPAI and HPAI is very important to minimize viral adaptations to human populations. (biomedcentral.com)
Using attenuated, live viruses as vaccines is a promising strategy to reduce the impact of viral infectious diseases, such as influenza. (scitechdaily.com)
Most current influenza vaccines target the immunodominant head domain of the viral HA and therefore antibodies produced by these vaccines are strain specific. (scienceboard.net)
Influenza (Flu) Influenza (flu) is a viral infection of the lungs and airways with one of the influenza viruses. (msdmanuals.com)
Bird Flu Bird flu is a viral infection with strains of influenza virus that normally occur in wild birds and domestic poultry. (msdmanuals.com)
Influenza is unique among respiratory viral pathogens in that there is a vaccine available to protect against it. (nfid.org)
In addition, immune escape due to rapid viral evolution poses a further challenge for traditional influenza vaccines. (technologynetworks.com)
Recently, a research team led by Prof. SI Longlong from the Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences has proposed a new live-attenuated influenza vaccine approach - generating proteolysis-targeting chimeric (PROTAC) influenza A virus as a live-attenuated vaccine by utilizing the endogenous ubiquitin-proteasome system of host cells to degrade viral proteins. (technologynetworks.com)
Given that virus replication depends on virally encoded proteins, manipulation of viral protein stability by utilizing the protein degradation machinery of the host cell may represent a potential approach to switch the viral life cycle on and off for vaccine development. (technologynetworks.com)
Thus, the researchers designed proteolysis-targeting chimeric (PROTAC) viruses by fusing a conditionally removable proteasome-targeting domain (PTD) to influenza viral proteins. (technologynetworks.com)
however, the TEVcs linker could be selectively cleaved by the tobacco etch virus protease (TEVp) to separate the viral proteins from the PTD, thus sparing them from degradation. (technologynetworks.com)
While designing effective vaccines and viral-entry inhibitors has proven unsuccessful for certain viruses, often due to their high mutagenicity, compounds targeting interferon antagonists may provide a new therapeutic alternative. (the-scientist.com)
The protection induced by influenza vaccines, which are based on inactivated whole virus or viral subunits, depends largely on the matching of vaccine strain and circulating virus. (eur.nl)
The quadrivalent influenza vaccines contain an additional B strain, B/Brisbane/60/2008-like (B/Victoria lineage), in addition to the 3 viral strains listed above. (medscape.com)
Background: Influenza virus was used to characterize the efficacy of a cyclone-based, two-stage personal bioaerosol sampler for the collection and size fractionation of aerosolized viral particles. (cdc.gov)
This sampler should be an important tool for studying viral transmission in clinical settings and may significantly contribute towards understanding the modes of influenza virus transmission. (cdc.gov)
Influenza is an acute viral infection transmitted person to person predominately through droplet spread. (who.int)

Flu vaccine effectiveness (VE) can vary from year to year, among different age and risk groups, by vaccine type, and even by virus type and subtype. (cdc.gov)
Data from public health laboratories are used to monitor the proportion of circulating viruses that belong to each influenza virus type/subtype/lineage. (cdc.gov)
So, for example, a virus with version 1 of the HA protein and version 2 of the NA protein would be called influenza A subtype H1N2 (A H1N2, for short). (bcm.edu)
An influenza virus vaccine that results in broad immunity would likely protect against any emerging influenza virus subtype or strain and would significantly enhance our pandemic preparedness, avoiding future problems with influenza pandemics as we see them now with COVID-19," said author Florian Krammer, PhD, professor of microbiology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, in a statement. (scienceboard.net)
The new virus subtype has novel H and N surface antigens result from the mixing of genomic segments of two or more influenza A viruses. (health.govt.nz)
Infection with a virus of one subtype confers little or no protection against viruses of other subtypes. (cdc.gov)

