Lipid induce antigen presenting cell. Medical search. Frequent questions

This response provides the first line of defense against infectious disease and is primarily mediated by phagocytic, antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells. (rndsystems.com)
Yvette van Kooyk is professor in Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, head of the department Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology and PI of the Dendritic Cell Immunobiology group. (immunologyamsterdam.org)
We explore the innate immune system, with a focus on dendritic cells and macrophages, to develop novel therapeutics in cancer and inflammatory diseases. (immunologyamsterdam.org)
Dendritic cells and macrophages have unique properties to act as sensors for local changes and respond to tissue injury by producing inflammatory mediators or help to eliminate injury and restore tissues. (immunologyamsterdam.org)
We study innate glycan binding receptors that recognize glycosylated structures on pathogens or (altered) tissues, modulate immune activating or regulatory programs of dendritic cells and myeloid cells. (immunologyamsterdam.org)
Professional antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells (DC) and Langerhans cells (LC) have also the capability to induce long-term cellular immunity. (immunologyamsterdam.org)
Migration of macrophages and dendritic cells related phagocytic antigen presenting cells has recently been shown to be critical for their egress out of plaques a key step in the regression of atherosclerotic plaques [9]-[14]. (sciencepop.org)
Dendritic cells or macrophages were transfected with either plasmid DNA encoding glycoprotein B or DNA encoding the immediate-early protein ICP27. (duke.edu)
Dendritic cells, as APC, generated the maximal responses, but such cells needed to be transfected with DNA in the presence of a cationic lipid. (duke.edu)
Infected cells eventually die and can then be taken up by immune system cells such as dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. (personalizemymedicine.com)
Alpha-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) is a glycolipid that can be loaded into MHC-class-I-related CD1d molecules by dendritic cells and has been shown to stimulate invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. (tmu.edu.tw)
The maturation and cytokine production of dendritic cells will also be investigated after cultured with α-GalCer-incorporated liposomes in vitro. (tmu.edu.tw)
The surface protein gp120 is a ligand for CD209/DC-SIGN and CLEC4M/DC-SIGNR, which are respectively found on dendritic cells (DCs), and on endothelial cells of liver sinusoids and lymph node sinuses. (antikoerper-online.de)
SIV subverts the migration properties of dendritic cells to gain access to CD4+ T-cells in lymph nodes. (antikoerper-online.de)
The skin is richer in antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cells or DC) than the muscle and therefore immune responses start already at the site of injection. (icpcovid.com)
At the same time, lymphocytes can be activated in the lymph nodes by antigen-presenting cells (e.g., dendritic cells) from the tissue, initiating the production of antibodies by B cells and the migration of T helper lymphocytes to the inflamed site. (bvsalud.org)
Particular fucosylated glycans and glycosides, are sole anti-inflammatory immunomodulators that upon binding to the cell-surface receptor DC-SIGN, bias dendritic cells toward a tolerogenic phenotype with production of Treg cells and immunotolerance. (pharmafocusasia.com)

Modeled after APCs, aAPCs need to have at least two signals to stimulate antigen specific T cells. (wikipedia.org)
MHC class I are found on all cells and stimulate cytotoxic T cells (CD8 cells), and MHC class II are found on APCs and stimulate helper T cells (CD4 cells). (wikipedia.org)
Lipid bilayer-based particles with a fluid membrane have been developed as aAPCs to replicate interactions between natural APCs and T cells in nature. (wikipedia.org)
Even in the absence of T cells, natural APCs have been found to precluster antigens. (wikipedia.org)
These cells are called antigen-presenting cells (APCs), as they have the ability to present fragments of the proteins that they engulf on their surface. (personalizemymedicine.com)
The APCs move to lymph nodes where they can present the antigen to T cells, activating them. (personalizemymedicine.com)
Obese adipocytes overexpress MHC class II molecules and costimulators to act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and promote the activation of CD4 + T cells. (frontiersin.org)
First, we introduce adipocytes as APCs to participate in T cell-mediated adaptive immune response. (frontiersin.org)
Lately, it has been described a novel function for ILCs as antigen presenting cells (APCs) through MHC-II-dependent presentation of commensal-derived antigens (3-7). (europa.eu)
Despite increasing data during the last decades, how commensal lipids are handled by immune cells, the contribution of different APCs to lipid presentation, and their effects on mucosal NKT cells remain poorly understood. (europa.eu)
As a result of the progress of the project, it was found that NKT cell-APCs crosstalk is a key mechanism for the regulation of intestinal homeostasis. (europa.eu)
Upon arrival, T cells enlisted the support of nearly all brain-resident myeloid cells (microglia) by inducing proliferation and converting them into CD11c(+) antigen-presenting cells (APCs). (bioxcell.com)

Central in her work is the development of new glycan modified immune therapy for cancer and allergy, targeting glycan binding receptors on skin resident antigens presenting cells that induce or inhibit immunity. (immunologyamsterdam.org)
The adaptive immune response consists of T cell-mediated cellular immunity and B cell-mediated humoral immunity. (frontiersin.org)
Therefore, adipocytes play an important role in B cell-mediated adaptive immunity. (frontiersin.org)
This review describes how adipocytes participate in adaptive immunity from the perspective of T cells and B cells, and discusses their role in the pathogenesis of various diseases. (frontiersin.org)
There are two main mechanisms in the adaptive immune system-humoral immunity and cellular immunity, which are mediated by antibodies and cells respectively. (frontiersin.org)
The T and B cells are the major components of adaptive immunity. (frontiersin.org)
DCs are professional antigen presenting cells, critical for host immunity by inducing specific immune responses against a broad variety of pathogens. (antikoerper-online.de)
The current project titled Regulation of lipid-mediated immunity in the intestine aimed to explore the mechanisms regulating lipid-mediated immunity in the intestine. (europa.eu)
Taking this into consideration, this project has focussed in understanding the mechanisms controlling lipid-mediated immunity by examining the ILC-NKT cell crosstalk. (europa.eu)
as well as the study of the role of ILC3s on lipid-mediated immunity (Aim 2). (europa.eu)
As mentioned above, the project aimed to investigate the mechanisms regulating lipid-mediated immunity in the intestinal mucosa by examining the crosstalk between ILCs and NKT cells. (europa.eu)
Comparable to the helminths' strategy, the therapy and prevention of autoimmune diseases would require the induction of an anti-inflammatory Th2 immunity, while inhibiting the damaging T-cell mediated pro-inflammatory immunities [4]. (pharmafocusasia.com)
An effective alternative to immunosuppression, would be to elicit an antigen-specific anti-inflammatory immunity, inducing immunotolerance to a self-antigen(s). (pharmafocusasia.com)
The high burden of infectious diseases and the extensive vaccination campaigns previously conducted in Africa could have induced specific and non-specific protective immunity to infectious pathogens in Africans. (cdc.gov)
Deficiencies are highly variable with regard to symptoms, phenotype, genotype, severity, etc, because many cells and molecules are required for both natural and adaptive immunity . (lu.se)

