• The arachidonic acid, released by phospholipase A2, is an important substrate for the production of a group of lipid mediators known as leukotrienes, which induce proinflammatory signaling through the activation of specific BLT and CysLT receptors. (hindawi.com)
  • IL-8 can signal through two receptors, CXCR1 and CXCR2 both of which are members of the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Maintaining bile acid (BA) homeostasis is important and regulated by BA activated receptors and signaling pathways. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Understand Nuclear Receptors through our introduction to this family of intracellular transcription factors that regulate gene expression. (indigobiosciences.com)
  • Unlike receptors found on the cell surface, members of the nuclear hormone receptor (NR) superfamily are restricted to metazoan organisms such as nematodes, insects, and vertebrates. (indigobiosciences.com)
  • Bile acids themselves are interesting molecules being ligands to nuclear and G protein-coupled receptors, but perhaps the intermedi. (swan.ac.uk)
  • Bile acids themselves are interesting molecules being ligands to nuclear and G protein-coupled receptors, but perhaps the intermediates in the bile acid biosynthesis pathways are even more interesting and equally important. (swan.ac.uk)
  • The interaction of these substances in the vascular wall determines important morphological alterations like the early lipid retention and the accumulation of foam cells, the development of intimal hyperplasia, and advanced atherosclerotic lesions, and it plays an important role in the rupture of atherosclerotic plaque. (hindawi.com)
  • Wortmannin, an inhibitor of PI3K, was used to further investigate the role of transcription factors FoxO1 and PPARγ and their downstream target genes in promoting adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation, and in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hepatocellular lipid accumulation is thought to simultaneously stimulate mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and the production of ROS, thereby promoting lipid peroxidation and damage of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) ( 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Autophagy prevents NAFLD and AFLD progression through enhanced lipid catabolism and decreasing hepatic steatosis, which is characterized by the accumulation of triglycerides and increased inflammation. (hindawi.com)
  • If the capacity of the adipocyte to store lipids is exceeded, it can no longer regulate the release of FFAs into the circulation, which ultimately leads to the abnormal accumulation of lipid in nonadipose depots. (jci.org)
  • Lipid accumulation is the primary evidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) and its flavonoid ingredients (quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin) could lessen the lipid accumulation associated with up-regulation of the rate-limiting enzyme, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A), in the β-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our previous work has shown that GBE regulates lipid metabolism and lessens the lipid accumulation in the livers of rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD) or hepatocytes at the transcriptome regulation level. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, GSOs protected cells against GLU-induced apoptosis by reducing the expression of the mitochondrial apoptosis-associated Bcl-2 family effector proteins and protected cells from GLU-induced oxidative damage by increasing the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and HO-1 expression. (sdbonline.org)
  • By focusing on the critical roles of different metabolic programs, such as glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid oxidation, fatty acid synthesis, and amino acid metabolism, as well as their essential regulators in modulating Treg proliferation, migration, and function, we hope to provide new insights into Treg cell-targeted antitumor immunotherapies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, LN-metastatic tumors showed greater upregulation than primary tumors of genes involved in fatty acid metabolism, adipogenesis, bile acid metabolism, cholesterol homeostasis, and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). (amegroups.org)
  • LDHA converts pyruvate into lactic acid and NAD+, while LDHB converts lactic acid into pyruvate to promote oxidative metabolism. (medicaltrend.org)
  • Intestinal differentiation and expression of tight junction proteins in jejunum and colon were significantly increased by orally ingested MFGM, and MFGM supplementation significantly activated PI3K/Akt/mTOR, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and myosin light chain kinase signaling pathways, suggesting that MFGM promotes intestinal development by triggering various signaling pathways. (bvsalud.org)
  • Induction of canonical autophagy is mainly controlled by the AKT/mTOR and AMPK signaling pathways and relies on the activation and assembly of two macromolecular complexes, the ATG1/ULK1 and the Class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) complex (Figure 1 ) [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The multifunctional regulator nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) is considered not only as a cytoprotective factor regulating the expression of genes coding for anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and detoxifying proteins, but it is also a powerful modulator of species longevity. (springer.com)
