• We examined whether peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) overexpression and a subsequent increase in mitochondrial content and function in rat primary hepatocytes (in vitro) and Sprague-Dawley rats (in vivo) would comprehensively alter mitochondrial lipid metabolism, including complete (CO(2)) and incomplete (acid-soluble metabolites) fatty acid oxidation (FAO), tricarboxylic acid cycle flux, and triacylglycerol (TAG) storage and export. (eurekamag.com)
  • Of the numerous lipid classes implicated in eliciting lipotoxicity, sphingolipid: ceramides are among the most deleterious as they modulate signaling pathways involved in regulating glucose metabolism, triglyceride synthesis, apoptosis, and fibrosis. (frontiersin.org)
  • Apolipoprotein A5 (apoA5) has been identified to play an important role in lipid metabolism, specifically in triglyceride (TG) and TG-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In obese state, adipocytes are enlarged and involved in the inordinate regulation of lipid metabolism [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Atherosclerosis, which is believed to be the common pathophysiological basis of cardiovascular disease, is caused by inflammation, oxidative stress, and impaired lipid metabolism [ 2 , 3 ] . (medsci.org)
  • However, the mechanisms underlying inflammation-mediated lipid metabolism dysregulation in accelerated atherosclerosis in ESRD are not completely understood. (medsci.org)
  • Patients who suffer from it, in addition to presenting altered glucose metabolism, also suffer from alterations in lipid metabolism. (jabonline.in)
  • The metabolism of lipids including cholesterol involves the production, in the liver, of lipid carrying particles known as lipoproteins. (lu.se)
  • Several APOE isoforms with major structural differences were discovered and shown to influence the brain lipid transport, glucose metabolism, neuronal signaling, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial function. (dovepress.com)
  • APOE is also involved in the formation of chylomicrons and VLDL and affects the activity of other lipid metabolism-associated proteins and enzymes, such as hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase. (dovepress.com)
  • Emerging study has shown that APOE and APOE isoform functions may extend beyond lipid metabolism to include maintenance of normal brain function. (dovepress.com)
  • More recently, studies in mice with targeted inactivation of ABCA1 ( 11 ) have demonstrated a critical role of ABCA1 in lipid metabolism and confirmed its role in the biogenesis of HDL. (jci.org)
  • Affects various cell signaling pathways, host immunity and lipid metabolism (Probable). (proteopedia.org)
  • Alters lipid metabolism by interacting with hepatocellular proteins involved in lipid accumulation and storage (PubMed:14602201). (proteopedia.org)
  • Atherosclerosis is the main pathophysiological foundation of cardiovascular disease, which was caused by inflammation and lipid metabolism disorder, along with vascular calcification. (thno.org)
  • In vitro , we determined the major components of GLSP triterpenes by HPLC, and subsequently assessed the protective effects of these main active components on lipid metabolism, inflammation, and calcification in RAW264.7 and HASMC cells. (thno.org)
  • These kinds of changes emerging due to genetic alterations are classified as primary disorders of the lipid metabolism. (researchsquare.com)
  • Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a rich source of lycopene, a carotenoid that confers various positive biological effects such as improved lipid metabolism. (researchgate.net)
  • Designing studies for lipid-metabolism-related biomarker discovery is challenging because of the high prevalence of various statin and fibrate usage for lipid-lowering therapies. (cdc.gov)
  • Plasma phospholipid levels are very low, while plasma apolipoprotein B, chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs), and low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) are absent. (medscape.com)
  • Jenny Kanter and Karin Bornfeldt of the University of Washington School of Medicine have shown previously that the low insulin levels characteristic of diabetes lead to increased levels of apolipoprotein C3, or APOC3, and triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, or TRLs, as well as accelerated atherosclerosis. (asbmb.org)
  • and APOC3, which slows the clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and their remnant lipoprotein particles, or RLPs, lipids that have been linked previously to cardiovascular disease. (asbmb.org)
  • Published January 3, 2019 at 1064 × 954 in The Role of Lipids and Lipoproteins in Atherosclerosis . (endotext.org)
  • ApoB containing lipoproteins that also contain apoE (apoE remnants, VLDL) can cause cholesterol accumulation via interaction of apoE with apoE receptors including the LRP1 and the VLDL receptor, which are not regulated by cellular cholesterol. (endotext.org)
  • Modifications of apoB containing lipoproteins induce significant cholesterol accumulation via a number of mechanisms. (endotext.org)
  • Formation of normal chylomicrons (ie, lipoproteins that contain cholesterol and triglycerides) is inhibited and prevents intestinal absorption of lipids, leading to severe fat malabsorption. (medscape.com)