Prevention and Control of Seasonal Influenza with Vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices - United States, 2023-2024 Influenza Season has been published. (cdc.gov)
Prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). (cdc.gov)
Influenza immunization practices among pediatric oncologists. (cdc.gov)
There is documentation of refusal in the influenza immunization screening for the current admission and the patient did not receive the vaccine, but a subsequent narrative note states the patient wants to receive the vaccine, select Value "5. (jointcommission.org)
Captain Grohskopf is the CDC lead for the influenza work group of the advisory group on immunization practices. (cdc.gov)
People who receive a Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine may shed the virus for up to 21 days after immunization. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
Types and Contents of Vaccines Available for Use in Canada at https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-1-key-immunization-information/page-15-contents-immunizing-agents-available-use-canada.html#p1c14t1 . (therapeuticresearch.com)
Avoid live vaccines unless immunocompromise is mild, data supports use of the vaccine, and the risk of natural infection is greater than the risk of immunization. (therapeuticresearch.com)
The ACIP's 2014 Adult Immunization Schedule for influenza vaccine includes information about the recombinant influenza vaccine and addresses the use of this vaccine and the inactivated influenza vaccine in patients with egg allergy. (medscape.com)

And the pediatric death rate for pandemic influenza is much higher than during normal influenza seasons . (scienceblogs.com)

The influenza vaccine, also known as the 'flu shot', is a vaccine that protects against infection from the influenza viruses. (drugbank.com)
Inactivated virus cannot replicate, and therefore cannot cause disease from infection, even in immunocompromised individuals. (drugbank.com)
Infection with influenza viruses can be asymptomatic or result in disease that ranges from mild to severe. (cdc.gov)
Influenza is an infection of the upper airway known as the flu. (epnet.com)
These pieces cannot cause an infection but will show the immune system what the virus looks like. (epnet.com)
The body will then be able to fight the virus before an infection starts. (epnet.com)
The CDC recommended that since uncomplicated influenza did not require a laboratory diagnosis for clinical management, the only people who required testing for influenza were: hospitalized patients with suspected influenza, patients for whom a diagnosis of influenza would have informed decisions regarding clinical care, infection control, or management of close contacts, and patients who died of an acute illness in which influenza was suspected. (biomedcentral.com)
The U.S. Outpatient Influenza-like Illness Surveillance Network (ILINet) monitors outpatient visits for respiratory illness referred to as influenza-like illness [ILI (fever plus cough or sore throat)], not laboratory-confirmed influenza, and may capture respiratory illness visits due to infection with any pathogen that can present with similar symptoms, including influenza, SARS-CoV-2, and RSV. (cdc.gov)
Multiple respiratory viruses are co-circulating, and the relative contribution of influenza virus infection to ILI varies by location. (cdc.gov)
It is always a great concern when a new flu virus emerges, because the general population does not have immunity and almost everyone is susceptible to infection and disease. (bcm.edu)
Regardless of novel LPAI or HPAI virus reassortants that pose public health risks, prompt and clear risk communication focusing on both correct information about AIVs and the most appropriate preventive measures are important for effective prevention of human infection. (biomedcentral.com)
Seasonal influenza is an acute respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses which circulate in all parts of the world. (who.int)
Accordingly, the researchers engineered the genome of influenza A viruses in TEVp-expressing stable cell lines engineered for virus production to introduce the conditionally removable PTD, generating fully infective PROTAC viruses that were live-attenuated by the host protein degradation machinery upon infection. (technologynetworks.com)
1 ] Influenza C is associated with mild cases of upper respiratory infection. (health.govt.nz)
Several viruses may cause more or less severe acute respiratory infections in man, some of which are followed by systemic infection. (eur.nl)
Nucleic acid-based prophylactics can potentially mimic immune responses comparable to live attenuated vaccines or even natural infection - all without causing disease. (jcvi.org)
Vaccines used to prevent infection by viruses in the family ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE. (bvsalud.org)
Historically, influenza vaccine has had 50%-60% efficacy against infection with influenza A viruses and 70% efficacy against influenza B viruses. (medscape.com)

