Line of genetically identical cells. Medical search. Frequent questions

Cloning entails taking the nucleus - the compartment that contains the DNA - from an adult cell and putting it into an egg from which the original nucleus has been removed. (nih.gov)
The egg then "reprograms" the adult nucleus so that the cell behaves like an embryo but has the genes of the adult cell. (nih.gov)
The nucleus of an adult somatic cell (such as a skin cell) is removed and transferred to an enucleated egg, which is then stimulated with electric current or chemicals to activate cell division. (who.int)
However, an animal created through this technique would not be a precise genetic copy of the source of its nuclear DNA because each clone derives a small amount of its DNA from the mitochondria of the egg (which lie outside the nucleus) rather than from the donor of cell nucleus. (who.int)
Thus, the clone would be genetically identical to the nucleus donor only if the egg came from the same donor or from her maternal line. (who.int)
The cloning method is based on the fact that cytoplasmic factors in mature, metaphase II oocytes are able to reset the identity of a transplanted adult cell nucleus to an embryonic state. (news-medical.net)
In this procedure, the nucleus of an egg cell is removed and replaced by the nucleus of a cell from another adult. (eurostemcell.org)
After being inserted into the egg, the adult cell nucleus is reprogrammed by the host cell. (eurostemcell.org)
DNA -Deoxyribonucleic acid, a chemical found primarily in the nucleus of cells. (cellmedicine.com)
Activation of embryonic genes and transcription from the transplanted somatic cell nucleus are required for development of SCNT embryos beyond the eight-cell stage…Therefore, these results are consistent with the premise that our modified SCNT protocol supports reprogramming of human somatic cells to the embryonic state. (nationalrighttolifenews.org)
The team at OHSU [Oregon Health and Science University], which disclosed its work in a paper published online by Cell, created embryonic stem cells by replacing the nucleus in an unfertilized human egg with the nucleus from a skin cell, then harvesting the resulting stem cells. (nationalrighttolifenews.org)
Experiments on amphibian eggs (frog spawn) have proved that it is relatively easy to transfer a new nucleus (from a body cell) into an egg cell which will then usually develop normally according to the genetic information in the transplanted nucleus. (biotopics.co.uk)
a smaller, simple type of cell that does not have a membrane-bound nucleus. (edrawmind.com)
Eukaryote are a group of organisms whose cells have a nucleus and other organelles enclosed within membranes. (storyboardthat.com)
The nucleus of the eukaryotic cell contains genetic information that is carried by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules. (storyboardthat.com)