  • Nrf2 stabilization and increase in its half-life even to 200 min [ 9 ] allows nuclear translocation and activation of transcription of cytoprotective genes (Fig. 1 ). (springer.com)
  • Enriched expression of genes in LRECb was associated with stem cell attributes and identified WNT, TGF-β, and MAPK pathways of self renewal and proliferation. (frontiersin.org)
  • Transcriptional analysis of ACBP-deficient parasites revealed differentially expressed genes involved in a wide range of biological processes such as lipid metabolism, posttranslational modification, and membrane biogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Genes associated with metabolism or insulin signaling were further quantified using the real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). (thno.org)
  • compounds in ABCG5 have the ligand of water( MIM:210250), divided by dual selective complex of both and nuclear genes depending lipid and unclear large precursor. (erik-mill.de)
  • Loss of the tuberous sclerosis complex tumor suppressors triggers the unfolded protein response to regulate insulin signaling and apoptosis. (nih.gov)
  • Interestingly, rbf1 -induced apoptosis leads to a debcl - and drp1 -dependent Reactive Oxygen Species production, which in turn activates the Jun Kinase pathway to trigger cell death. (sdbonline.org)
  • Notably, Debcl modulates Drp1 mitochondrial localization during apoptosis. (sdbonline.org)
  • Antiquitin function and subcellular localization are closely linked, as it functions in detoxification in the cytosol, lysine catabolism in the mitochondrion, and cell cycle progression in the nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hexokinase (HXK) is the only plant enzyme that phosphorylates glucose (Glc), so it is key to fueling several metabolic pathways depending on their substrate specificity, metabolite regulatory responses and subcellular localization. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The N-terminal mitochondrial targeting sequence is responsible for mitochondrial localization, while the nuclear localization signal and nuclear export signal are necessary for nuclear localization. (wikipedia.org)
  • Figure 2: Retrograde signalling via the JUN kinase pathway after an axonal lesion. (nature.com)
  • We speculate that Ad36 may induce adipocyte differentiation and changes of glucose and lipid metabolism by regulating PI3K/Akt/FoxO1/PPARγ signaling pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These differences are probably attributable to the different ErbB2 epitopes recognized by EDIAs and Herceptin, respectively, as we have previously reported that they induce different signaling mechanisms that control tumor and cardiac cell viability. (cirn-na.com)
  • The glycerolipid biosynthetic or Kennedy pathway is responsible for the synthesis of triacylglycerol and phospholipids de novo . (aocs.org)
  • The entire pathway for triacylglycerol synthesis consists of four enzymatic steps, which catalyze sequential reactions starting from sn -glycerol-3-phosphate and ending with triacylglycerol (TG) ( Fig. 1 ). (aocs.org)
  • Furthermore, two intermediates in this pathway, phosphatidic acid and diacylglycerol, serve as essential precursors for the synthesis of phospholipids. (aocs.org)
  • Ad36 may promote fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis, and improve insulin sensitivity by affecting the PI3K/Akt/FoxO1/PPARγ signaling pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Lipid synthesis requires bulk carbon skeleton acyl-CoAs, the transport of which depends on the acyl-CoA binding protein (ACBP). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fatty acids provide the acyl skeleton for lipid synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Before entering lipid synthesis pathways, different kinds of acyl-CoA transporters which acts as the major carrier of acyl-CoAs, such as fatty acid binding protein (FABP), sterol carrier protein 2 (SCP2) and acyl-CoA-binding protein (ACBP), would activate and convert fatty acids to fatty acyl-CoA esters via a reaction catalyzed by fatty acyl-CoA synthetase and transported to various metabolic locations [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the liver, two major pathways carry out BA synthesis, the classic and the alternative pathway. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Here we report that antidiabetic thiazolidinediones (TZDs) and other ligands for the nuclear receptor PPARγ dramatically upregulate oxidized LDL receptor 1 (OLR1) in adipocytes by facilitating the exchange of coactivators for corepressors on the OLR1 gene in cultured mouse adipocytes. (jci.org)
  • Moreover, modulation of the proteins involved in cellular metal homeostasis may help in the regulation of metabolism, adaptability to a diverse range of environmental conditions, and biofortification. (frontiersin.org)
  • The regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism by Ad36 was further explored in vitro. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Futhermore, the molecular mechanism of MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signaling pathway regulation by RASSF7 was explored. (cellmolbiol.org)
  • The goal of this minireview is to provide an update on the regulation of bile acid (BA) homeostasis by the nuclear receptor Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the effects on this regulation by exposure to environmental or therapeutic agents. (aspetjournals.org)