According to the CDC, diagnosis of other groups was not considered a priority for a number of reasons, the foremost of which being "Once influenza activity has been documented in a community or geographic area, most patients with an uncomplicated illness consistent with influenza can be diagnosed clinically and do not require influenza testing for clinical management, including antiviral treatment decisions [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Impaired antiviral response of adenovirus-transformed cell lines supports virus replication. (probiogen.de)
All patients with influenza-like illnesses, and milder symptoms such as a persistent runny nose, should be tested for the virus and empiric antiviral therapy considered. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
CDC issued Interim Guidance for Clinicians to Prioritize Antiviral Treatment of Influenza in the Setting of Reduced Availability of Oseltamivir through the Health Alert Network (HAN) on December 15, 2022. (cdc.gov)
[ 51 ] The ACIP also publishes recommendations on the use of antiviral agents for prevention and treatment of influenza. (medscape.com)

Recombinant influenza vaccine-use item that mimics part of the virus. (epnet.com)
For some patients, a different type of influenza vaccine (inactivated or recombinant influenza vaccine) might be more appropriate than live, attenuated influenza vaccine. (medlineplus.gov)

Preliminary data indicate that the immunogenicity and safety of these vaccines are similar to those of seasonal influenza vaccines. (cdc.gov)
The researchers conducted a randomized, multicenter, observer-blind, placebo-controlled phase I clinical trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the group 1 cHA-based vaccine (a live attenuated or inactive influenza virus vaccine expressing a cH8/1 HA and an N1 NA with a backbone from a master donor stain) in 65 participants in the U.S. (scienceboard.net)
However, the usefulness of traditional live-attenuated virus vaccines has often been limited by suboptimal immunogenicity, safety concerns, or cumbersome manufacturing processes and techniques. (technologynetworks.com)
A Randomized Controlled Trial to Compare Immunogenicity to Cell-Based Versus Live-Attenuated Influenza Vaccines in Children. (bvsalud.org)
We aimed to assess the reactogenicity, safety, and immunogenicity of adjuvanted and unadjuvanted investigational supra-seasonal universal influenza virus vaccines (SUIVs) in healthy young adults. (bvsalud.org)

2 strains of influenza A and 1 of influenza B are included for trivalent vaccinees. (medscape.com)
3 A recent systematic review of the scientific literature reported a pooled efficacy of 83% (95% confidence interval: 69%-91%) for trivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine in children six months to seven years of age. (who.int)

In addition, none of the children became infected with the three strains of influenza the vaccine was specifically designed to prevent. (sciencedaily.com)
This vaccine, which is capable of neutralizing diverse strains of influenza, was evaluated in a phase I clinical study whose results were published in Nature Medicine on December 7. (scienceboard.net)

Neuzil KM , Wright PF , Mitchel EF , Griffin MR . The burden of influenza illness in children with asthma and other chronic medical conditions. (cdc.gov)
Influenza C is rarely reported as a cause of human illness, probably because most cases are subclinical. (cdc.gov)
Although most people recover from the illness, influenza's deadly potential among vulnerable populations is often underestimated, and at least 20,000 people in the United States die from influenza and its complications each year. (sciencedaily.com)
Commonly known as the flu, influenza is a respiratory illness that infects the respiratory tract. (healthproductsforyou.com)
Flu, or influenza, is a contagious respiratory illness that spreads from person to person through the air via coughs or sneezes or through contact with infected surfaces. (bcm.edu)
Influenza D viruses primarily affect cattle and are not known to infect or cause illness in people. (who.int)
But influenza can cause severe illness or death, especially in people at high risk. (who.int)
Influenza vaccine received before illness onset. (cdc.gov)
Influenza, commonly known as the flu is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses. (score.org)
Typical influenza illness is characterized by abrupt onset of fever, myalgia, sore throat, and nonproductive cough. (cdc.gov)
More severe illness can result if either primary influenza pneumonia or secondary bacterial pneumonia occurs. (cdc.gov)
In one study, symptomatic illness attributable to influenza decreased from 12% to about 4% with the use of these measures. (medscape.com)
For the 2021-2022 season, HHS Protect Influenza-Associated hospitalizations were added as a component to monitor severe illness associated with influenza. (cdc.gov)

