MetabolismGenesMoleculesPeptidesWater-solubleEnzymesBilayerElectron carriersFructoseGlucoseFatsFatty acidsReceptorGlycoproteinsChannel ProteinsMacromoleculesCholesterolAmino acidSolute carrieMembrane proteinsBiologicalSerumGeneInteractionsHydrophilicTransporterMitochondrialMalabsorptionMoleculeLipophilicDerivativeSucroseLipoproteinsHydrolasesBindTailsHumansPlasma proteinEnzymeCellsCellWheyBiomoleculeConcentrationStabilityConsumptionBarrierSynthesis
Metabolism3
- Sulfur starvation also caused changes in the expression of genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, such as those encoding glycosyl hydrolases. (escholarship.org)
- The hepatic urea cycle is the major route for waste nitrogen disposal, which is chiefly generated by protein and amino acid metabolism. (medscape.com)
- Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism Disorders Carbohydrate metabolism disorders are hereditary metabolic disorders. (msdmanuals.com)
Genes4
- It has been well established that active genes within the DNA serve as molecular blueprints for the production of unique proteins. (joessciencescorner.net)
- These variations in genetic structure produce corresponding variations in the proteins that are encoded in the genes that are the blueprints for these proteins. (joessciencescorner.net)
- The proteins produced from these genes play roles in the urea cycle. (medlineplus.gov)
- Genes Genes are segments of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that contain the code for a specific protein that functions in one or more types of cells in the body or the code for functional ribonucleic. (msdmanuals.com)
Molecules16
- Lipids refers to a group of biological molecules that are insoluble in aqueous solutions and soluble in organic solvents and includes fats and oils, waxes, phospholipids, steroids (like cholesterol), and some other related compounds. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
- Subsequent entry of the final monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, fructose) into the enterocytes through the brush border occurs via carrier molecules. (medscape.com)
- Much of the membrane is made up of a 'sea' of phospholipids with protein molecules 'floating' in between the phospholipids. (sliderbase.com)
- The plasma membranes are made up of proteins that form pores and channels, cholesterol to provide membrane stability and carbohydrate molecules for cell recognition. (studymode.com)
- Active transport is within the cell membrane which requires the use of energy and moves molecules from low to high concentrations using protein carriers. (studymode.com)
- During diffusion, molecules that are small enough to pass through a membrane's pores or molecules that can dissolve in the lipid bilayer of a membrane move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. (studymode.com)
- Facilitated diffusion occurs when molecules are too large to pass through a membrane or are lipid insoluble. (studymode.com)
- Thus, in the process, carrier protein molecules located in the membrane combine with solutes and transport them down the concentration gradient. (studymode.com)
- If nanorobots have a higher affinity for protein binding sites than certain drugs used in concert with the nanorobots during a nanomedical treatment, then those drugs could be displaced, consequently increasing the number of biologically active drug molecules and increasing the risk of toxic drug levels [ 5489 ]. (nanomedicine.com)
- An enclosed structure that transports proteins and other molecules around the cell or to the cell surface. (cdghub.com)
- Facilitated diffusion is a form of facilitated transport involving the passive movement of molecules along their concentration gradient, guided by the presence of another molecule - usually an integral membrane protein forming a pore or channel. (biologydictionary.net)
- However, this automatically means that ions, small molecules, proteins and other solutes have differential concentrations across lipid bilayers. (biologydictionary.net)
- Lipid Bilayer Creates barrier to water soluble molecules Inside (tails) of bilayer are nonpolar and therefore insoluble to water Lipid bilayer is fluid, yet stable. (slideshare.net)
- Carrier Proteins They do not extend through the membrane They bond and drag molecules through the lipid bilayer and release them on the opposite side. (slideshare.net)
- Interactions between proteins and small molecules including water, plasticizers, lipids, and other dispersed additives also contribute to the mechanical behaviour of the film. (pfionline.com)
- Within cells, citrin helps transport molecules used in the production and breakdown of simple sugars, the production of proteins, and the urea cycle. (medlineplus.gov)
Peptides5
- Proteins are first digested in the stomach, where pepsinogens, which are activated to pepsins by a pH of less than 4, hydrolyze them in large molecular weight peptides. (medscape.com)
- In contrast, P. simiae and P. putida were highly dependent on mechanisms associated with membrane lipid modification that are required for resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs). (bvsalud.org)
- Lipid-depleted (LD) apolipoproteins are less effective at binding and clearing Aβ, and LD Aβ peptides are more toxic to neurons. (nih.gov)