  • JUN amino-terminal kinases (JNKs) and associated scaffolding and activator molecules participate in retrograde injury signalling. (nature.com)
  • Importins associated with dynein are an important component of retrograde injury signalling complexes and enable transport of direct importin cargoes, such as transcription factors, as well as secondary cargoes that bind scaffolding molecules associated with importins. (nature.com)
  • Local translation of axonally localized mRNAs is required for retrograde injury signalling, enabling recruitment of key molecules such as importin β1 to the complex. (nature.com)
  • Lipids are the major structural elements of all biological membranes, serving as signaling molecules within and between cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We put forward the hypothesis that the acidic pathway of bile acid biosynthesis has primary evolved to generate signalling molecules and its utilisation by hepatocytes provides an added bonus of producing bile acids to aid absorption of lipids in the intestine. (swan.ac.uk)
  • Alteration of the balance in uptake, distribution, and/or storage of these minerals severely impairs cellular metabolism and significantly affects plant growth and development. (frontiersin.org)
  • Thus, any change in the metal profile of a cellular compartment significantly affects metabolism. (frontiersin.org)
  • Different subcellular compartments are suggested to be linked through complex retrograde signaling networks to regulate cellular metal homeostasis. (frontiersin.org)
  • Here, we review progress in the understanding of different subcellular metal transport components in plants and discuss the prospects of regulating cellular metabolism and strategies to develop biofortified crop plants. (frontiersin.org)
  • We offer a selection of recent papers on a variety of topics from the Journal of Biological Chemistry , the Journal of Lipid Research and Molecular & Cellular Proteomics . (asbmb.org)
  • In neutrophils, IL-8 binding to CXCR1 triggers G protein-coupled signalling and formation of second messengers that mediate cellular migration, exocytosis of effectors and a respiratory burst to facilitate oxygen-dependent killing of phagocytosed microorganisms [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The emergence of these findings, suggesting a direct control of cellular metabolism by tumorigenic pathways, has helped fuel explosive growth in this area of cancer research. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Paralleling the emergence of targeted therapeutics in cancer treatment, a variety of experimental approaches has led to the conclusion that tumors bearing some specific genetic alterations may lead them to be uniquely sensitive to agents deregulating their cellular metabolism. (aacrjournals.org)
  • After the degradation of damaged proteins and lipids, amino acids and fatty acids are released into the cytoplasm and recycled for new biosynthesis of cellular components or energy production [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Furthermore, antiquitin functions as an aldehyde dehydrogenase for α-AASA in the pipecolic acid pathway of lysine catabolism. (wikipedia.org)
  • Since endothelial dysfunction precedes overt atherosclerosis, investigating the ability of drugs to activate cytoprotective signalling pathways that prevent or reverse endothelial dysfunction is an attractive research strategy. (bmj.com)
  • This study aims to investigate the molecular mechanism of Adenovirus type 36 (Ad36) in adipocyte differentiation and glucolipid metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, the mechanism underlying the effect of Ad36 induced adipocyte differentiation and changes in glucose and lipid metabolism is unclear. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study provides a foundation for elucidating the molecular mechanism of lipid metabolism in N. caninum . (biomedcentral.com)
  • The control of nuclear localization via phosphorylation and dephosphorylation serves as the primary regulatory mechanism for MiT family proteins, and several kinases and phosphatases have been identified to directly determine the transcriptional activities of MiT proteins. (molcells.org)
  • Lipins are cytosolic phosphatidate phosphatases (PAPs) involved in the glycerolipid biosynthesis pathway. (aocs.org)
  • Here we discuss the biological activity of the different intermediates generated in the various bile acid biosynthesis pathways. (swan.ac.uk)
  • Bile acid biosynthesis in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome bypassing cholesterol: Potential importance of pathway intermediates by: Jonas Abdel-Khalik, et al. (swan.ac.uk)
  • In conclusion, orally ingested MFGM may exert beneficial roles in intestinal development by activating various cell signaling pathways to upregulate tight junction proteins and thereby increasing intestinal barrier functions. (bvsalud.org)
  • modern pathway proteins, highly 100 responsibilities also, showed Okazaki mitochondria are located on the RNA-DNA males other. (erik-mill.de)
  • In this review, we elaborate on the characteristics of Treg metabolism and metabolic determinants involved in regulating Treg proliferation, migration, and suppressive capacity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The following introduces some metabolic pathways regulated by high lactate levels, which are related to the occurrence and development of chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer. (medicaltrend.org)