The NS1 protein of the highly pathogenic avian H5N1 viruses circulating in poultry and waterfowl in Southeast Asia is currently believed to be responsible for the enhanced virulence of the strain. (wikipedia.org)
This bivalent vaccine contained 0.5 ml of virus concentrated from 5 ml of allantoic fluid containing influenza A and the same amount of influenza B. One half of the influenza A allantoic fluid contained the A/PR8 strain and the other half contained the Weiss strain, a strain that had been isolated more recently and that was slightly different from A/PR8. (medscape.com)
It is caused by a strain of the influenza virus. (epnet.com)
An experimental nasal spray flu vaccine protected young children against an influenza strain not covered by the vaccine, according to results from the second year of a study supported by NIAID and the vaccine's manufacturer. (sciencedaily.com)
This study gave us an unanticipated opportunity to test how well this vaccine works against a variant virus, an influenza strain that had undergone so-called 'antigenic drift,'" says Linda Lambert, Ph.D., influenza program officer at NIAID. (sciencedaily.com)
The influenza A subtypes are further classified into strains, and the names of the virus strains include the place where the strain was first found and the year of discovery. (bcm.edu)
Since the Coronavirus strain is similar to the previous SARS virus, it is potentially easier for scientists to advance in the pre-clinical test phases. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
The Region currently has three WHO Collaborating Centres for Reference and Research on Influenza and 21 National Influenza Centres in 15 countries that monitor the impact and evolution of influenza viruses and provide isolates for global vaccine strain selection and formulation. (who.int)

Three types of influenza virus are known to affect humans: A, B, and C. Type A influenza has subtypes determined by the surface antigens hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (cdc.gov)
Type A influenza is classified into subtypes depending on which versions of two different proteins are present on the surface of the virus. (bcm.edu)
Influenza A viruses are further classified into subtypes according to the combinations of the hemagglutinin (HA) and the neuraminidase (NA), the proteins on the surface of the virus. (who.int)
Influenza B viruses are not classified into subtypes but can be broken down into lineages. (who.int)
The serotype of influenza A virus is determined by the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins present on its surface, and there are at least 18 subtypes of HA in influenza A. (scienceboard.net)
The vaccine consists of group 1 or group 2 stalk domains in combination with head domains from avian influenza virus subtypes. (scienceboard.net)
New influenza A virus subtypes emerge periodically that have caused pandemics in humans. (health.govt.nz)
Influenza A viruses are classified into subtypes on the basis of two surface antigens: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). Three subtypes of hemagglutinin (H1, H2, and H3) and two subtypes of neuraminidase (N1 and N2) are recognized among influenza A viruses that have caused widespread human disease. (cdc.gov)

So, as mentioned, I'm going to present an overview of the updates of the ACIP influenza vaccine recommendations for the upcoming 2021-2022 season. (cdc.gov)
The timing and severity of the 2021-2022 influenza (flu) season was different than most seasons before the COVID-19 pandemic. (cdc.gov)
During the 2021-2022 influenza season, influenza-associated hospitalizations were monitored in two systems: the Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network (FluSurv-NET), which covers approximately 9% of the U.S. population, and HHS Protect Hospitalization Surveillance, which consists of reports from all U.S. hospitals. (cdc.gov)
During October 1, 2021, through June 11, 2022, a total of 5,130 laboratory-confirmed influenza-related hospitalizations were reported by FluSurv-NET sites. (cdc.gov)
A total of 74,181 influenza-associated hospitalizations were reported between October 3, 2021, and October 1, 2022, and hospitalizations occurred during two waves of activity. (cdc.gov)

certolizumab pegol decreases effects of influenza virus vaccine quadrivalent, intranasal by pharmacodynamic antagonism. (medscape.com)
[ 56 ] The quadrivalent flu vaccines have an additional B virus. (medscape.com)