The stem cell controversy is the consideration of the ethics of research involving the development and use of human embryos. (wikipedia.org)
Not all stem cell research involves human embryos. (wikipedia.org)
The discovery of adult stem cells led scientists to develop an interest in the role of embryonic stem cells, and in separate studies in 1981 Gail Martin and Martin Evans derived pluripotent stem cells from the embryos of mice for the first time. (wikipedia.org)
However, the use of the technique on human embryos led to more widespread controversy as criticism of the technique now began from the wider public who debated the moral ethics of questions concerning research involving human embryonic cells. (wikipedia.org)
Researchers reported in Nature on November 22, 2007, that they successfully isolated 2 embryonic stem cell lines from cloned embryos made using cells from the skin of an adult rhesus macaque. (nih.gov)
In humans, a major roadblock in achieving successful SCNT leading to embryonic stem cells has been the fact that human SCNT embryos fail to progress beyond the eight-cell stage. (news-medical.net)
They derived several human embryonic stem cell lines from these cloned embryos whose DNA was an exact match to the adult cell that donated the DNA. (news-medical.net)
These scientists destroyed the embryos and derived stem cell lines. (nationalrighttolifenews.org)
Most embryos…formed one or two pronuclei at the time of removal from TSA, whereas a slightly higher portion of embryos cleaved…suggesting that some SCNT embryos did not exhibit visible pronuclei at the time of examination… Most cleaved embryos developed to the eight-cell stage…but few progressed to compact morula…and blastocyst. (nationalrighttolifenews.org)
But it is an important step in research because it doesn't require the use of embryos in creating the type of stem cell capable of transforming into any other type of cell in the body. (nationalrighttolifenews.org)
Citizens disagree about whether we should destroy human embryos for their stem cells-and if so, which embryos, with whose money, under what regulatory guidelines. (eppc.org)
The holy grail of regenerative medicine-whatever one's ethical beliefs about destroying embryos-is to "reprogram" regular cells from one's own body so that individuals can be the source of their own rejection-proof therapies. (eppc.org)
That is to say, we risk turning developed cells into developing embryos, and thus risk engaging in the very activities of embryo destruction and human cloning that we seek to avoid. (eppc.org)
But we need to proceed carefully, recognizing that we are gaining new powers over human origins even when we do not use human embryos, and recognizing the danger of blurring the line between cellular parts and embryonic wholes. (eppc.org)
Far more controversial-and for good reason-are stem cells derived from destroyed human embryos. (eppc.org)
In embryos, cells derived from a fertilised egg divide repeatedly to produce tissues for the developing foetus. (biotopics.co.uk)
In the laboratory, cells have been taken from human embryos (normally obtained via an abortion) or from foetal blood cells in umbilical cord. (biotopics.co.uk)
Stem cells may be derived from adult tissues but the most potent are extracted from developing human embryos. (edu.au)
Similar to embryonic stem cells (ESCs), hpSCs are pluripotent cells that can be reproduced into any type of cell within the human body without using or destroying the viable human embryos. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
First, while stem-cell experimentation could involve the creation of embryos with the express purpose of destroying them, this is not the only means available for obtaining embryos. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
Thus, there is broad halakhic (Jewish legal) agreement that stem cell research is permitted on "excess" embryos. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
Most (but not all) authorities would forbid the creation of embryos with the express purpose of killing them in the pursuit of stem cell research. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
The controversy over stem cell research is focused specifically on the use of stem cells taken from embryos. (jewishvaluesonline.org)

The term applies not only to entire organisms but also to copies of molecules (such as DNA) and cells. (who.int)
The ability of chickens to respond to disease organisms is dependent on blood cells and on unique proteins called immunoglobulins that are present in blood. (usda.gov)
Immunoglobulins are the product of one type of cells in the blood and immune tissues of the body, and are selected in a way that results in many forms called antibodies that have different specificity to fight all disease organisms. (usda.gov)
For relatively simple single-cell organisms like yeast or bacteria, the ensemble of these genetic and environmental interactions can be measured by watching the individual cells grow under a microscope. (seattlechildrens.org)
It is known that in simpler organisms the differentiation process is less inflexible, and that damage to the body can be overcome due to cells re-growing lost tissue. (biotopics.co.uk)
This technique has the potential for producing large numbers of genetically genetically identical individual organisms. (biotopics.co.uk)
It only allows organisms to become more complex, it also allows organisms to replace cells and repair tissue. (storyboardthat.com)
The government's Advisory Committee on Releases to the Environment, which evalua-tes all proposals for outdoor tests with genetically modified organisms, is satisfied with Bishop's precautions. (newscientist.com)

For many decades, stem cells have played an important role in medical research, beginning in 1868 when Ernst Haeckel first used the phrase to describe the fertilized egg which eventually gestates into an organism. (wikipedia.org)
Scientists were initially interested in somatic-cell nuclear transfer as a means of determining whether genes remain functional even after most of them have been switched off as the cells in a developing organism assume their specialized functions as blood cells, muscle cells, and so forth. (who.int)
These stem cells are genetically matched to the donor organism, holding promise for studying genetic disease. (eurostemcell.org)
XI - embryonic stem cells: embryonic cells that are capable of modifying the cells of any organism tissue. (hinxtongroup.org)
… "embryo" means a human organism during the first 56 days of its development following fertilization or creation, excluding any time during which its development has been suspended, and includes any cell derived from such an organism that is used for the purpose of creating a human being. (hinxtongroup.org)
The treatment also shows promise for people with sickle cell diseases, who suffer an extremely progressive and dangerous disease that is largely genetic and not caused by exposure to the blood or urine of an infective organism. (bluelamp-foundation.org)
The goal of systems cell biology is to understand how proteins, genes and molecules come together and interact as a system to form a functioning and living organism. (seattlechildrens.org)
Microenvironment -The molecules and compounds such as nutrients and growth factors in the fluid surrounding a cell in an organism or in the laboratory, which are important in determining the characteristicsof the cell. (cellmedicine.com)
This increased cell number can allow an organism to grow and get bigger. (storyboardthat.com)
Each of these infectious diseases is designated by the major target cell: human monocytic ehrlichiosis is caused by Ehrlichia chaffeensis, and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis by an E. equi -like organism. (cdc.gov)
T-cells, an important part of the immune system, can distinguish between antigens produced by the organism and invaders. (medicalxpress.com)