  • Mechanistically, FSH, via binding to hepatic FSHRs, activates the Gi2α/β-arrestin-2/Akt pathway and subsequently inhibits the binding of FoxO1 with the SREBP-2 promoter, thus preventing FoxO1 from repressing SREBP-2 gene transcription. (nature.com)
  • post-menopausal women with a higher serum FSH (≥78.3 IU/L) had higher serum TC and LDL-C levels than those with relatively lower FSH levels (40-78.3 IU/L), and ovariectomized mice had higher serum FSH and lipid levels and reduced hepatic LDL receptor expression. (nature.com)
  • Here, we report that treatment with orally administered ginger-derived nanoparticles (GDNP) prevents insulin resistance by restoring homeostasis in gut epithelial Foxa2 mediated signaling in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). (thno.org)
  • The adipocyte is the major site of fatty acid storage in the body and plays a critical role in maintaining normal glucose and lipid homeostasis. (jci.org)
  • Studies from a number of laboratories in the past decade have revealed that the central pathways deregulated in cancer often serve to coordinately regulate both classic oncogenic signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation and cell survival with pathways controlling cell metabolism. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Furthermore, our findings also demonstrated that RASSF7 promoted HCC cell proliferation through activating MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signaling pathway. (cellmolbiol.org)
  • RASSF7 Hepatocellular carcinoma Proliferation Cell cycle MEK1/2-ERK1/2 pathway. (cellmolbiol.org)
  • The Hippo signaling pathway, which was first discovered in Drosophila , guides organ growth in many multicellular organisms by regulating the proliferation, differentiation, and death of cells ( 1 , 2 ). (amegroups.org)
  • Not only did curcumin treatment increase mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number in hepatocytes, but it also increased levels of transcriptional factors that regulate mitochondrial biogenesis, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (PGC1α), nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Clearly, miRNA activity is kept in check by various regulatory mechanisms that control their biogenesis and decay pathways. (eurekaselect.com)
  • Comparison of the body weight, clinical biochemical indicators, insulin sensitivity and lipid heterotopic deposition between these two models was performed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The miR-367-3p increases sorafenib chemotherapy efficacy to suppress hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis through altering the androgen receptor signals. (cellmolbiol.org)
  • Growing tumors exist in metabolically compromised environments that require activation of multiple pathways to scavenge nutrients to support accelerated rates of growth. (jci.org)
  • Now, the team is going back a step further in the pathway leading to DESAT1 degradation, trying to understand how temperature changes are sensed inside the cell to lead to changes in fatty acid composition and consequent effects on the whole organism. (asbmb.org)
  • In the most basic model of this pathway, YAP/TAZ is targeted for degradation or sequestration in the cytoplasm when phosphorylated. (amegroups.org)
  • Many studies regarding myocardial ischemia and reperfusion show that leukotriene signaling may be involved in the development of ischemic injury. (hindawi.com)
  • For these reasons, the leukotriene pathway may represent an alternative therapeutic target in the treatment of atherosclerotic vessel diseases [ 6 , 13 , 14 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • thus, long-distance retrograde signalling from axonal lesion sites to the soma and nucleus is required. (nature.com)
  • Figure 3: Importins and local translation in retrograde injury signalling. (nature.com)
  • Ibanez, C. F. Message in a bottle: long-range retrograde signaling in the nervous system. (nature.com)
  • Harrington, A. W. & Ginty, D. D. Long-distance retrograde neurotrophic factor signalling in neurons. (nature.com)
  • These results show that IL-8 induces autocrine signalling via an apical CXCR1 in Caco-2 BBE intestinal epithelial cells and that this receptor is also expressed on the apical surface of differentiated human intestinal epithelial cells in vivo , suggesting an autocrine function for IL-8 secreted in the lumen. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Exclusion of the above in the final protein product leads to cytosolic localization. (wikipedia.org)
  • Concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides are strongly correlated in the adipocyte, but little is known about mechanisms regulating cholesterol metabolism in fat cells. (jci.org)
  • Obesity can be viewed as a state of long-term lipid disequilibrium that is marked by massive adipocyte hypertrophy and is a major risk factor for developing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. (jci.org)
  • The protein encoded by this gene can localize to the cytosol, mitochondria, or nucleus depending on the inclusion of certain localization sequences. (wikipedia.org)
  • The key effectors of the mammalian Hippo pathway are the yes-associated protein (YAP) of proto-oncogenes and its paralog, transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ). (amegroups.org)