  • These patients generally present a pattern characterized by high concentrations of triglycerides and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) LDL-cholesterol (LDL-c) and a reduction in high-density lipoproteins (HDL) HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c) called atherogenic dyslipidemia [ 2 , 5 ]. (jabonline.in)
  • Lipoproteins are nano emulsion like particles composed of fats and proteins (named apolipoproteins). (lu.se)
  • In this talk, I will present the efforts of my group to explore the role of lipid dynamics in their transport throughout the body by lipoproteins. (lu.se)
  • We show the unique power of using small angle neutron scattering and neutron reflection as two complementary techniques to map the structural and compositional changes taken place at both lipoproteins and model membranes over time. (lu.se)
  • 2 In the blood, APOE protein could interact with lipids, resulting in lipoproteins, including very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL). (dovepress.com)
  • Lipid-poor HDL precursors mature by obtaining cholesterol and phospholipids from cell membranes or triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. (jci.org)
  • Lipoproteins are composed of a neutral lipid (TAG, cholesteryl esters, or both) core surrounded by a shell of amphipathic apolipoproteins, phospholipid, and unesterified cholesterol. (pharmacy180.com)
  • However, even in the absence of the hyperglycaemic state which characterizes type 2 diabetic patients, non diabetic individuals with a specific form of obesity, named abdominal obesity, often show clustering metabolic abnormalities which include high triglyceride levels, increased apolipoprotein B, small dense low density lipoproteins and decreased high density lipoproteins-cholesterol levels, a hyperinsulinemic-insulin resistant state, alterations in coagulation factors as well as an inflammatory profile. (researchgate.net)
  • The main difference between chylomicrons and micelles is that chylomicrons are lipoproteins having a core of t riglycerides and cholesterols and a coat made of apolipoproteins and phospholipids , whereas micelles are globules of lipid molecules that are arranged in a spherical form in an aqueous solution. (pediaa.com)
  • Chylomicrons are lipoproteins having a core of triglycerides and cholesterols and a coat of apolipoproteins and phospholipids. (pediaa.com)
  • The APOE gene provides instructions for making a protein called apolipoprotein E. This protein combines with fats (lipids) in the body to form molecules called lipoproteins. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Due to constant remodeling and maturation through interactions between HDL and other lipoproteins, lipid-modifying enzymes or target cells, HDLs display significant particle heterogeneity with respect to size, density, shape (spherical versus discoidal), associated molecules, chemical composition and surface properties [28]. (kinasechem.com)
  • All lipids are hydrophobic and mostly insoluble in blood, so they require transport within lipoproteins. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Nearly all cells have the ability to store excess energy as fat in special structures in the cell called lipid droplets. (wikipedia.org)
  • The formation and breakdown of lipid droplets is controlled by various enzymes and lipid droplet-associated proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • In cells, HILPDA is located in the endoplasmic reticulum and around lipid droplets. (wikipedia.org)
  • The presence of various types of adipocytes (white, brown, and beige) characterized by the number/size of lipid droplets, mitochondrial density, and thermogenic capacity, further highlights how intricate is the communication of these cell-types with other metabolic tissues to sense nutrients. (frontiersin.org)
  • Recently, several studies verified that apoA5 could significantly reduce plasma TG level by stimulating lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity, and the intracellular role of apoA5 has also been proved since apoA5 is associated with cytoplasmic lipid droplets (LDs) and affects intrahepatic TG accumulation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Since adipocytes provide the largest storage depot for TG within the lipid droplets (LDs) in humans, studies have also illuminated apoA5 could target to adipocytes and regulate intracellular TG storage [ 17 , 18 ], thus exerting its beneficial effect against obesity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The CE generated by ACAT is stored in cytoplasmic lipid droplets, where there is a continual cycle of hydrolysis to FC by neutral cholesterol esterase and re-esterification by ACAT. (endotext.org)
  • Like tiny silos, glia store the lipids in lipid droplets, sequestering them away from their environment and preventing them from damaging neurons. (longevity.technology)
  • Deciphering the role of lipid droplets in cardiovascular disease: a report from the 2017 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Workshop. (skanestugan.se)
  • Atherosclerosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Western societies ( 1 , 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Several findings suggest that atherosclerosis and AD are linked: i) Atherosclerotic vascular disease and AD share common risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and apolipoprotein ε4 allele ( 5 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • ii) There are reports of a correlation between carotid atherosclerosis and AD ( 7 ) as well as atherosclerosis of the circle of Willis and AD ( 8 , 9 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • vi) APP transgenic mice with apolipoprotein E (ApoE) deficiency had increased atherosclerosis and vascular inflammation ( 16 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Specific apolipoproteins are known to mark an increased risk for developing atherosclerosis where fat accumulation to form plaques occurs at the initial stages of this terrible disease. (lu.se)