What flu viruses does the nasal spray vaccine protect against? (cdc.gov)
Prior to the 2009 flu pandemic, the nasal spray vaccine was found to be effective against different flu viruses. (cdc.gov)
Yes, nasal spray flu vaccine can be given at the same time as other vaccines (live or non-live). (cdc.gov)
If nasal spray flu vaccine is not given at the same time as another live vaccine, they should be spaced at least four weeks apart. (cdc.gov)
There is no recommended spacing period between nasal spray flu vaccine and non-live vaccines. (cdc.gov)
The main types of influenza vaccine available are: an attenuated (weakened) live vaccine given as a nasal spray and approved for healthy nonpregnant persons 2-49 years of age, a killed (inactivated) influenza vaccine administered via intramuscular (IM) needle injection for persons 6 months and older, an intradermal vaccine administered to persons 18-64 years old, or a recombinant vaccine administered IM to a person 18 years or older. (jointcommission.org)
It is also available as a nasal spray, which contains live but weakened (attenuated) virus. (msdmanuals.com)

The current virus pandemic can cause severe disease in transplant patients and could be transmitted from donors,' explains assistant professor Dr. Deepali Kumar, an expert in transplant-related infectious diseases from the University of Alberta, Canada. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
Seasonal influenza is characterized by a sudden onset of fever, cough (usually dry), headache, muscle and joint pain, severe malaise (feeling unwell), sore throat, and a runny nose. (who.int)
Influenza can cause severe pneumonia, worsening of chronic heart and lung disorders, organ failure, and death. (msdmanuals.com)
The use of inactivated measles vaccines has resulted in a state of immunity which upon exposure to the virus may induce an atypical measles syndrome including a severe pneumonia. (eur.nl)
Unlike other common respiratory illnesses, influenza can cause severe malaise lasting several days. (cdc.gov)

Bottom line Influenza virus somehow manages to make frequent minor changes and sudden major changes which permit temporary evasion of a population's immunity. (powershow.com)
[ 8 ] With an inactivated virus vaccine, the amount of antigen required to induce immunity is much greater than that for a live-attenuated virus vaccine, because unlike the live-attenuated virus, the inactivated virus does not replicate in the recipient. (medscape.com)
They developed weakened influenza viruses that could stimulate immunity in the cooler nasal passages but could not cause disease in the warmer temperatures of the lower airways. (sciencedaily.com)
This genetic change, or shift, in the virus results in immunity to only specific strains of the influenza virus, requiring frequent re-formulation and re-administration of seasonal vaccines. (scienceboard.net)
In mouse and ferret models, PROTAC viruses were sufficiently attenuated but able to elicit robust and broad humoral, mucosal, and cellular immunity. (technologynetworks.com)

The attenuated viruses could also be used as vaccine master donor strains for making different influenza vaccines by introducing hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes derived from other strains. (hku.hk)
Virus surface antigens hemagglutinin and neuraminidase continually change. (cdc.gov)

Marchisio P , Cavagna R , Maspes B , Gironi S , Esposito S , Lambertini L , Efficacy of intranasal virosomal influenza vaccine in the prevention of recurrent acute otitis media in children. (cdc.gov)
The first-year study results -- which showed an overall efficacy of 93 percent during the 1996-97 flu season when the circulating influenza strains were well-matched to the vaccine -- were published in The New England Journal of Medicine in May 1998. (sciencedaily.com)

Data from clinical laboratories (the percentage of specimens tested that are positive for influenza) are used to monitor whether influenza activity is increasing or decreasing. (cdc.gov)
Nationally, the percentage of specimens testing positive for influenza in clinical laboratories declined compared to the previous week. (cdc.gov)