During her PhD, Abhi elucidated the regulatory role of cytokine signaling pathways in the function of lipid antigen presenting molecule CD1d and restricted innate lymphocytes, Natural Killer T (NKT) cells. (wustl.edu)
The adipocyte was reported as an antigen-presenting cell (APC) which expresses CD1d and MHC class I and II molecules. (frontiersin.org)
Several studies have shown that adipocytes highly express CD1d, which presents lipid antigens to invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and stimulates the activation of iNKT cells ( 5 - 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
NKT cells, through TCR recognition of self- or commensal-derived lipids presented by CD1d, contribute to establish immune homeostasis and to anti-microbial, anti-tumour and autoimmune responses (10,11). (europa.eu)
Dr. Webb is a leading immunologist and research scientist who is recognized for her studies focused on the modulation of CD1d-mediated NKT cell activation for cancer immunotherapy using natural and artificial platforms. (umaryland.edu)
NKT cells recognize lipid antigen presented in the context of CD1d molecules. (umaryland.edu)
Alterations in cellular metabolism modulate CD1d-mediated NKT-cell responses. (umaryland.edu)
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are specialized CD1d-restricted T cells that recognize lipid antigens. (msdmanuals.com)
CD1d is a member of the CD1 (cluster of differentiation 1) group of glycoproteins on the surface of human antigen-presenting cells. (msdmanuals.com)

T cells need another signal to become activated in addition to Signal 1, this is done by co-stimulatory molecules such as the proteins CD80 (B7.1) or CD86 (B7.2), although other additional co-stimulation molecules have been identified. (wikipedia.org)
PRRs expressed by these cells, including membrane-associated Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and cytoplasmic Nod-like receptors (NLRs) and retinoic acid inducible gene I-like helicase receptors (RLRs), recognize specific, conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are present in microbial proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates. (rndsystems.com)
Furthermore, lamina propria T cells from the duodenum of these patients proliferated in response to milk proteins and secreted Th2 cytokines (IL-13). (medscape.com)
Cells infected with MA104 rotavirus and/or transfected with plasmids expressing NSP proteins, were analyzed for expression of cellular proteins related to NFκB and PPARÎ³ pathways and evaluated through the ELISA, luminescence, flow cytometry and Western blot techniques. (bvsalud.org)
Moreover, multiple HBV proteins can induce the expression of IL-1ß in macrophages. (bvsalud.org)
8-O-Acetyl shanzhiside methyl ester HDL particles as well as HDL associated proteins and lipids were shown to exert a broad scope of potentially anti-atherogenic effects [23]-[25]. (sciencepop.org)
In this study, we have used a convenient in vitro approach to investigate if plasmid DNAs encoding proteins of herpes simplex virus (HSV) are capable of inducing primary CD8+ CTL. (duke.edu)
Once they enter the cell, most viruses have mechanisms in place that induce the host cell to preferentially produce viral proteins over host proteins. (personalizemymedicine.com)
These proteins are packaged into viral particles that are released upon lysis of the host cell, as illustrated in Figure 1. (personalizemymedicine.com)
The genetic information is replicated, and viral proteins are made, using the protein synthesis machinery of the host cell. (personalizemymedicine.com)
The new proteins and the genome are then packaged into a new viral particle which is released from the cell. (personalizemymedicine.com)
Antibodies are proteins of the immune response that specifically bind an antigen, which is a molecule that has been recognized by the body as being foreign. (personalizemymedicine.com)
During vesiculation, bioactive lipids and receptors re- main associated with vesicle membranes, and cytosolic proteins and nucleic acids are contained within the vesicles [11]. (unicyte.ch)
By using SLBs it is possible to replace one of the cells in the contact with an artificial cell membrane, the SLB, which can be made to contain a well-controlled mix of the membrane proteins that are investigated. (lu.se)
Examples of this includes measuring the extremely weak interaction between the immune cell proteins CD4 and pMHC class II, 4 and we have also shown how auxiliary binding molecules can both increase and decrease the apparent affinity of TCR to pMHC depending on the relative protein densities. (lu.se)
(A) A schematic illustration showing specific binding between the proteins CD2 on a T cell with fluorescently-labelled CD58 in an SLB. (lu.se)
This rapid reaction, known as the innate immune response, involves a slew of immune cells that arrive on the scene and produce proteins known as cytokines, chemokines, and prostaglandins, which recruit yet more immune cells and have all sorts of physical effects, Fuller says. (nationalgeographic.com)
START domain-containing proteins (STARDs) are responsible for lipid metabolism. (medsci.org)
These antigens may be cell surface proteins or may be intracellular proteins (eg, TAAs) that are expressed on the surface in combination with class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. (msdmanuals.com)