  • Once advanced atherosclerotic plaques are established, the process by which they undergo a reduction in one or more standard parameters (size, lipid content, foam cell content, and macrophage inflammation) is termed atherosclerosis regression. (skanestugan.se)
  • Post-mortem analyses of coronary arteries have indicated that obesity (associated with a high accumulation of abdominal fat measured at autopsy) was predictive of earlier and greater extent of large vessels atherosclerosis as well as increase of coronary fatty streaks. (researchgate.net)
  • However, it is not well understood why Type 1 diabetes, which arises when the immune system attacks the pancreatic beta cells, and type 2 diabetes, which develops after insulin-secreting pancreatic b-cells are overstressed, can accelerate atherosclerosis. (asbmb.org)
  • Bornfeldt's lab demonstrated that in diabetic mice, lipids are more important than glucose in accelerating atherosclerosis. (asbmb.org)
  • People who carry at least one copy of the APOE e4 allele have an increased chance of developing atherosclerosis, which is an accumulation of fatty deposits and scar-like tissue in the lining of the arteries. (medlineplus.gov)
  • HDL bears biologically active lipids such as sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and stimulates a variety of cell signaling pathways in diverse cell types which may contribute to its ability 8-O-Acetyl shanzhiside methyl ester to protect against atherosclerosis. (sciencepop.org)
  • Atherosclerosis is usually characterized by the accumulation of cholesterol-engorged macrophages within the walls of arteries. (sciencepop.org)
  • Atherosclerosis is usually triggered by the retention of low density lipoprotein (LDL) in the walls of arteries subsequent modification of LDL for example by oxidation and engulfment of modified LDL by macrophages [2]-[4]. (sciencepop.org)
  • ApoE is the main lipid carrier protein in the brain, and it is released by astrocytes in order to supply neurons with cholesterol. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Exogenous lipid-free apoA-I or endogenous apoE that is produced by the macrophages interacts with ABCA1 to stimulate the efflux of phospholipid and FC to form nascent HDL particles (e.g. apoA-I or apoE containing phospholipid discs). (endotext.org)
  • To uncover alternative therapeutic approaches other than cholesterol- and TG-lowering medications, we conducted untargeted lipidomic investigations to assess the alteration of lipid profiles in apolipoprotein E knockout (apoE-/-) mouse model, with or without feeding a high-fat diet (HFD). (bvsalud.org)
  • Results indicated that, in addition to hypercholesterolemia and hyperlipidemia, LPC levels were two to four times higher in apoE-/- mice compared to wild-type mice in C57BL/6 background, regardless of whether they were 8 or 16 weeks old. (bvsalud.org)
  • We found that APOE4 is practically unable to transfer lipids to glia, while other two forms of APOE, APOE2 and APOE3, carry out the transfer effectively," said Bellen, Distinguished Service Professor of molecular and human genetics at Baylor. (longevity.technology)
  • We looked at genes that interact with APOE in neurons to get the lipids out, and also in glia to get the lipids in. (longevity.technology)
  • Like other apolipoproteins, APOE is involved in lipid binding, and it is the predominant cholesterol transporter in the brain. (j-alz.com)
  • APOE works to reduce lipid and cholesterol levels by binding to the low-density lipoprotein receptor allowing for cellular lipid uptake. (j-alz.com)
  • Carotenoids, antioxidant micronutrients that could accumulate in APOE containing lipid particles, have been suggested as another approach to reduce neuroinflammation [7]. (j-alz.com)
  • Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a lipid-transport protein abundantly expressed in most neurons in the central nervous system. (dovepress.com)
  • APOE binds to cell-surface receptors to deliver lipids and to the hydrophobic amyloid-β peptide, regulating amyloid-β aggregations and clearances in the brain. (dovepress.com)
  • This review will summarize the updated research progress on APOE functions and its role in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cardiovascular diseases, multiple sclerosis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, Type III hyperlipoproteinemia, vascular dementia, and ischemic stroke. (dovepress.com)
  • The apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is located on chromosome 19 and encodes a glycoprotein that is 299 amino acids long. (dovepress.com)
  • APOE plays multiple roles in the regulation of lipid and lipoprotein levels in the blood. (dovepress.com)
  • 3 In this review, we discuss the biological functions of human APOE and its role in Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), cardiovascular diseases (CVD), multiple sclerosis (MS), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), vascular dementia (VD), and ischemic (occlusive) stroke (IS). (dovepress.com)