Izurieta HS , Thompson WW , Kramarz P , Shay DK , Davis RL , DeStefano F , Influenza and the rates of hospitalization for respiratory disease among infants and young children. (cdc.gov)
If found to be a candidate for the influenza vaccine, documentation that the influenza vaccine was given during this hospitalization. (jointcommission.org)
1 Influenza vaccine was given during this hospitalization. (jointcommission.org)
2 Influenza vaccine was received prior to admission during the current flu season, not during this hospitalization. (jointcommission.org)
In order to select "Influenza vaccine was given during this hospitalization," there must be documentation either on the MAR, nursing notes, standing orders, etc., where the vaccine was dated and signed as administered. (jointcommission.org)
Influenza vaccine may not be as effective as other vaccines but it does provide some protection including prevention of serious complications due to flu, such as pneumonia, hospitalization, and death. (nfid.org)
If they become ill with influenza, such members of high-risk groups (see Groups at Increased Risk for Influenza-Related Complications) are more likely than the general population to require hospitalization. (cdc.gov)
Patients most often require hospitalization when influenza exacerbates underlying chronic diseases. (medscape.com)
On occasion, the direct pathologic effects of influenza may necessitate hospitalization. (medscape.com)
The total cumulative influenza-associated hospitalization rate in HHS Protect was 22.6 per 100,000 population. (cdc.gov)

Besides sitting in quarantine or going through autumn in a hazmat suit, how do we do our best to avoid these fall respiratory viruses? (healthproductsforyou.com)
The possibility to replace e.g. the E3 region with foreign DNA makes adenoviruses also suitable as cloning vectors for proteins of other respiratory viruses. (eur.nl)

Pneumonia can also be caused by viruses, fungi, and other agents. (adam.com)
Most commonly, this is influenza pneumonia. (medscape.com)

Therefore, the development of a universal influenza virus vaccine is desirable. (scienceboard.net)
BACKGROUND: One strategy to develop a universal influenza virus vaccine is to redirect the immune system to the highly conserved haemagglutinin stalk domain by sequentially administering vaccines expressing chimeric (c) haemagglutinins with a conserved stalk domain and divergent head domain, to which humans are naive. (bvsalud.org)

Within weeks of the beginning of the epidemic, public health laboratories quickly became overwhelmed with unprecedented numbers of clinical influenza specimens for testing, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) quickly recommended changes in the testing strategy [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Reaction to this novel respiratory virus in the transplant community has been swift, as clinicians have real concerns about the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the flu virus as public health data mounts and the course of the pandemic evolves' says Kumar. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
Most importantly, the participants who opposed (versus agreed with) the policy on banning live-poultry slaughtering at LPMs reported lower awareness of government prevention and control policies [Odds Ratio (OR): 0.76, 95 % Confidence Interval (CI): 0.56-1.01] or practiced preventive measures (OR: 0.42, 95 % CI: 0.25-0.70). (biomedcentral.com)
Prevention is the most effective management strategy for influenza. (medscape.com)

Changes in influenza viruses can take the form of antigenic drift or antigenic shift. (cdc.gov)
Antigenic drift involves small mutations in the genes of influenza viruses that lead to changes in HA and NA that accumulate over time, resulting in the emergence of novel strains that the human immune system may not recognize. (cdc.gov)
Antigenic drift is the primary reason people can get influenza more than once and why it is necessary to annually review and update the composition of influenza vaccines. (cdc.gov)
Unfortunately, the virus is able to escape neutralization by mutating this part of hemagglutinin through a process known as antigenic drift," explained co-author Peter Palese, PhD, professor and chair of the department of microbiology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. (scienceboard.net)
This 'antigenic drift' leads to the emergence of new antigenic variants or virus strains. (health.govt.nz)
Because of this ongoing antigenic drift, seasonal influenza virus vaccine formulations are reviewed by the WHO bi-annually. (health.govt.nz)

At least four pandemics of influenza occurred in the 19th century, three in the 20th century, and one thus far in the 21st century. (cdc.gov)
Only influenza type A viruses are known to have caused pandemics. (who.int)
Two for one: Repeated seasonal influenza vaccines also provide kids better protection against future flu pandemics, researchers find. (scitechdaily.com)