These are known as supported lipid bilayers (SLBs). (wikipedia.org)
CD4 T cells were applied to supported lipid bilayers that were reconstituted with HIV Env gp120, anti-T cell receptor (anti-TCR) monoclonal antibody, and ICAM-1 to represent the surface of HIV Env-bearing antigen-presenting cells. (ox.ac.uk)
This is achieved by using artificial cell surfaces, so called supported lipid bilayers (SLBs), and advanced fluorescence microscopy with fluorescence labelling of the studied molecules (see Fig. 1). (lu.se)

Signal 3 is the aAPC secretion of stimulatory cytokines such as IL-2 which enhances T cell stimulation, though this is not required for T cell activation. (wikipedia.org)
These PAMP-containing molecules act as ligands to trigger PRR-dependent intracellular signaling pathways that ultimately induce the expression of pro-inflammatory and antiviral cytokines. (rndsystems.com)
Secretion of these cytokines at the site of an infection promotes the recruitment of neutrophils and natural killer (NK) cells, which eliminate pathogenic microbes and infected cells. (rndsystems.com)
An imbalance in the T-cell paradigm causing an increase in the production of IL-13, IL-4, and IL-5 and cytokines has been postulated as the cause of IgE synthesis and eosinophilia. (medscape.com)
The atherosclerotic process is accelerated by a myriad of factors, such as the release of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), growth factors, and the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. (hindawi.com)
However, the limitations were found in clinical application that (1) iNKT cells failed to produce cytokines and proliferate when additional doses of α-GalCer were given by systemic route and (2) poor hydrophilicity of α-GalCer. (tmu.edu.tw)
Cytokines, antigen-specific antibodies and subtype antibodies of serum and nasal wash fluid will be analyzed in order to investigate the enhancement of the Th1/Th2 immune-modulatory pathway. (tmu.edu.tw)
Next, we summarize various cytokines produced by adipocytes that regulate the survival, activation and differentiation of B cells. (frontiersin.org)
Cytokines and chemokines induce inflammation, which is also painful. (nationalgeographic.com)
Following activation, NKT cells rapidly secrete both Th1 and Th2 cytokines and can mediate cytolytic activity. (umaryland.edu)
Cytokines The immune system consists of cellular components and molecular components that work together to destroy antigens (Ags). (msdmanuals.com)
NKT cells are innate-like T cells that quickly respond to antigenic stimulation and rapidly produce large amounts of cytokines and chemokines. (msdmanuals.com)

For instance, it has been observed that in vitro CD4+ T cell activation by MHC-containing liposomes results in T cell proliferation and IL-2 release. (wikipedia.org)
Researchers have created reconstituted liposomes with membrane microdomains enriched with epitope/MHC complexes to promote T cell proliferation. (wikipedia.org)
Using the network pharmacology approach, we identified two clusters of genes involved in immune response (IL1A, IL2, and IL6R) and cell proliferation (CCND1, PPARG, and EGFR) mediated by biochanin A in CRC/COVID-19 condition. (bvsalud.org)
A benefit of such immunomodulatory strategies is that low dosage stimulation of key immune cell populations, like antigen presenting cells, can subsequently propagate strong proliferation and therapeutic responses from effector cells. (frontiersin.org)
We also observed activation and upregulated phagocytosis in macrophages, as well as proliferation and extracellular matrix overproduction in hepatic stellate cells. (biomedcentral.com)
The HIV Env also prolonged Lck phosphorylation at the synapse and enhanced TCR-induced CD69 upregulation, interleukin-2 secretion, and proliferation to promote virus infection. (ox.ac.uk)
In addition, various adipokines secreted by adipocytes regulate the proliferation and differentiation of T cells. (frontiersin.org)

Self-adjuvanting vaccines, the conjugates of immunoenhancers and antigens, are anticipated to stimulate antigen-specific immune system responses without extreme inflammation.6C8 Furthermore, they possess well-defined structures and facilitate quality control of vaccine products hence. (lavoixdesrroms.org)

This is the molecule which is loaded with the specific antigen. (wikipedia.org)
Any molecule capable of being recognized by the immune system is considered an antigen. (msdmanuals.com)
Thus, the decreased level of class I molecule expression characteristic of many tumor cells may allow activation of NK cells and subsequent tumor lysis. (msdmanuals.com)

The unprecedently speedy development of mRNA vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was enabled with previous innovations in nucleoside modifications during in vitro transcription and lipid nanoparticle delivery materials of mRNA. (mdpi.com)
Embryonic stem cell-derived microvesicles reprogram hematopoietic progenitors: evidence for horizontal transfer of mRNA and protein delivery. (nature.com)
Table 1 provides a comparison between DNA and mRNA (encoding a particular antigen) as a vaccination strategy. (icpcovid.com)
An important key is the choice of the best "ionizable" lipid , that can bind the negatively charged mRNA. (icpcovid.com)
However, both the mRNA and the protein it produces have been changed from the original version in the virus with the intent to increase rate of production of the protein in an infected cell and the durability of both the mRNA and the spike protein it codes for. (theepochtimes.com)
The Company has demonstrated the ability to attain high biological flexibility with the ability to develop mRNA vaccines against complex antigens and combination vaccines while leveraging mRNA as a platform with a flexible manufacturing infrastructure to advance a large portfolio quickly and efficiently. (pharmiweb.com)
mRNA-1345 uses the same lipid nanoparticle (LNP) as Moderna's authorized Covid-19 vaccine and contains optimized protein and codon sequences. (pharmiweb.com)
Psychotropic drugs interaction with the lipid nanoparticle of COVID-19 mRNA therapeutics. (who.int)

Nanoparticles are able to be transported through the porous extracellular matrix much easier and reach the lymph nodes where the T cells reside. (wikipedia.org)
As illustrated in Fig 5 and 6, LNP diameter should be between 10 and 100 nm to travel to lymph nodes and penetrate there into the cortical area, where T and B responses are induced. (icpcovid.com)
The antigen-bearing skin DC then travel to lymph nodes and trigger T and B responses. (icpcovid.com)