  • A study from the Buck Institute and UCLA offers an explanation for why a particular genetic form (allele) of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) poses the most significant genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease. (buckinstitute.org)
  • E1/E2 heterodimer binds host apolipoproteins such as APOB and APOE thereby forming a lipo-viro-particle (LVP) (PubMed:25122793, PubMed:29695434, PubMed:24838241). (proteopedia.org)
  • The interaction between E2 and host apolipoprotein E/APOE allows the proper assembly, maturation and infectivity of the viral particles (PubMed:25122793, PubMed:29695434). (proteopedia.org)
  • It is thought that the apolipoprotein E produced from the e4 allele of the APOE gene may disrupt the transport of a protein called alpha-synuclein into and out of cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Most people with this disorder have two copies of the APOE e2 allele, leading researchers to conclude that the e2 allele plays a critical role in the development of the condition. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Read about recent findings published in the Journal of Lipid Research . (asbmb.org)
  • Carlota Oleaga and colleagues at the Oregon Health & Science University recently published the results of their studies to characterize this less known form in the Journal of Lipid Research . (asbmb.org)
  • Aloïs Dusuel and colleagues at the University of Burgundy recently published findings in the Journal of Lipid Research that a protein tightly related to key players of the RLT pathway, cholesteryl ester transfer protein, or CETP, does not contribute to the binding and transfer of LPS in plasma. (asbmb.org)
  • Kanter and Bornfeldt recently published fluorescence microscopy images of atherosclerotic lesions in a mouse with induced Type 1 diabetes in the Journal of Lipid Research . (asbmb.org)
  • Since 2019, she also has served as an associate editor of the Journal of Lipid Research. (asbmb.org)
  • Autophagy prevents NAFLD and AFLD progression through enhanced lipid catabolism and decreasing hepatic steatosis, which is characterized by the accumulation of triglycerides and increased inflammation. (hindawi.com)
  • Adipocytes, the key components of the adipose tissue, have unique ability to store excess energy in the form of triglycerides, sense systemic energy demands, and secrete factors (lipids, peptides, cytokines, and adipokines) to regulate other metabolic tissues. (frontiersin.org)
  • Accumulation of neutral lipids, such as triglycerides, in key insulin target tissues, has been postulated to inhibit metabolic functions, however, they are less likely to be deleterious. (frontiersin.org)
  • Due to this insulin resistance, there is a greater release of free fatty acids from adipocytes, which in the liver induce an increase in the synthesis of triglycerides and stimulate the production of apolipoprotein B. An increase in the production of triglyceride-rich very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles is also observed, which increases the concentration of triglycerides in the blood [ 5 , 6 ]. (jabonline.in)
  • Thus, chylomicrons not only aid in the distribution of dietary triglycerides but also assist in preventing their accumulation in the body. (pediaa.com)
  • Triglycerides (TGs) and cholesterol contribute most to disease, although all lipids are physiologically important. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are multidisciplinary liver diseases that often accompany type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome, which are characterized by insulin resistance. (hindawi.com)
  • Therefore, effective treatment of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome should target not only the cardiometabolic abnormalities, but also the associated liver disorders. (hindawi.com)
  • Over the past two decades, the prevalence of metabolic abnormalities such as type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been increasing worldwide together with the escalating obesity pandemic [ 1 - 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Since NAFLD is closely associated with obesity, diabetes, and MetS, it is unknown whether the relationship between NAFLD and all-cause mortality and cardiovascular death, if any, is independent of cardiometabolic risk factors (Figure 1 ) such as MetS and type 2 diabetes. (hindawi.com)
  • Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is mostly associated with being overweight or obese. (jabonline.in)
  • As a consequence, there has also been a marked increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes all over the world and this chronic metabolic disease is now considered as a coronary heart disease risk equivalent. (researchgate.net)
  • There is a wealth of evidence suggesting that visceral adipose tissue, insulin resistance, and the development of the metabolic syndrome and/or type 2 diabetes are closely linked [1,2]. (myhealthywaist.org)
  • The authors suggested that steps should be taken to address components of the metabolic syndrome, such as waist circumference, in order to reduce the risk of developing the syndrome and related complications such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. (myhealthywaist.org)
  • The contribution of various lifestyle and therapeutic interventions to reducing body weight, abdominal fat in particular, and preventing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes is examined below. (myhealthywaist.org)