Only cells from an embryo at the morula stage or earlier are truly totipotent, meaning that they are able to form all cell types including placental cells. (wikipedia.org)
Destruction of a human embryo is required in order to research new embryonic cell lines. (wikipedia.org)
Much of the debate surrounding human embryonic stem cells, therefore, concern ethical and legal quandaries around the destruction of an embryo. (wikipedia.org)
Political leaders debate how to regulate and fund research studies that involve the techniques used to remove the embryo cells. (wikipedia.org)
A: During the first five months of development of a female human embryo, all its potential future egg cells are formed. (scienceinschool.org)
The genetic material of the polar bodies is discarded, while that of the mature egg cell is joined by the genetic material of the fertilising sperm, to start the development of a new embryo. (scienceinschool.org)
In another strategy, called therapeutic cloning, the embryo can instead be used to create stem cells that are genetically identical to a patient. (nih.gov)
Since embryonic stem cells have the ability to form virtually any cell type in the body, those taken from a cloned embryo could potentially be used to treat many diseases. (nih.gov)
After many divisions in culture, this single cell forms a blastocyst (an early stage embryo with about 100 cells) with almost identical DNA to the original donor who provided the adult cell - a genetic clone. (eurostemcell.org)
Blastocyst -A preimplantation embryo of about 150 cells. (cellmedicine.com)
Embryonic germ cells -Cells found in a specific part of the embryo/fetus called the gonadal ridge that normally develop into mature gametes. (cellmedicine.com)
Embryonic stem cells -Primitive (undifferentiated) cells from the embryo that have the potential to become a wide variety of specialized cell types. (cellmedicine.com)
These cells give rise to the embryonic disk of the later embryo and, ultimately, the fetus. (cellmedicine.com)
Research advocates attack President Bush for "banning stem cell research," while pro-life advocates lament a Republican administration and Congress that have banned nothing-not embryo destruction, not human cloning, not fetal farming, not genetic engineering. (eppc.org)
Before leaving office, President Clinton sought to get around the existing law without actually changing it, by funding research on embryonic stem cells so long as the actual embryo destruction was paid for with private dollars. (eppc.org)
The mass of undifferentiated tissue can be divided into individual cells without damage, and then left to grow into more masses of tissue, similar to an embryo inside a seed. (biotopics.co.uk)
In an embryo, some dividing cells are becoming differentiated according to their function, but there are also unspecialised stem cells which may be persuaded to divide into different types of cells, depending on the body's requirements. (biotopics.co.uk)
In the first 4 - 5 days after fertilization, the early-stage embryo (or blastocyst) is comprised of about 150 cells, within which there is a region called the Inner Cell Mass containing the stem cells. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
The controversy arises for some people because, in the course of harvesting these cells, the embryo is destroyed. (jewishvaluesonline.org)