HDL bears biologically active lipids such as sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and stimulates a variety of cell signaling pathways in diverse cell types which may contribute to its ability 8-O-Acetyl shanzhiside methyl ester to protect against atherosclerosis. (sciencepop.org)
This is possible thanks to an elaborate system of different cells and molecular pathways in the adaptive immune system. (lu.se)
Therefore, SLE is currently believed to be a T cell-driven condition and, indeed, targeting molecules expressed on T cells and their signalling pathways can be one of the potential therapeutic strategies in SLE. (hindawi.com)
Stimulation of TCRs upon antigen binding triggers downstream signalling pathways which enables various physiological functions of the T cells. (hindawi.com)
They are part of a much larger group of compounds, the eicosanoids, which, although ubiquitous as a group, are produced by a variety of cell type-, tissue-, and species-specific biosynthetic pathways. (jci.org)
Here, we focus on newly uncovered pathways, involving either the cyclooxygenases (COXs) or nonenzymatic chemical transformations, that lead to the formation of bioactive prostanoids and of previously unknown lipid mediators produced by COX-2. (jci.org)

We investigate how binding of carbohydrates, altered due to tissue inflammation or wound healing processes, control modulation of immune cells through recognition/signaling of glycan binding receptors, such as C-type lectins and Siglecs. (immunologyamsterdam.org)
We investigate glycan binding receptors such as C-type lectins and Siglecs on innate myeloid, macrophages and DC for targeting purposes to guide glycosylated antigens binding and uptake that influence antigen presentation, T cell differentiation and immune cell signaling. (immunologyamsterdam.org)
Binding to these alternative receptors allows the rapid transcytosis of the virus through the epithelial cells. (antikoerper-online.de)
Phenotypic and functional alterations in lupus T cells including expansion of the Th17 population, perturbations of the physiology of T-cell receptors (TCRs) and postreceptor downstream signalling, oxidative stress, and epigenetic changes result in exaggeration of TCR response to stimuli and the propensity of lupus T cells to get activated [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
The TLR family members is split into generally two groups, that have intracellular and extracellular receptors.13,21C23 Especially, TLR-1, TLR-6 and TLR-2, which are from the former TLRs, have a tendency to induce humoral immune system replies, whereas intracellular TLRs improve Th1 and cellular immune system responses. (lavoixdesrroms.org)
In contrast to CTLs, NK cells lack receptors for antigen detection but can still recognize normal cells infected with viruses and cancer cells. (msdmanuals.com)

This qualified prospects to the deposition of huge amounts of intracellular cholesterol kept in cytoplasmic cholesteryl ester droplets offering the cells a quality foamy appearance. (sciencepop.org)
This study sought to evaluate how the presence of the HIV envelope (Env) in the CD4 T cell immunological synapse affects synapse formation and intracellular signaling to impact the downstream T cell activation events. (ox.ac.uk)
Similarly, reprogramming of somatic cells involves a complex interaction among intracellular and extracellular signals leading to epigenetic remodeling [6]. (unicyte.ch)
Actually, Kiessling have uncovered that polymeric multivalent ligands induce BCR clustering to activate B cell replies.39 The need for the lipid moiety for the self-adjuvating property was also recommended predicated on the adjuvant effects in a number of TACA-based vaccines.33,40C42 Intracellular TLR ligands and various other innate immune system ligands have already been also used in self-adjuvanting vaccines. (lavoixdesrroms.org)
Clearance of small intestinal crypts involves goblet cell mucus secretion by intracellular granule rupture and enterocyte ion transport. (gu.se)

It is the specific antigen or epitope that is loaded into the MHC determines the antigen-specificity. (wikipedia.org)
Their tumoricidal activity is termed natural because it is not induced by a specific antigen. (msdmanuals.com)

When they encounter foreign pathogens, the antigen presenting cells activate the T cells-"the soldiers of the immune system"- by delivering stimulatory signals that alert there is foreign material in the body with specific cell surface molecules (epitopes). (wikipedia.org)
Cell-based aAPCs have been produced by transfecting murine fibroblasts to express specific peptide-loaded HLA molecules with co-stimulatory signal B7.1, and cell adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and LFA-3. (wikipedia.org)
A higher level of T cell activation is induced by the preclustering of MHC molecules. (wikipedia.org)
Eosinophils function as antigen presenting cells as they express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules. (medscape.com)
Introduction Macrophages are phagocytic cells that play a key role in innate host defense against invading pathogens environmental brokers and in clearance of modified/damaged host cells/molecules [1]. (sciencepop.org)
Moreover, like other nucleated cells, adipocytes express MHC class I molecules. (frontiersin.org)
Growing evidence suggests that transcriptional regulators and secreted RNA molecules encapsulated within membrane vesicles modify the phenotype of target cells. (unicyte.ch)
Membrane vesicles, actively released by cells, represent a mechanism of intercellular communication that is conserved evolutionarily and involves the transfer of molecules able to induce epigenetic changes in recipient cells. (unicyte.ch)
We are currently investing this problem by studying the organisation of key molecules, such as CD45, TCR, CD4 and pMHC, on the surface of T cells and antigen presenting cells during the early stages of an immune response. (lu.se)
The current state of clinical trials evaluating therapeutic agents which target molecules expressing on and inside T cells for the treatment of SLE will be updated. (hindawi.com)
It does not have immunosuppressive properties, in contrast, it activates specific cellular mechanisms, such as the stimulation of non-phlogistic recruitment of monocytes (that is: without elaborating pro-inflammatory mediators), activation of macrophage phagocytosis of microorganisms and apoptotic cells, increase in phagocyte exit through the lymphatics, expression of antimicrobial molecules and inhibition of further neutrophil and eosinophil infiltration [3]. (bvsalud.org)
It is known that ovarian cancer tissue and ascites contain lymphocytic infiltrates, suggesting that immune cells traffic to tumors, but are then inhibited by immunosuppressive molecules within the tumor microenvironment. (umaryland.edu)
MHC Class I molecules present endogenously synthesized antigenic peptides to CD8 T cells. (bioxcell.com)
Evidence suggests that class I MHC molecules on the surface of normal cells inhibit NK cells and prevent lysis. (msdmanuals.com)