  • Although each component of the metabolic syndrome can be targeted separately through pharmacotherapy, it is also possible to take a more global therapeutic approach to treating the metabolic syndrome and/or type 2 diabetes by focusing on reducing excess atherogenic/diabetogenic visceral adipose tissue, which is often present in patients with the clustering abnormalities of this syndrome. (myhealthywaist.org)
  • These causes should all be targeted to reduce the risk of developing the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes [4]. (myhealthywaist.org)
  • Several studies have highlighted the benefits of lifestyle changes in preventing type 2 diabetes in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). (myhealthywaist.org)
  • To prospectively assess the long-term safety of statins in patients with prediabetes/type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). (medscape.com)
  • ABSTRACT In order to test whether hyperlipidaemia and glycaemic control can be improved among diabetes patients by dietary supplementation with purified omega-3 fatty acids, we carried out a double- blind, placebo-controlled trial on 50 type 2 diabetes patients randomized to 2 g/day purified omega-3 fatty acids or placebo for 10 weeks. (who.int)
  • This increase in VLDL causes an increase in the hepatic protein cholesterol ester transfer protein, which transfers cholesteryl esters from HDL to apolipoprotein B containing particles VLDL and LDL, reducing HDL concentration. (jabonline.in)
  • Human apolipoprotein C-I (apoC-I) is an exchangeable apolipoprotein that binds to lipoprotein particles in vivo. (edu.au)
  • 8-O-Acetyl shanzhiside methyl ester HDL particles as well as HDL associated proteins and lipids were shown to exert a broad scope of potentially anti-atherogenic effects [23]-[25]. (sciencepop.org)
  • Chylomicrons are assembled in intestinal mucosal cells from dietary lipids (primarily TAG). (pharmacy180.com)
  • Apo C-II activates endothelial lipoprotein lipase (LPL), which degrades the TAG in chylomicrons to fatty acids and glycerol. (pharmacy180.com)
  • Patients with a deficiency of LPL or apo C-II show a dramatic accumulation of chylomicrons in the plasma (type I hyperlipoproteinemia, or familial LPL deficiency) even if fasted. (pharmacy180.com)
  • Micelles and chylomicrons are two such globules that take the shape of a sphere. (pediaa.com)
  • Chylomicrons transport hydrophobic lipids from the small intestine to adipose, skeletal, and cardiac muscle tissue, while micelles help in the absorption of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins such as vitamins A, K, D, and E. (pediaa.com)
  • ABCA1 regulates the formation of nascent high-density lipoprotein (HDL) via cholesterol efflux to lipid free apolipoprotein A-1, whereas ABCG1 mediates cholesterol transport to the HDL fraction [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Also, the PGC-1α-overexpressing hepatocytes were protected from excess TAG accumulation following overnight lipid treatment. (eurekamag.com)
  • PGC-1α overexpression in hepatocytes lowered expression of genes critical to VLDL assembly and secretion (apolipoprotein B and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein). (eurekamag.com)
  • We have therefore investigated the effects of rapeseed oil (RO) and n-3 rich diets on the accumulation and secretion of H-3-glycerolipids by salmon hepatocytes. (nofima.no)
  • Our results show that the dietary FA composition markedly influences the endogenous FA composition and lipid content of the hepatocytes. (nofima.no)
  • The intracellular lipid level in hepatocytes from fish fed RO diet and DHA diet were higher, and the expressions of the genes for microsomal transfer protein (MTP) and apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A1) were lower, than those in fish fed the two other diets. (nofima.no)
  • Induces up-regulation of FAS promoter activity, and thereby contributes to the increased triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes (steatosis) (PubMed:14602201). (proteopedia.org)
  • Both EPA and DHA inhibit TAG synthesis and secretion, but only EPA induces mitochondrial proliferation and reduce intracellular lipid. (nofima.no)
  • LPC and CER both cause endothelial mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to fatty acid and triglyceride (TG) accumulation. (bvsalud.org)
  • When the genes whose promoters bind ApoE4 are considered in functional groups, their relationship to Alzheimer's disease is striking," said co-senior author Dale Bredesen, MD, Buck Institute faculty and a professor at the Easton Laboratories for Neurodegenerative Disease Research at UCLA, "ApoE4 targets genes associated with sirtuins and aging, insulin resistance, inflammation and oxidative damage, accumulation of amyloid plaques and tangled tau among others. (buckinstitute.org)
  • Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver condition that ranges from isolated liver fat accumulation to severe inflammation and necrosis [known as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)], in the absence of alcohol abuse and other causes of liver disease, such as viruses, autoimmunity, or drug-induced hepatitis. (medscape.com)
  • [ 5 ] Many mechanisms have been postulated to explain this association ( i.e., more severe insulin resistance, subclinical inflammation, ectopic fat accumulation with potential cardiolipotoxicity, and worse dyslipidemia). (medscape.com)