This technology provides a novel approach to make a human mutant influenza virus by converting its codon usage so that it is similar to that observed from avian influenza viruses. (hku.hk)
Other possible mechanisms for the emergence of new influenza viruses are through the adaptation of avian influenza viruses to infect humans and the re-assortment of the genomic segments of multiple viruses (ie, human, avian and pig influenza viruses). (health.govt.nz)

Drift occurs in all three types of influenza virus (A, B, C). (cdc.gov)
There are three different types of influenza virus - A, B, and C. Type A viruses infect humans and several types of animals, including birds, pigs, and horses. (bcm.edu)

FluMist vaccine for influenza is being promoted with big $$$ advertising this year, and at nearly 70 $ per "shot" the flu promises to be hot business. (newmediaexplorer.org)
MedImmune, the manufacturer of FluMist, recently announced that it signed an agreement that makes FluMist, the new intranasal influenza vaccine, readily available to people as they shop at Wal-Mart, the worlds biggest retailer. (newmediaexplorer.org)
FluMist contains live (attenuated) influenza viruses that replicate in the nasopharynx of the vaccine recipient. (newmediaexplorer.org)
Methods: A Collison single-jet nebulizer was used to aerosolize the attenuated FluMist vaccine into a calm-air settling chamber. (cdc.gov)

VACUNAS que se usan para prevenir la infección por VIRUS de la familia ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE. (bvsalud.org)

The strains of virus that cause influenza outbreaks change each year. (msdmanuals.com)
Influenza vaccines-both inactivated and live attenuated-cannot cause influenza. (nfid.org)

Outbreaks of low and high pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI, HPAI) H5N2 in chickens have occurred in Taiwan since 2003 and 2012, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
This was quite different from the avian influenza (AI) outbreaks in Europe and Africa, which occurred mostly in poultry farms where migratory birds played an important role [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

For many years before the development of effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), these infections inflicted significant morbidity and mortality on patients living with AIDS. (medscape.com)
These 15 children had significantly milder disease symptoms -- shorter duration of fever, fewer cases of influenza-related middle-ear infections, and no lower respiratory tract disease -- than did the 51 placebo recipients who developed A/Sydney flu. (sciencedaily.com)
The second-year data also found that the vaccine provided 94 percent protection against influenza-related middle-ear infections, or otitis media. (sciencedaily.com)
The increasing number of fatal cases due to H5N1 infections prompted the government of Hong Kong to initiate policies forbidding the slaughtering of live chickens or other poultry in wet markets [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Influenza C virus is detected less frequently and usually causes mild infections, thus does not present public health importance. (who.int)
Proper collection, storage and transport of respiratory specimens is the essential first step for laboratory detection of influenza virus infections. (who.int)
Many of the problems that have been encountered in the development of measles vaccines, proved to be similar in the development of vaccines against other paramyxoviruses causing acute respiratory infections in man, including respiratory syncytial virus. (eur.nl)
Although live attenuated vaccines against some of the serotypes of rhinoviruses have shown promising results, the generation of a multivalent vaccine against this epidemiologically most significant cause of acute respiratory infections will be almost impossible, due to the multiplicity of serotypes involved. (eur.nl)

Inactivated vaccines contain a virus particle that has been grown in media and then subsequently killed, or inactivated, through exposure to heat or chemicals such as formaldehyde 3. (drugbank.com)

The ability to attenuate influenza viruses by truncation of the NS1 protein presents a novel approach in design and development of the next generation live-attenuated influenza vaccines for both poultry and humans. (wikipedia.org)
Antigenic shifts are probably due to genetic recombination (an exchange of a gene segment) between influenza A viruses that affect humans and/or animals. (cdc.gov)
Viruses are also transmitted between pigs and humans, and from poultry to humans. (powershow.com)
Thus, in 1942, 10,000 doses of the first bivalent vaccine containing the A/PR8 and B/Lee virus strains were administered in humans for testing. (medscape.com)
Type B influenza is normally found only in humans, and type C is mostly found in humans, but has also been found in pigs and dogs. (bcm.edu)
Our chimeric HA vaccine, by contrast, is directed at the proximal part of the HA protein -- the stalk domain -- which has been shown to broadly neutralize diverse influenza virus strains in both animal models and humans. (scienceboard.net)