The function of the adaptive immune system is to recognize, remember and destroy invading pathogens through their antigens, and relieve pathogen-associated toxicities. (frontiersin.org)

Vaccines which successfully protect against virus infections usually need to induce a broadly reactive immune response which includes the induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). (duke.edu)
LFA-1 mediates a variety of heterotypic and homotypic intercellular adhesions through interaction with ICAM-1 (CD54) and ICAM-2 (CD102), including participation in the immunological synapses between CD8+ T lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
Compelling evidence has however shown that without the assistance of the helper T lymphocytes, it is indeed difficult for the "helpless" B cells to become functional enough to trigger SLE-related inflammation. (hindawi.com)
The inflammatory process has cellular and humoral components, such as leucocytes (neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils, mast cells and lymphocytes) and the humoral proteolytic systems (complement, kinins and coagulation), respectively. (bvsalud.org)
Following the course, stromal and parenchymal cells multiply and reconstitute the tissue, whilst most of the remaining macrophages and lymphocytes leave through the lymphatics. (bvsalud.org)
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) recognize antigens on target cells and lyse these cells. (msdmanuals.com)
Lymphocytes, B and T cells, can respond selectively to thousands of non-self materials. (lu.se)

While killer T cells can directly kill infected cells, the role of the helper T cell is to activate B cells (3, 5). (personalizemymedicine.com)
Adipocytes can directly activate CD4 + T cells through antigen:MHCII complex in a contact-dependent manner. (frontiersin.org)
Nonetheless, in addition of source of protein antigens, commensal bacteria are a source of lipids capable to activate the lipid-reactive cells named natural killer T (NKT) cells (8,9). (europa.eu)

These cells are responsible for producing the antibodies that will recognize the infectious agent and trigger an immune response against it (3). (personalizemymedicine.com)
some cells require the presence of humoral antibodies directed against the tumor cells (antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity) to initiate the interactions that lead to the death of tumor cells. (msdmanuals.com)
Studies characterising the immune response in patients with COVID-19 show that the correlates of protection in infected individuals are T-cell responses against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and neutralising titres of immunoglobin G and immunoglobin A antibodies. (cdc.gov)

As for in vitro studies, GLY-based herbicides resulted in DNA damage and endocrine disruption in human cell lines-HepG2 and MDA-MB453-kb2-under sub-agriculture doses [ 19 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
These antigen-presenting cells (APC) were then used to stimulate enriched populations of naive T cells in microcultures for 5 days in vitro. (duke.edu)

When Signal 2 is not expressed, but T cells receive Signal 1, the antigen-specific T cells become anergic and do not perform effector function. (wikipedia.org)
Significantly, the co-administration of Freund's adjuvants with vaccine 1 was suggested to cause splenomegaly, containing increased variety of myeloid cells, which can include immature MDSCs or monocytes, to suppress expansion/differentiation into effector T cells and B cells (Fig. TACAs used in scientific trials are little T cell-independent antigens, they display poor immunogenicity and cannot induce immunoglobulin (Ig) course switching. (lavoixdesrroms.org)
Despite the activity of effector cells, host immunoreactivity may fail to control tumor occurrence and growth. (msdmanuals.com)
Natural killer (NK) cells are another population of effector cells with anti-cancer activity. (msdmanuals.com)

Within the past decade, extracellular vesicles have emerged as important mediators of intercellular communication, being involved in the transmission of biological signals between cells in both prokaryotes and higher eukaryotes to regulate a diverse range of biological processes. (nature.com)
The reason for that is the mechanism of action of NSAIDS, which is the inhibition of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX) which takes part in the synthesis of pro-inflammatory lipid mediators known as prostanglandins and tromboxanes. (bvsalud.org)
Ironically, the same mediators that induce the initial phase and symptoms of inflammation are those who will take part and stimulate the expression of other enzymes that synthesize mediators responsible for the resolution of inflammation, or in other words, its end. (bvsalud.org)
Lipoxin A4 is a member of a group of lipid mediators of resolution that includes resolvins, protectins and the aspirin-triggered analogs of these classes. (bvsalud.org)

Atherosclerosis starts with dysfunctional changes in the endothelium induced by disturbed shear stress which can lead to endothelial and platelet activation, adhesion of monocytes on the activated endothelium, and differentiation into proinflammatory macrophages, which increase the uptake of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and turn into foam cells, exacerbating the inflammatory signalling. (hindawi.com)

Recently, attention has shifted from focusing on lipids toward addressing the immune cell-mediated inflammation contributing to CVD. (frontiersin.org)
Interestingly, a study has shown that plant-derived lipid urushiol triggers CD1ɑ-dependent skin inflammation, driven by CD4+ T cells producing IL-17 and IL-22. (ixesse.fr)
Recently, a number of phenotypic and functional alterations which increase the propensity to trigger lupus-related inflammation have been identified in lupus T cells. (hindawi.com)
Breakdown of immune tolerance is believed to be one of the major mechanisms which triggers the production of autoantibodies by B cells and antibody forming cells, leading to inflammation upon binding to autoantigens and consequent tissue damage [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)