  • After the degradation of damaged proteins and lipids, amino acids and fatty acids are released into the cytoplasm and recycled for new biosynthesis of cellular components or energy production [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Hypoxia inducible lipid droplet-associated (Hilpda, also known as C7orf68 and HIG-2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HILPDA gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • Acanthocytes can be caused by (1) altered distribution or proportions of membrane lipids or by (2) membrane protein or membrane skeleton abnormalities. (medscape.com)
  • In membrane protein or membrane skeleton abnormalities, the defect is intrinsic but, again, causes imbalances in inner versus outer leaflet surface areas and abnormal interaction between the membrane skeleton and lipid membrane. (medscape.com)
  • Apolipoprotein AI (ApoA-I) is the most important and most abundant protein component of HDLs [28]. (kinasechem.com)
  • We measured body energy balance, tissue capacity to store exogenous lipids, lipogenesis and lipolysis rates in non-transgenic and apoCIII overexpressing mice fed a HFD during two months. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Lipogenesis rates were similar, while exogenous lipid retention was increased in perigonadal (2-fold) and brown adipose tissues (40 %) of apoCIII mice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In some embodiments, the non-naturally occurring microbial organism includesat least two enzymes of the 1,three-butanediol pathway are encoded by exogenous nucleic acids. (ehd.org)
  • The lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and the enzymatic activity of catalase (CAT) were measured in the cardiac muscle. (bvsalud.org)
  • Some previous data do not support the liter- process in the determination of morbidity ature suggesting adverse effects of omega-3 and mortality from coronary heart disease fatty acids on lipid peroxidation [ 2,21,35 ]. (who.int)
  • This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Prosopis ruscifolia on lipid profile in albino Swiss mice with hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. (jabonline.in)
  • However, the adipose tissue mass (45 %) and leptin plasma levels (2-fold) were significantly greater in apoCIII mice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Expression of WT macrophage ABCA1 in ABC1 -/- mice resulted in a small but significant increase in apoA-I levels starting 2 weeks after transplantation. (jci.org)
  • Comparable though more striking results have been obtained in apolipoprotein (apo) E knockout (KO) mice injected with reconstituted HDL [29] [30]. (sciencepop.org)
  • Typically, this loss of visceral adipose tissue reduces free fatty acid flux to the liver, which slows hepatic VLDL production, lowers plasma triglyceride and apolipoprotein B levels, and increases HDL cholesterol concentrations [5]. (myhealthywaist.org)
  • There is a belief among clinicians that patients with NASH are at a higher risk for hepatotoxicity when prescribed a statin, [ 9 ] and it has even been postulated that statins could increase hepatic fat accumulation in patients with NAFLD. (medscape.com)
  • One of the lipid droplet-associated proteins is HILPDA. (wikipedia.org)
  • With APOE4, lipid droplet accumulation in glia is drastically reduced and the protective mechanism breaks down. (longevity.technology)
  • In obesity the inherent capacity of adipose tissue to store and sense nutrients is compromised, causing spillover of the intermediate lipid metabolites into circulation and resulting in their ectopic deposition in tissues not suitable for lipid storage, a phenomenon known as lipotoxicity. (frontiersin.org)
  • In recent years, a newly discovered apolipoprotein has been proved to be closely related to the occurrence of obesity and metabolic syndrome. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Obesity, characterized by excessive accumulation of abdominal and visceral fat, is associated with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. (jabonline.in)
  • In addition to its ties to abdominal obesity, the metabolic syndrome has also been linked to blood lipid disorders, an inflammatory and pro-thrombotic state, hypertension, and insulin resistance. (myhealthywaist.org)
  • These diseases share common risk factors, which are exhibited in old age, including hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia and apolipoprotein (Apo) ε4 allele. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Apolipoprotein E gene allele 4 (APOE4) is a major genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). (j-alz.com)
  • With regards to the gender, evidence indicate that the APOE4 risk for AD is greater in women, especially in heterozygous individuals carrying one APOE4 allele [2]. (j-alz.com)
  • those who inherit two copies of the allele are at even greater risk. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Notably, recent studies suggest that the accumulation of sphingolipids, namely ceramides and it's metabolites, play essential roles in the development of insulin resistance in tissues such as skeletal muscle, liver and, adipose tissue in obese rodents, and humans ( 6 - 20 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • It is far from clear how these VOs affect liver lipid secretion and fish health. (nofima.no)
  • [ 2 ] and spur cell hemolytic anemia of severe liver disease. (medscape.com)
  • During the second quarter, we made important progress with key pipeline programs, including our two Phase 2 clinical programs, VK5211 for hip fracture and VK2809 for hypercholesterolemia and fatty liver disease," stated Brian Lian , Ph.D., chief executive officer of Viking. (prnewswire.com)