- To characterize the lipidation states of Aβ peptides and apolipoprotein E in the cerebrospinal fluid in adults with respect to cognitive diagnosis and APOE ε4 allele carrier status and after a dietary intervention. (nih.gov)
- Breast milk also contains other immunoglobulins, antibodies, oligosaccharides, lipids, bioactive peptides, among other components with unique mechanisms that besides the protection against these diseases, stimulate the development of infants' immune systems. (bvsalud.org)
Water-soluble3
- These are spherical particles which have an exterior composed mainly of water-soluble proteins. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
- The lipid tails are non-polar and therefore are not water-soluble. (sliderbase.com)
- Within living systems, the presence of lipid-based membranes creates compartments that allow the selective concentration of water-soluble substances. (biologydictionary.net)
Enzymes4
- The blood glucose level, liver function enzymes, total protein, lipid, and cholesterol levels were significantly normalized by extract treatment. (hindawi.com)
- This extract and some linear furanocoumarins exhibited carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes inhibitory effect. (hindawi.com)
- The mode of action of enzymes and macromolecular complexes as protein machines will be investigated. (manchester.ac.uk)
- Enzymes are proteins. (joessciencescorner.net)
Bilayer2
- Composition of Cell Membrane Cell Membranes are NOT all identical, but have FOUR common parts: Lipid Bilayer Transmembrane Protein Network of supporting fibers Glycoproteins On outside of cell Cell Surface has a carbohydrate coat to prevent sticking. (slideshare.net)
- Transmembrane Proteins extend across lipid bilayer These proteins can have both a polar and a nonpolar region. (slideshare.net)
Electron carriers2
- Sulfur is an important nutrient source found in proteins, lipids, and electron carriers that are required for the survival of filamentous fungi such as Neurospora crassa. (escholarship.org)
- Hexoses and pentoses are generally converted to C 2 and C 3 intermediates and to reduced electron carriers (e.g. (fao.org)
Fructose1
- Western diet, rich in saturated fat and carbohydrates, especially fructose, is considered to be one of the major causes of the NAFLD epidemic [ 3 ]. (springer.com)
Glucose1
- Glucose and galactose share the same carrier, SGLT-1, which transports one molecule of the monosaccharide and one molecule of sodium (Na) in a secondarily active transport, energized by Na-activated and potassium (k)-activated adenosine triphosphatase (NaK ATPase). (medscape.com)
Fats3
- Triglycerides in plasma are derived from fats eaten in foods or made in the body, from other energy sources like carbohydrates. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
- [6] All animals need pantothenic acid in order to synthesize coenzyme A (CoA)-essential for metabolizing fatty acid-and to synthesize and metabolize proteins , carbohydrates , and fats . (wikipedia.org)
- In rare cases, affected individuals develop other signs and symptoms in early childhood after seeming to recover from NICCD, including delayed growth, extreme tiredness (fatigue), specific food preferences (mentioned above), and abnormal amounts of fats (lipids) in the blood (dyslipidemia). (medlineplus.gov)
Fatty acids2
- The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between specific fatty acids (FA) of serum lipids and serum hsCRP in morbidly obese woman. (karger.com)
- Lipases convert lipids to long-chain fatty acids. (fao.org)
Receptor1
- Proteins used to attach Cytoskeleton Receptor proteins help to attach the cytoskeleton inside the cell. (slideshare.net)
Glycoproteins1
- Proteins act as Cell Identification Markers Lipids and proteins within the membrane may have a carbohydrate chain attached These glycolipids and glycoproteins often function as cell ID markers, allowing cells to identify other cells This is particularly important in the immune system where cells patrolling the body's tissues identify and destroy foreign invaders such as bacteria or viruses. (slideshare.net)
Channel Proteins1
- Channel Proteins In some cases the channel proteins simply act as a passive pore. (slideshare.net)
Macromolecules1
- Sulfur is an important nutrient source found in a number of biological macromolecules, including proteins and lipids. (escholarship.org)
Cholesterol1
- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or 'bad cholesterol' is the major cholesterol carrier in the blood. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
Amino acid4
- A hydrophobic amino acid content of 60-70% of most MFS members, high alfa-helix content and an inherent symmetry of the proteins with regard to helix kinks and bends provides nonspecific overlapping of residues and probably accounts for the reported similarities. (embl.de)
- The penetrance of the underlying genetic disorder, a mutation resulting in a single amino acid change in the critical oxygen-carrying protein, hemoglobin, varies greatly among populations. (tfljournal.org)
- A subunit of a larger biomolecule, e.g. a single amino acid in a protein or a specific sugar in an oligosaccharide. (cdghub.com)