The peptide-loaded MHC engages with the cognate T cell receptor (TCR) found on the T cells. (wikipedia.org)
A study of atherosclerotic plaque regression in mice has reported significant alterations in the expression of a variety of genes in inflammatory cells in the regressing plaques including significantly increased expression of the scavenger receptor class B type I. (sciencepop.org)
We found that the HIV envelope is recruited to the center of the immunological synapse together with the T cell receptor and enhances the T cell receptor-induced activation of CD4 T cells. (ox.ac.uk)
The virus binds a receptor on the surface of the host cell. (personalizemymedicine.com)
The vaccines that are currently on the market target the receptor binding domain of the S1 subunit of the spike protein in an attempt to block binding of the virus to the host cells (6). (personalizemymedicine.com)
The surface protein gp120 (SU) attaches the virus to the host lymphoid cell by binding to the primary receptor CD4. (antikoerper-online.de)
Here, potential mechanisms involving alterations in T-cell receptor expressions, postreceptor downstream signalling, epigenetics, and oxidative stress which favour activation of lupus T cells will be discussed. (hindawi.com)
STARD12 co-expressed genes participated in cell cycle and DNA replication, and STARD14 were enriched in ECM-receptor interaction. (medsci.org)

COVID-19 vaccines focus on inducing this antibody-response (7). (personalizemymedicine.com)
The vaccines artificially induce immune responses against the spike protein so that upon infection with SARS-CoV-2, memory cells can rapidly respond against it. (personalizemymedicine.com)
A variety of vaccines are notorious for the soreness they cause around the injection site, and the explanation for why begins with so-called antigen-presenting cells. (nationalgeographic.com)
An objective that could be attained with vaccines that besides a self-antigen(s), have adjuvants or immunomodulators that induce Th2, while inhibit but without abrogating, Th1 and Th17 immunities [5]. (pharmafocusasia.com)
Although many pertinent self-antigens are known, the lack of anti-inflammatory adjuvants have been the main obstacle to these vaccines' development. (pharmafocusasia.com)

Clinical data demonstrate that Moderna's proprietary vaccine technology has been generally well-tolerated and can elicit durable immune responses to viral antigens. (pharmiweb.com)

Our study provides a comprehensive single-cell transcriptional picture of the toxic effect of GLY in the liver, which offers novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of the GLY-associated hepatotoxicity. (biomedcentral.com)
Thus mechanisms for inducing macrophage migration in response to appropriate chemotactic factors which could lead to their egress out of atherosclerotic plaques are important for designing novel therapeutics aimed at stimulating atherosclerotic plaque regression. (sciencepop.org)
This study explored the serum concentrations of miR-26 in patients with carotid atherosclerosis (CAS) and defined the roles and mechanisms of miR-26 derived from the exosomes of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC-exos). (amegroups.org)
For her postdoctoral work, Abhi chose to work in neuroimmunology, whereby her initial work was focused at understanding mechanisms involved in CD4+ T cell-mediated motor neuron survival in peripheral nerve injury and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). (wustl.edu)
In this brief review, a detailed account of the putative mechanisms by which the normal physiology of T cells are disturbed and why regulatory T cells fail to alleviate proinflammatory response in SLE will be discussed. (hindawi.com)
Determine the mechanisms by which NKT cells are reduced in cancer patients. (umaryland.edu)
Investigate the mechanisms by which NKT cells recognize and destroy tumors. (umaryland.edu)
They are less effective than T-cell-mediated cytotoxic mechanisms. (msdmanuals.com)

Cardiovascular immunotherapy has therefore become a recent focus for treatment, with the objective to develop approaches that can suppress excessive inflammatory responses by modulating specific immune cell populations. (frontiersin.org)
We explore T cell differentiation processes, antibody isotype responses, and the effect on innate immune cells, such as neutrophils and mast cells. (immunologyamsterdam.org)
iNKT cells have emerged as important contributors to the regulation of immune responses, T cell activation, and anti-tumor activity. (tmu.edu.tw)
Thus, α-GalCer-incorporated liposome is capable of improving the delivery of antigen to antigen-presenting-cell and inducing effective immune responses via various routes. (tmu.edu.tw)
Therefore it is difficult to deliver and it induces innate immune responses (including type 1 IFN) that can hamper the generation of adaptive (T and B) responses , when induced too much too early. (icpcovid.com)
Both ILC2 and ILC3 populations are able to internalize and present peptide antigens on MHC-II and control T cell responses (3-7). (europa.eu)
Conjugation with Th epitopes can stimulate T cell-dependent immune system responses, such as for example antigen-specific B cell IgG and activation class switching. (lavoixdesrroms.org)

Lately it has been associated with increased mobile cholesterol in macrophage-derived foam cells in atherosclerotic plaques because of endocytosis of customized 8-O-Acetyl shanzhiside methyl ester lipoproteins [5]-[7]. (sciencepop.org)
Low AKR1B10 expression induced M2 macrophage polarization and promoted the malignant phenotype of GC. (portlandpress.com)
Low AKR1B10 expression induces M2 macrophage polarization and promotes the malignant transformation of GC. (portlandpress.com)

Immunotherapy aims to utilize the body's own defense mechanism-the immune system-to recognize mutated cancer cells and to kill them the way the immune system would recognize and kill a virus or other micro-organisms causing infectious diseases. (wikipedia.org)
Both gp120 and gp41 specifically recognize glycosphingolipids galactosyl-ceramide (GalCer) or 3' sulfo- galactosyl-ceramide (GalS) present in the lipid rafts structures of epithelial cells. (antikoerper-online.de)
T cells recognize antigens presented to them by the major histocompatibility complex of antigen-presenting cells via the TCRs expressed on their surface. (hindawi.com)