  • The upcoming trial will be a randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel group, multicenter trial in up to 80 patients, designed to evaluate the effects of VK2809 on plasma lipids and liver fat following 12 weeks of dosing. (prnewswire.com)
  • Lipids are fats that are either absorbed from food or synthesized by the liver. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In brief, an association was observed between alterations in lipid levels and the risk of developing T2D in the future. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The disease is clinically characterized by progressive degeneration of the central nervous system with visceral accumulation of cholesterol and sphingomyelin. (medscape.com)
  • In patients with the group A variant, sphingomyelin and other lipids are stored in the brain in increased amounts, a finding consistent with the neuronopathic features, whereas in patients with the group B form, the nervous tissue does not appear to store sphingomyelin. (medscape.com)
  • ASMD is characterized by the accumulation of sphingomyelin in late endosomes and lysosomes leading to progressive neurological dysfunction and hepatosplenomegaly. (pubpharm.de)
  • We determined the lead peptide, 22A, could reduce sphingomyelin accumulation in ASMD patient skin fibroblasts in a dose dependent manner. (pubpharm.de)
  • Plasma lipid profile may be abnormal. (medscape.com)
  • Oxidizability of human plasma measured in the presence of Cu(II) was found to correlate with the oxidizability of LDL measured in the common Cu(II)‐based LDL oxidation assay. (iospress.com)
  • In membrane lipid abnormalities, previously normal red cell precursors often acquire the acanthocytic morphology from the plasma. (medscape.com)
  • The alteration in plasma lipids in autosomal recessive abetalipoproteinemia caused by the absence of beta-apolipoprotein is best described. (medscape.com)
  • Evidences have suggested that proteins primarily related to plasma lipoprotein transport, such as apolipoprotein (apo) CIII and E, may significantly affect the process of body fat accumulation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As depicted in Figure 1, abdominally obese individuals should be encouraged to increase their daily energy expenditure in order to decrease visceral adipose tissue and improve their plasma lipoprotein-lipid profile and indices of plasma glucose-insulin homeostasis. (myhealthywaist.org)
  • Pathway defects in lipoprotein synthesis, processing, and clearance can lead to accumulation of atherogenic lipids in plasma and endothelium. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In previous research, the team connected the neuroprotective mechanism to the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, apolipoprotein APOE4. (longevity.technology)
  • The risk of developing AD is increased by 8-15-fold if an individual is carrying two copies of the APOE4 gene. (j-alz.com)
  • APOE4 has an increased lipid binding ability and shows increased cellular accumulation of cholesterol and cholesterol esters. (j-alz.com)
  • Publishing on January 20th in The Journal of Neuroscience, researchers cast the lipid-binding ApoE4 in an entirely new light, showing that it is a transcription factor that enters the nucleus and binds DNA with high affinity, including the promoter regions of 1700 different genes. (buckinstitute.org)
  • Seventy-five million Americans are ApoE4 carriers, putting them at increased risk for Alzheimer's disease, and another 7 million carry two copies of ApoE4, giving them an even higher, 10 - 12 fold increased risk of developing Alzheimer's. (buckinstitute.org)
  • Lipids are a structural component in the cell membranes and help in signalling, storing energy, and heat insulation. (pediaa.com)
  • Induction of canonical autophagy is mainly controlled by the AKT/mTOR and AMPK signaling pathways and relies on the activation and assembly of two macromolecular complexes, the ATG1/ULK1 and the Class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) complex (Figure 1 ) [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Determining how lipid pathways and cardiovascular disease are linked is a complex and rapidly evolving quest. (asbmb.org)
  • Cytoplasmic CE is cleared by two main pathways. (endotext.org)
  • S1PR1 activates signaling pathways including PI3K-Akt PKC p38 MAPK ERK1/2 and Rho kinases. (sciencepop.org)
  • In general, the formation of acanthocytes depends on alteration of the lipid composition and fluidity of the red cell membrane. (medscape.com)
  • The causes of this preferential adipose tissue accumulation include an obesogenic and diabetogenic diet, a low level of physical activity leading to a positive energy balance, and genetic susceptibility. (myhealthywaist.org)
  • Total body adiposity correlates with the amount of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT), a specific visceral fat accumulation around the myocardium in the proximity to the coronary arteries [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • They function to keep lipids (primarily triacyl-glycerol [TAG] and cholesteryl esters) soluble as they transport them between tissues. (pharmacy180.com)
  • The Niemann-Pick group of diseases can be subclassified into two categories: (1) those with a primary deficiency in acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) activity (ie, types A and B) and (2) those with defective intracellular processing and transporting of low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-derived cholesterol (ie, type C). (medscape.com)