  • Moreover, blocking FSH signaling by anti-FSHβ antibody or ablating the FSH receptor ( FSHR ) gene could effectively prevent hypercholesterolemia induced by FSH injection or high-cholesterol diet feeding. (nature.com)
  • The classic pathway is the predominant pathway, with the first and rate-limiting reaction catalyzed by a cytochrome P450 enzyme, cholesterol 7 α -hydroxylase (CYP7A1). (aspetjournals.org)
  • Cholesterol metabolism pathways - are the intermediates more important than the products? (swan.ac.uk)
  • The major route of cholesterol metabolism is conversion to bile acids. (swan.ac.uk)
  • Defective cholesterol metabolism in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by: Eylan Yutuc, et al. (swan.ac.uk)
  • Imaging Sterols and Oxysterols in Mouse Brain Reveals Distinct Spatial Cholesterol Metabolism by: Eylan Yutuc, et al. (swan.ac.uk)
  • The polybasic nuclear localization sequence (NLS) on the lipins as well as the oligomerization of lipins mediates membrane association. (aocs.org)
  • Transcriptome analyses revealed that Caco-2 BBE cells respond to stimulation with IL-8 supporting the hypothesis that IL-8 induces G protein-coupled receptor signalling. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This microbiota-diet interaction leads to changes in histone modification at active enhancers that are enriched for binding sites for signal responsive transcription factors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In some processes, chromatin modifications carry heritable regulatory information that is transmitted from mother to daughter cells, whereas in other cases, they are implicated in the execution of the information contained in the DNA sequence, or occur as a consequence of dynamic nuclear processes such as transcription. (plos.org)
  • In addition, curcumin eliminated the effects of leptin on the activation of HSCs in vitro by reducing the phosphorylation level of the leptin receptor (Ob-R), leading to the suppression of Ob-R gene expression and the interruption of leptin signaling ( 8 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • platelet endothelium unclear G trans-phosphorylation 8( ABCG8 lipid region), has a ' Neonatal Dove ', that is a vasodilation with another new complex b5 in the coated complex. (erik-mill.de)
  • Taken together, this study provides a novel evidence for clinical significance of RASSF7 as a potential biomarker, and demonstrates that RASSF7- MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signaling pathway might be a novel pathway involved in HCC progression. (cellmolbiol.org)
  • Neurons require specialized mechanisms of motor-facilitated signal transport for communication along long axonal distances to the cell body and the nucleus. (nature.com)
  • As JNK signalling can have effects that range from neurite growth promotion to cell death induction, multiple regulatory mechanisms are required to ensure specificity of the signal. (nature.com)
  • dGLYAT was found to regulate Gadd45 -mediated JNK pathway activation and cell invasion. (sdbonline.org)
  • Firstly, loss of dGLYAT suppressed scrib depletion- or Egr overexpression-induced JNK pathway activation and invasive cell migration. (sdbonline.org)
  • The modern view believes that lactic acid is an important carbon source and signal molecule for cell metabolism. (medicaltrend.org)
  • Freiburgers mentioned the download advanced mass spectrometry for food safety and quality volume cell over analgesic tract pathways alone, and also the Tuition is ResearchGate snRNP. (evakoch.com)
  • Note the marked absence of all fat depots in the patient with generalized lipoatrophy, with preservation of marrow fat and a lipid-filled liver. (medscape.com)
  • In addition, FXR is critical in regulating lipid metabolism and reducing inflammation, processes critical in the development of cholestasis and fatty liver diseases. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The impact of exposures on bile acid (BA) signaling and Farnesoid X receptor-mediated gut-liver crosstalk is emerging. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Additionally, we determined the localization of the CXCR1 receptor in Caco-2 BBE cells and human intestinal tissue samples and investigated the role of IL-8 autocrine signalling using transcriptomics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This review provides a bird's eye view of miRNAs expressed in different subcellular locations, thus affecting the gene regulatory pathways therein. (eurekaselect.com)
  • These alterations of histone methylation and acetylation are associated with signaling pathways integral to the development of colon cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Using Hdac6-deficient mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEF) we show that this localization is mediated by the histone deacetylase 6, HDAC6. (cirn-na.com)
  • In the intestinal mucosa, several adaptations of TLR signalling have evolved to avoid chronic inflammatory responses to the presence of commensal microbes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, it is not known if CXCR1 is expressed on the apical or basolateral poles in polarized Caco-2 BBE cells or human intestinal tissue or whether the direction of TLR signalling influences the direction of IL-8 secretion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here we investigated IL-8 secretion in response to TLR signalling using intestinal Caco-2 BBE cells grown in the Transwell system. (biomedcentral.com)