Macrophages display phenotypic plasticity and can be induced by hepatitis B virus (HBV) to undergo either M1-like pro-inflammatory or M2-like anti-inflammatory polarization. (bvsalud.org)
We have previously demonstrated that intravenous injections of anti-inflammatory nanocarriers provided atheroprotection that was mediated by regulatory T cells (Tregs) upregulated in lymphoid organs and atherosclerotic lesions. (frontiersin.org)
The oxidative stress and inflammatory response were commonly upregulated in several cell types. (biomedcentral.com)
The regulatory relationship between the expression levels of inflammatory factors, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-1β, and the expression levels of miR-26 in the supernatant of each group of cells was determined by qPCR. (amegroups.org)
The therapeutic effect of ADSCs expressing miR-26 on model mice was evaluated by detecting the levels of inflammatory factors and blood lipids in the serum of the mice. (amegroups.org)
In ADSCs transfected with miR-26, the miR-26 expression in the cell supernatant was negatively regulated by the expression of inflammatory factors, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, in the cell supernatant. (amegroups.org)
ADSC-exos expressing miR-26 has positive effects on correcting blood lipids and inflammatory factors in the mouse model of CAS. (amegroups.org)
The binding of an antibody to an antigen can neutralize the pathogen by blocking it, recruit other immune cells that can engulf and destroy the infected cell and the pathogen, or trigger an inflammatory response. (personalizemymedicine.com)
Previously, we showed that exosomes derived from human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASC-exosomes) attenuate AD-like symptoms by reducing multiple inflammatory cytokine levels. (mdpi.com)
This antigen-specific anti-inflammatory response, stimulated by vaccination, would allow the economical treatment and prevention of autoimmune diseases, without immunosuppression. (pharmafocusasia.com)
Actually, helminths produce numerous compounds which bias the immune system toward an anti-inflammatory tolerogenic phenotype, this way averting T-cell mediated autoimmunity [3]. (pharmafocusasia.com)
Mechanistically, this is accomplished through a tailored release of chemoattractants that recruit antiviral T cells, but few pathogenic innate immune cells such as neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes. (bioxcell.com)

Transcriptomic profiling of T-cell populations in non-muscle invasive and muscle invasive bladder cancer. (lu.se)

When B cells interact with helper T cells, they become activated by maturing into antibody-producing cells. (personalizemymedicine.com)
1) Antibody deficiency disorders are defects in immunoglobulin-producing B cells . (lu.se)
3) T cell deficiencies result usually in combined immunodeficiencies (CIDs), where both T cells and antibody production are defective. (lu.se)

Topically applied EGCG, in particular, has been shown to reduce specific UV-induced DNA lesions, to preserve the antigen-presenting cells of the epidermis, the Langerhans cells and to prevent UV-induced immune suppression,' Dr. Matsui says. (dermatologytimes.com)

In contrast, suppressor T cells inhibit the immune response against tumors. (msdmanuals.com)

Treatment with PPARÎ³ agonist Troglitazone ameliorated virus-induced proinflammatory cytokine secretion but did not interfere with the IFN-induced antiviral pathway in human AMs. (bvsalud.org)

When outside of a host cell, viruses exist as viral particles that are made up of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat that can also include lipids. (personalizemymedicine.com)
The viral particle is then taken into the cell, and can release its genome. (personalizemymedicine.com)
These interactions allow capture of viral particles at mucosal surfaces by these cells and subsequent transmission to permissive cells. (antikoerper-online.de)
Virus transmission to permissive T-cells occurs either in trans (without DCs infection, through viral capture and transmission), or in cis (following DCs productive infection, through the usual CD4-gp120 interaction), thereby inducing a robust infection. (antikoerper-online.de)
In trans infection, bound virions remain infectious over days and it is proposed that they are not degraded, but protected in non-lysosomal acidic organelles within the DCs close to the cell membrane thus contributing to the viral infectious potential during DCs' migration from the periphery to the lymphoid tissues. (antikoerper-online.de)
Virion capture also seems to lead to MHC-II-restricted viral antigen presentation, and probably to the activation of SIV-specific CD4+ cells (By similarity). (antikoerper-online.de)
The formation of this structure appears to drive apposition and subsequent fusion of viral and target cell membranes. (antikoerper-online.de)
We propose that noncytopathic CNS viral clearance can be achieved by therapeutic antiviral T cells reliant on restricted chemoattractant production and interactions with apoptosis-resistant microglia. (bioxcell.com)

Adipose mesenchymal stem cell lines transfected with miR-26 were established. (amegroups.org)
Lai, R. C., Chen, T. S. & Lim, S. K. Mesenchymal stem cell exosome: a novel stem cell-based therapy for cardiovascular disease. (nature.com)
Human mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium improves cardiac function following myocardial infarction. (nature.com)
Reduction of myocardial infarct size by human mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium. (nature.com)

2022) Effective Barriers: The Role of NKT Cells and Innate Lymphoid Cells in the Gut. (umaryland.edu)

T cells play a large role in the cellular immune response, while B cells are intimately involved in the humoral immune response. (frontiersin.org)

In the self-adjuvanting vaccine technique, T-helper (Th) cell epitopes and innate immune system ligands are often conjugated as immunoenhancers. (lavoixdesrroms.org)

In natural systems, the dynamic lipid bilayer is crucial for molecular interactions. (wikipedia.org)
Researchers also used solid particles as a core for the lipid bilayer to increase the stability of the liposomes. (wikipedia.org)
In this project, α-GalCer was incorporated into the lipid bilayer of the liposome, while the galactose molecular was expressed on the surface of the liposome to form a targeting liposome antigen-carrier with immunemodulatory effect. (tmu.edu.tw)

It showed how the lipid membrane functions as a support structure for antigen presentation. (wikipedia.org)
Cells can communicate via physical interactions, in- cluding membrane bridge formation, such as tunneling nanotubes and cytonemes, and/or through the release of soluble factors [1-3]. (unicyte.ch)
This approach was recently used by me and collaborators to study how exclusion of the long phosphatase CD45 from SLB/T-cell contacts can initiate T-cell signalling without any antigens, 1,2 and how the model membrane itself can induce signaling. (lu.se)
2011). "Membrane raft organization is more sensitive to disruption by (n-3) PUFA than nonraft organization in EL4 and B cells" J Nutr 141(6): 1041-1048. (bioxcell.com)
EPA or DHA treatment of EL4 cells increased plasma membrane accumulation of the nonraft probe 1,1′-dilinoleyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate by ~50-70% relative to a BSA control. (bioxcell.com)
Virus-Induced Membrane Fusion in Neurodegenerative Disorders. (who.int)