  • Iodine deficiency affects approximately two billion people around the world and is the number one preventable cause of intellectual disability. (rawfoodsbible.com)
  • Acid sphingomyelinase deficiency (ASMD) is a severe lipid storage disorder caused by the diminished activity of the acid sphingomyelinase enzyme. (pubpharm.de)
  • Altogether, the findings provide new mechanistic insight into factors involved in Alzheimer's disease development, supporting the idea that multiple alterations at the genetic and other cellular levels combine to induce the disease [ 2 ]. (longevity.technology)
  • Engaged when neurons face high levels of ROS, the neuroprotective mechanism is stimulated neurons to produce abundant lipids. (longevity.technology)
  • Micellar DHPC and DHPS strongly inhibited apoC-II fibril formation, whereas submicellar levels of these lipids accelerated apoC-II fibril formation to a similar degree. (edu.au)
  • Mutation occurring in ATP binding cassette transporter 1 (ABC1) which enables exit of cholesterol from the cell with resultant decrease in the levels of lipid-rich HDL-lipoprotein in the circulation decrease. (researchsquare.com)
  • In this study we aimed to investigate the effects of ABCA 1 gene on lipid levels, and patient's clinical parameters under various polymorphic conditions in patients with primary hyperlipidemia. (researchsquare.com)
  • Omega-3 fatty acids had no significant effect on serum lipid levels, ApoA-I, glucose, insulin and HbA1c. (who.int)
  • According to the World Health Organization (WHO) global report, ~422 million adults were living with diabetes in 2014 ( 1 ), and that cardiovascular diseases account for 31% mortality worldwide ( 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Currently, serum apolipoprotein (a) [apo(a)] is recognized as a novel risk factor for cardiovascular risk assessment and patient management. (cdc.gov)
  • Our study demonstrates that the C-terminal amphipathic alpha-helix of human apoC-I contains the major lipid-binding determinants, including important aromatic residues F42 and F46, which we show play a critical role in stabilizing the structure of apoC-I, mediating phospholipid interactions, and promoting discoidal particle morphology. (edu.au)
  • Thus, apoCIII overexpression resulted in increased NEFA availability to adipose uptake and decreased adipocyte lipolysis, favoring lipid enlargement of adipose depots. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Due to engagement with cholesterol-rich HDLs, the ability to mediate bi-directional cholesterol flux, and its overexpression in multiple malignancy types [2,13,15C18], SR-B1 has been the most analyzed HDL receptor in malignancy. (kinasechem.com)
  • In contrast to wild-type apoC-I (WT), which binds DMPC vesicles with an apparent Kd [Kd(app)] of 0.89 microM, apoC-I(F42A) and apoC-I(F46A) possess 2-fold weaker affinities for DMPC with Kd(app) of 1.52 microM and 1.58 microM, respectively. (edu.au)
  • HDL originates as discoidal complexes of apolipoproteins and phospholipids. (jci.org)
  • The misfolding and self-assembly of proteins into amyloid fibrils that occurs in several debilitating and age-related diseases is affected by common components of amyloid deposits, notably lipids and lipid complexes. (edu.au)
  • The purpose of this crossover study was to examine the acute effects of exercise on apolipoproteins and particle size. (ijrep.org)
  • Each nascent chylomicron particle has one molecule of apolipoprotein (apo) B-48. (pharmacy180.com)
  • In the capillaries of adipose and muscle tissue, apoprotein C-II (apo C-II) on the chylomicron activates endothelial lipoprotein lipase (LPL) to convert 90% of chylomicron triglyceride to fatty acids and glycerol, which are taken up by adipocytes and muscle cells for energy use or storage. (msdmanuals.com)
  • However, lipid moieties such as lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and ceramide (CER) contribute to atherogenic events. (bvsalud.org)
  • Significantly, the lifestyle intervention program reduced waist circumference by 4.4 ± 5.2 cm and improved both glucose-insulin homeostasis variables and lipoprotein-lipid parameters associated with the metabolic syndrome. (myhealthywaist.org)
  • This study aimed to determine the effects of the CXC chemokine ligand 16 (CXCL16)/CXC chemokine receptor 6 (CXCR6) pathway on cholesterol accumulation in the radial arteries of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients with concomitant microinflammation and to further investigate the potential effects of the purinergic receptor P2X ligand-gated ion channel 7 (P2X7R). (medsci.org)
  • There is a resemblance to liposome to plasmalemma and the microscope picture served as first real evidence for cell membrane being a bilayer lipid structure. (ijpsr.com)
  • Liposome is an artificially prepared vesicle primarily composed of a lipid bilayer. (ijpsr.com)
  • title = Clinical features and molecular genetics of two Tunisian families with abetalipoproteinemia. (librepathology.org)
  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, accounting for 60-80% of all cases [ 2 ]. (nature.com)
  • Our results indicate that lipids promote on-pathway intermediates of apoC-II fibril assembly and that the accumulation of a discrete tetrameric intermediate depends on the molecular state of the lipid. (edu.au)