And, because the microscope was only firing light at that small region of the oocyte, it did less damage to the cell, which enabled the scientists to keep up the imaging for the 10 hours of cell division (see box for more on smart microscopy ). (scienceinschool.org)
Scientists have used cloning technology to transform human skin cells into embryonic stem cells, an experiment that may revive the controversy over human cloning. (nationalrighttolifenews.org)
The method described on Wednesday by Oregon State University scientists in the journal Cell, would not likely be able to create human clones, said Shoukhrat Mitalipov, senior scientist at the Oregon National Primate Research Center. (nationalrighttolifenews.org)
Scientists use well-established techniques to transfer a gene encoding the desired protein into a "production cell. (biotechprimer.com)
Well, since you had to ask… When scientists first realized they needed some cell type other than E. coli to produce complex biologic drugs, CHO cells were handy. (biotechprimer.com)
Long before the controversy emerged over human embryonic stem cells, scientists and doctors began using first-generation stem cells from adult bone marrow. (eppc.org)
But they are also less equipped to produce every cell type of the body and less able to reproduce themselves indefinitely, which makes them less appealing to scientists interested in basic research. (eppc.org)
In July 2005, for example, scientists announced that they had engineered adult mouse stem cells into usable mouse eggs, a technique that might one day allow for the creation of human eggs from ordinary human cells. (eppc.org)
Although scientists knew that, for example, antibiotics didn't always kill every last microbe in a colony of identical clones, both the cause of these differences and the resulting implications remained shrouded in mystery. (ecwausa.org)
Much of this was out of necessity: The technology didn't exist to allow scientists to do much more with single cells than peer at them through a microscope. (ecwausa.org)
Initially, scientists thought that persisters might come from a genetically distinctive subpopulation that grew more slowly even before the antibiotic treatments. (ecwausa.org)
ISCO will simultaneously partner with leading scientists across the world to showcase the therapeutic applicability and the potential advantages of hPSC over other stem cells. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
Because the early stem cells have the ability to become any one of the hundreds of different kinds of human cells, scientists are working on research using these cells with the aim of creating therapies to treat a variety of diseases. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
Most scientists don't exceed passage 4 to 6 when using normal cells for their experiments as the cells gradually change their phenotype in vitro. (promocell.com)
The advert was a statutory public notice, informing people that the department had given scientists permission to spray a genetically modified insect virus in a field near Wytham. (newscientist.com)

7 The genetic abnormalities and drug sensitivities of cells within the same tumor can vary widely, resulting in the survival and regrowth of a sub-population of tumor cells after a treatment that initially appears to be effective. (atcc.org)
3,4 In some cases, tumor cells can even acquire secondary genetic alterations during drug treatment. (atcc.org)
For example, a major new drug could potentially kill both tumor cells and normal cells. (bluelamp-foundation.org)
Still others, like the CAR T-cell therapy recently approved to treat some types of leukemia and lymphomas, require a patient's immune cells to be removed from the body and genetically engineered to attack the tumor cells. (futurity.org)

Many less controversial sources of acquiring stem cells include using cells from the umbilical cord, breast milk, and bone marrow, which are not pluripotent. (wikipedia.org)
Bone marrow stromal cells -A stem cell found in bone marrow that generates bone, cartilage, fat, and fibrous connective tissue. (cellmedicine.com)
Plasma cells are present mainly in bone marrow and lymph nodes. (msdmanuals.com)
The epidermis is derived primarily from surface ectoderm but is colonized by pigment-containing melanocytes of neural crest origin, antigen-processing Langerhans cells of bone marrow origin, and pressure-sensing Merkel cells of neural crest origin. (medscape.com)

Before this new study was published, Nature asked another group of researchers to confirm that the stem cells were genetically identical to the donor skin cells. (nih.gov)
if it implants and the pregnancy goes to term, the resulting individual will carry the same nuclear genetic material as the donor of the adult somatic cell. (who.int)
By transferring adult cell DNA into an embryonic stem cell, it is possible to create a line of immortal embryonic cells that are able to develop into any type of adult cell, genetically identical to the donor. (news-medical.net)
Those were spindle removal, donor cell fusion, and cytoplast activation. (news-medical.net)
The mitochondrial DNA of the stem cells, however, matched the donor egg's mitochondrial DNA. (news-medical.net)
The adult cell nuclei were transferred into metaphase-II stage human oocytes, producing a karyotypically normal diploid embryonic stem cell line from each of the adult male donor cells. (news-medical.net)
The resulting cells were pluripotent and could be differentiated into insulin-producing beta cells to restore the function of the pancreas in the donor. (news-medical.net)
For example, stem cells could be generated using the nuclear transfer process described above, with the donor adult cell coming from a patient with diabetes or Alzheimer's. (eurostemcell.org)
In a proof-of-concept analysis that used 68,000 fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from a healthy donor, Dr. Hindson and colleagues showed that GemCode can be used to interrogate cellular heterogeneity and cluster large immune cell populations. (genengnews.com)
A perfect match between recipient and donor is therefore critical to avoid rejection and assure the success of a stem cell transplant. (medicalxpress.com)