It inhibits synthesis of phenylalanine t-RNA complex, inhibits mitochondrial ATP production, and stimulates lipid peroxidation. (mountainenvironmentals.com)

Her team unravels cellular communication driven by modified glycoproteins/lipids in cancer, allergy and autoimmunity. (immunologyamsterdam.org)

Microparticle curvature and shape has also been shown to play an important role in effective T cell stimulation. (wikipedia.org)
Also, iron oxide nanoparticles have been used to take advantage of the superparamagnetic properties and to cluster both Signals to enhance T cell stimulation. (wikipedia.org)
2020) Thymic resident NKT cell subsets show differential requirements for CD28 co-stimulation during antigenic activation. (umaryland.edu)
Following stimulation, NKT cells lead to activation of both innate and adaptive immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. (msdmanuals.com)

Human Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma-Associated Semaphorin 4D Induces Expansion of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells. (umaryland.edu)

Her current research in Dr. Joel Schilling's lab focuses on Kupffer cell metabolism and lysosomal function during non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. (wustl.edu)

2015). "Therapeutic antiviral T cells noncytopathically clear persistently infected microglia after conversion into antigen-presenting cells" J Exp Med 212(8): 1153-1169. (bioxcell.com)
Adoptive immunotherapy is an approach that involves administration of antiviral T cells and has shown promise in clinical studies for the treatment of peripheral virus infections in humans such as cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and adenovirus, among others. (bioxcell.com)
Here, we used mice persistently infected from birth with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) to demonstrate that therapeutic antiviral T cells can completely purge the persistently infected brain without causing blood-brain barrier breakdown or tissue damage. (bioxcell.com)
Two-photon imaging experiments revealed that antiviral CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells interacted directly with CD11c(+) microglia and induced STAT1 signaling but did not initiate programmed cell death. (bioxcell.com)

It is postulated that HIV exploits immunological synapses formed between CD4 T cells and antigen-presenting cells to facilitate the targeting and infection of activated CD4 T cells. (ox.ac.uk)

Antigen-specific CD8+ CTL which reacted both with specific protein-expressing targets and with syngeneic targets infected with HSV could be demonstrated. (duke.edu)
Surface protein gp120 (SU) may target the virus to gut- associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) by binding host ITGA4/ITGB7 (alpha-4/beta-7 integrins), a complex that mediates T-cell migration to the GALT. (antikoerper-online.de)
3 We are also using these systems to measure two-dimensional binding kinetics of various protein-protein interactions between cells in the adaptive immune system. (lu.se)
The health effects of trichothecenes are known, as cancer patients were administered a trichothecene called anguidine in a 1978 and 1979 clinical study in the hope that its inhibition of protein synthesis would selectively kill the faster multiplying cancer cells. (mountainenvironmentals.com)

Recognition of a lipid antigen by CD1-restricted alpha beta+ T cells. (hcdm.org)
CD1-restricted T cell recognition of microbial lipoglycan antigens. (hcdm.org)
Structural requirements for glycolipid antigen recognition by CD1b-restricted T cells. (hcdm.org)
The T cell is the primary cell responsible for direct recognition and killing of tumor cells. (msdmanuals.com)

Activated and stimulated T cells can be studied in this biomimetic contex and used for adoptive transfer as an immunotherapy. (wikipedia.org)

More importantly, this finding shattered a dogma of the time that held that fatty acids played only structural roles in cells, thus opening the way for discovery of the many other important bioactive fatty acid-derived products. (jci.org)

Our adaptive immune system has evolved to be able to distinguish our own cells from foreign material such as viruses and bacteria, and to protect us from the latter. (lu.se)
The hepatitis B vaccine presents parts of the virus along with chemicals called adjuvants that are designed to get antigen-presenting cells riled up and boost the adaptive immune response. (nationalgeographic.com)

Glomerular lipidosis is a rare histological feature presenting the extensive glomerular accumulation of lipids with or without histiocytic infiltration, which develops under various conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
(B) White light image showing the contour of two binding T cells (top image), and a fluorescence microscopy images showing accumulation of CD58 underneath the T cells (bright areas in the lower image). (lu.se)

For the last year, mice will be immunized and the activities of cytotoxic T cells and NK cells will be illustrated. (tmu.edu.tw)

This interaction induces a structural rearrangement creating a high affinity binding site for a chemokine coreceptor like CCR5. (antikoerper-online.de)

Adipocytes are the main constituent cells of adipose tissue. (frontiersin.org)

J. Cell Biol. (nature.com)

Histiocytic lesions are characterized by dilated glomerular capillary loops that contain lipid-laden histiocytes (foam cells). (biomedcentral.com)

This T- cell depletion is believed to be the major insult to the host immune system leading to AIDS (By similarity). (antikoerper-online.de)
6 All together, we aim to get a better understanding of how the immune system is triggered, and a deeper knowledge of how it can separate our own cells from foreign material. (lu.se)
It is known that interactions between immune system and commensal bacteria are complex and involved several immune cell types. (europa.eu)

Their main function is to store energy in the form of lipid droplets when there is excess energy and to supply energy when the body demands it. (frontiersin.org)

A model of CAS in ApoE −/− mice fed with a rich-fat diet was established to analyze the regulatory effects of serum miR-26 on blood lipids in mice. (amegroups.org)
The serum levels of miR-26 in patients were inversely correlated with the levels of blood lipids (TC, TG, and LDL-C), and positively correlated with HDL-C levels. (amegroups.org)

MHC class I antigens are heterodimers consisting of one alpha chain (44 kDa) associated with ß2 microglobulin (11.5 kDa). (bioxcell.com)

Anatomy21

Organisms12

Diseases5

Chemicals and Drugs148

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment31

Phenomena and Processes38

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture6

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Proteins19

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Inflammation4

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Elicit1

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20221

Humoral1

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