- The drug is intended for patients who cannot be managed by a protein-restricted diet or amino acid supplements alone, and it must be used in conjunction with a protein-restricted diet and, in some cases, dietary supplements. (medscape.com)
Solute carrie1
- Solute carrier family 39 member 12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC39A12 gene. (wikipedia.org)
Membrane proteins1
- The major facilitator superfamily (MFS) of membrane proteins represents the largest family of secondary transporters with members from Archaea to Homo sapiens. (embl.de)
Biological3
- A variety of local and systemic cellular processes may be triggered depending upon which proteins are adsorbed to the surface (e.g., as opsonins) and their biological activity. (nanomedicine.com)
- Cell adhesion, thrombogenicity, foreign body response and other reactions to implanted materials are related to the amount of adsorbed proteins, hence as an implanted object shrinks to smaller sizes (i.e., to micron-scale) the biological signal to local cell populations can increase enormously because the total amount of protein adsorbed on the implant mass is much greater. (nanomedicine.com)
- The partial replacement of semolina with high-protein raw materials leads to the improvement of the biological value of pasta proteins. (mdpi.com)
Serum4
- FA extracted from serum lipids were methylated and analyzed on GC-MS. Commercially available ELISA kits were used to determine the serum inflammatory markers. (karger.com)
- We demonstrated that total saturated FA (SFA) and total monounsaturated FA (MUFA) of serum lipids were positively correlated with serum hsCRP, whereas both n-3 and n-6 total polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) were negatively correlated with serum hsCRP. (karger.com)
- Note also that the amount of serum protein adsorbed on a nanorobot surface [ 24 ] varies inversely with nanorobot size for a constant mass, volume, or dosage of implanted medical nanomachinery. (nanomedicine.com)
- One early strategy to try to accomplish this in implants was to coat the artificial surface with an adsorbed protein, usually bovine serum albumin (BSA) or high-density lipoproteins, to serve as cell adhesion inhibiting proteins that would resist the adsorption of other proteins. (nanomedicine.com)
Gene5
- This includes gene, protein and metabolic networks, cellular architecture and intracellular dynamics, cell communication and motility, cell division and differentiation, tissue formation and organogenesis, tissue and organ functions, changes in population characteristics as a consequence of interaction of organisms with their physical environment, with individuals of their own species, and with organisms of other species. (nih.gov)
- Zinc transporter ZIP12 is a protein that is encoded by the solute carrier 39 member 12 (SLC39A12) gene. (wikipedia.org)
- Recently, Tang and coworkers used gene expression data to construct time-course protein interaction networks, and found that functional modules detected in the time-course networks more closely matched known regulatory complexes than those detected in the static networks[ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- In the case of a metabolic reaction network, gene or even protein expression data may not best capture the interactions between the network's components, as mRNA levels or enzyme concentrations do not necessarily correlate with reaction rate or metabolite turnover. (biomedcentral.com)
- This gene provides instructions for making a protein called citrin. (medlineplus.gov)
Interactions1
- The non-specific adsorption of blood proteins on nanorobot surfaces could lead to clinical difficulties such as thrombosis and unwanted protein-mediated recognition interactions such as cell-nanorobot and nanorobot-nanorobot adhesion (aggregation). (nanomedicine.com)
Hydrophilic1
- Various hydrophilic adsorbed coatings have been attached to artificial surfaces to make them more protein-resistant, in effect "passivating" them against protein adsorption and greatly reducing or preventing cell adhesion to biomedical implants [ 754 ]. (nanomedicine.com)
Transporter1
- Finally, free amino acids are taken up by enterocytes through specific Na-linked carrier systems (5 carriers with selective affinities for groups of amino acids are described), whereas dipeptides and tripeptides are translocated into the absorptive epithelial cells by the peptide transporter 1 (PEPT1), which is a carrier with a broad specificity linked to H entry. (medscape.com)
Mitochondrial2
- subunit alpha of MPP mitochondrial signal peptidase heterodimer","protein_coding" "Zm00001e017599_P001","No alias","Zea mays","Protein disulfide isomerase-like 2-2 OS=Oryza sativa subsp. (ntu.edu.sg)
- However, they do need to cross multiple lipid bilayers - from mitochondrial membranes, to the plasma membrane of the cell, and then the lipid bilayers of endothelial cells lining blood capillaries, the plasma membranes of red blood cells and finally the membranes of cells forming the alveolar sacs in lungs. (biologydictionary.net)
Malabsorption1
- Carbohydrate, fat, or protein malabsorption is caused by a disorder in the intestinal processes of digestion, transport, or both of these nutrients across the intestinal mucosa into the systemic circulation. (medscape.com)
Molecule1