Thus, being able to obtain large quantities of virus in the allantoic fluid overcame this problem and an inactivated vaccine with a sufficiently high concentration of antigen could be prepared, after a simple, rapid purification process. (medscape.com)
Laboratory confirmation of influenza virus from throat, nasal and nasopharyngeal secretions or tracheal aspirate or washings is commonly performed using direct antigen detection, virus isolation, or detection of influenza-specific RNA by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). (who.int)

Evolution of influenza viruses and corresponding evolution of influenza vaccines. (medscape.com)

The effectiveness of the vaccine does vary each year, since the predominant circulating influenza strains vary from year to year, affecting the intensity and severity of the influenza season as well as vaccine effectiveness. (nfid.org)

Although it had been known for more than a decade that influenza viruses with partial deletions in NS1 proteins were attenuated, all but one NS1 truncation variants of influenza A viruses were generated by in vitro mutagenesis. (wikipedia.org)

Influenza B and C are human viruses do not infect birds. (powershow.com)

Several studies demonstrated that influenza viruses with partial deletions in NS1 proteins are attenuated and do not cause disease, but induce a protective immune response in different species including mice, pigs, horses, birds and macaques. (wikipedia.org)
H5N1 genetic structure Influenza B and C Virus NEP (NS2) Proteins Possess Nuclear Export Activities Journal of Virology, August 2001, p. 7375-7383, Vol. 75, No. 16 O'Neill RE, Talon J, Palese P (1998). (wikipedia.org)
Measles virus proteins presented in an iscom matrix have recently been shown to induce functional B and T cell responses to both the surface glycoproteins of the virus. (eur.nl)

Type B influenza is classified into two lineages: B/Yamagata and B/Victoria. (cdc.gov)

Only for influenza and measles are licensed vaccines available at present. (eur.nl)
Measles vaccines, which are based on attenuated live virus, have been quite effective in controlling the disease in vaccinated populations in the industrialized world. (eur.nl)

For more information, see the CDC's Live, Intranasal Influenza vaccine information statement and Inactivated Influenza vaccine information statement . (msdmanuals.com)

There may be a small increased risk of fever and febrile convulsions with concomitant delivery of PCV13 and influenza vaccine in children aged 6 months to under 5 years. (health.govt.nz)

Few studies have focused on the immune response to more recent influenza vaccine formulations such as cell -cultured inactivated influenza vaccine (ccIIV4) or live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV4) in older children and young adults , or differences in immunoglobulin response using newer antibody landscape technology . (bvsalud.org)

The pandemic of "Spanish" influenza in 1918-1919 caused an estimated 21 million deaths worldwide. (cdc.gov)

Anatomy3

Organisms24

Diseases5

Chemicals and Drugs20

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment8

Phenomena and Processes7

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science2

Health Care5

LAIV9

H1N142

Vaccination44

H3N23

Epidemics15

Inactivated influenza vaccines3

Viral25

Subtype6

Immunization9

Pandemic influenza1

Infection18

Antiviral5

Recombinant influenza vaccine2

Immunogenicity5

Trivalent2

Strains of influenza2

Illness13

Strain8

Subtypes8

20225

Quadrivalent2

Nasal spray7

Severe5

Immunity5

Neuraminidase2

Efficacy2

Positive for influenza2

Hospitalization10

Respiratory viruses2

Pneumonia2

Universal influenza virus vaccine2

Prevention4

Antigenic drift6

Pandemics3

Avian influenza viruses2

Types of influenza virus2

FluMist4

Orthomyxoviridae1

Cause influenza2

Outbreaks2

Infections8

Vaccines contain1

Humans6

Antigen2

Evolution of influenza1

Circulating influenza strains1

Variants of influenza1

Infect1

Proteins3

Lineages1

Measles2

Intranasal influenza1

Aged 6 months1

Vaccine formulations1

1918-19191