- A molecule comprised of a lipid attached to sphingosine. (cdghub.com)
Lipophilic1
- Lipophilic bile acids assist in lipid solubilization. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
Derivative1
- The addition of lipid or its derivative improves the moisture barrier properties of edible films or coatings. (pfionline.com)
Sucrose1
- Of the carbohydrates most commonly present in the diet (starches, sucrose, lactose), only starches require preliminary luminal digestion by salivary and, more importantly, pancreatic amylases. (medscape.com)
Lipoproteins1
- It is transported by the lipoproteins, which act as carriers in blood. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
Hydrolases1
- Polymeric materials such as lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates are primarily hydrolyzed by extracellular, hydrolases, excreted by microbes present in Stage 1 (Fig. 4-1). (fao.org)
Bind1
- The carrier protein releases them and bind possess without unexpected event involving use of our product. (swesd2020.org)
Tails1
- The lipid tails are non-polar. (sliderbase.com)
Humans1
- The ZIP12 protein contains many elements that are conserved across other ZIP transporters in vertebrates (including mammals and humans). (wikipedia.org)
Plasma protein2
- With many hundreds of plasma proteins (the predominant plasma protein is albumin) to choose from, unmodified implanted devices may quickly adsorb a monolayer containing many proteins in a distribution of conformational and orientational states. (nanomedicine.com)
- An iron-binding plasma protein that is used a diagnostic biomarker for N-linked CDG. (cdghub.com)
Enzyme1
- A mutant enzyme protein impairs the reaction that leads to condensation of carbamyl phosphate and ornithine to form citrulline. (medscape.com)
Cells4
- The cells secrete proteins this way. (studymode.com)
- This depends, in turn, upon whether specific active peptide sequences in specific proteins are accessible to arriving cells such as neutrophils and macrophages. (nanomedicine.com)
- 3. Chromosomes, the carriers of DNA, separate into daughter cells during cell division. (pdfroom.com)
- Major Histocompatibility Complex Unique to every individual Except identical twins Consists of proteins that attach to exterior cells and antigens Allows T-Cells in the immune system to recognize and attack foreign cells Glycolipids also differentiate between tissues of same individual A, B, AB and O blood group markers. (slideshare.net)
Cell3
- To study how ZIP12 is important for a neural cell to extend neurites out from the cell body, researchers used short hairpin RNA (shRNA) to induce RNA interference to degrade ZIP12 mRNA and reduce ZIP12 protein. (wikipedia.org)
- This process is the body's primary catabolic pathway and is essential in breaking down the building blocks of the cell such as carbohydrates , amino acids and lipids , for fuel. (wikipedia.org)
- While DNA has the instructions on how to make proteins, it is RNA that actually provides these instructions to the ribosomes, organelles in the cell that act as protein factories. (scienceagainstevolution.org)
Whey4
- Whey protein edible films possess excellent resistance to tension and puncture. (pfionline.com)
- Since films made from native whey protein isolate (WPI) had lower elastic modulus, tensile strength, and elongation than heat-denatured WPI films, they would be less stiff, weaker and less extensible than denatured WPI. (pfionline.com)
- A whey protein concentrate (WPC) protein emulsion film with the lipid of higher melting point showed better mechanical strength than that of lipid of lower melting point. (pfionline.com)
- It was reported that the covalent cross-linking of whey protein by transglutaminase cross-linked whey protein film was found to be greatly affected by plasticizer concentration, i.e. glycerol, pH and length of the incubation period. (pfionline.com)
Biomolecule1
- RNA in a basic way is the biomolecule that connects DNA and proteins," Chuan He, a University of Chicago biologist who studies RNA modifications, told Live Science. (scienceagainstevolution.org)
Concentration2
- The addition of lipids and increased concentration of plasticizer increases oxygen permeability. (pfionline.com)
- The low protein concentration of WPC resulted in films with less resistance to puncture. (pfionline.com)
Stability1
- This method was simple and inexpensive, but suffered from limited stability of the protein layer owing to exchange with other proteins in solution via the Vroman effect, and also from presentation of biologically active peptide sequences [ 1443 ]. (nanomedicine.com)
Consumption1
- Was performed to compare the consumption of lipids, carbohydrates and as you probably are aware as mentioned above, stanozolol can significantly reduce the effects of aromatization. (swesd2020.org)
Barrier2
- The higher protein content of edible film results in a better oxygen barrier. (pfionline.com)
- Protein provides a good gas barrier and lipid makes the film more resistant to moisture transport. (pfionline.com)
Synthesis1
- Its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA to initiate and control the synthesis of proteins, although in some viruses RNA rather than DNA carries the genetic information. (scienceagainstevolution.org)