Bacteria can be genetically identical but phenotypically different," Carrara said. (ecwausa.org)
Tumors are not simply a compilation of molecularly and phenotypically identical neoplastic cells. (lu.se)

That's why ATCC provides the cell models and nucleic acids needed to develop and validate diagnostic assays. (atcc.org)
This model is backed by our in vitro experiments and consistent with previous virus cell entry assays. (rsc.org)
Furthermore, because of the antigenic and genetic diversity of 'Norwalk-like viruses'* (NLVs) and the inability to cultivate these viruses in cell lines, developing assays to detect the full spectrum of NLVs associated with outbreaks of gastroenteritis was not possible. (cdc.gov)
We evaluated cell stemness by using multiple functional assays in combination with stem cell marker expression analysis. (lu.se)

The two strains of chickens have been mated in a way to develop 19 strains that are genetically 88% identical, but 12% of the hereditary units are unique in each strain. (usda.gov)
A sandwich ELISA assay was adapted to define the milligrams per milliliter of gamma Ig (IgG) in plasma from chickens of lines 6 and 7, as well as 19 recombinant congenic strains (RCS). (usda.gov)
These strains (like most of the mouse lines used in research) are highly inbred, which means exactly what it sounds like. (cureffi.org)
Of the 20 strains isolated from prisoners, none of the strains displayed identical fingerprints. (who.int)
In bacterial isolates of prisoners and ex-prisoners from the general population, there were 2 strains, which had identical banding patterns, while there were clear similarities between several isolates. (who.int)

The full-length sequences of matrix (M) protein gene from these nasal turbinate samples were further determined and were genetically identical. (cdc.gov)
An inexpensive way to produce interferon was needed, and introducing the gene responsible for its production into a bacterial cell made that possible. (biologywriter.com)
The cell that had acquired the human interferon gene proceeded to produce interferon at a rapid rate, and to grow and divide. (biologywriter.com)
Soon there were millions of interferon-producing bacteria in the culture, all of them descendants of the cell that had originally received the human interferon gene. (biologywriter.com)
In the interferon experiment, a piece of DNA carrying the interferon gene was inserted into a plasmid, which then carried the gene into a bacterial cell. (biologywriter.com)
Most other genetic engineering approaches have used the same general strategy, bringing the gene of interest into the target cell by first incorporating it into a plasmid or an infective virus. (biologywriter.com)
Unlike induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSs), hPSCs do not manipulate the gene expression process back to a less differentiated stage, thereby avoiding the regulatory, ethical and safety obstacles. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
The Human Cell Atlas relies, to a great extent, on the use of transcriptome sequencing to profile the gene expression of individual cells. (genengnews.com)
We developed a fast way of profiling tens of thousands of cells, where for each cell, we capture gene expression in an unbiased way," says Benjamin J. Hindson, Ph.D., CSO, president, and cofounder of 10x Genomics. (genengnews.com)
Cell Ranger is a set of analysis pipelines that processes Chromium single-cell 3′ RNA-Seq output to align reads, generate gene-cell matrices, and perform clustering and gene-expression analysis. (genengnews.com)
Among the obligately intracellular gram-negative bacteria, a genetically related set is classified among the Protobacteria of the subgroup on the basis of sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene ( 1 , 2 , 8 , 9 ). (cdc.gov)
Alteration of the pattern of gene expression by oxidants may function in the stimulation of the initiated cell during tumor promotion. (bvsalud.org)
Similarly, GATA-1 has been shown to induce lineage switching expression values even if, for simplicity, we assume only ``on'' of committed cells in hematopoiesis, first in cell lines (Kulessa and ``off'' states for each gene. (lu.se)
In reality, gene somatic cells to a pluripotent cell state by a handful of transcrip- expression is graded, making the potential gene expression tion factors (Takahashi and Yamanaka, 2006). (lu.se)

diseases in which abnormal cells divide and grow unchecked. (womenshealthsection.com)

This was the first successful reprogramming of human somatic cells into embryonic stem cells using a cloning technique, SCNT. (news-medical.net)

Cell-based therapies -treatment in which stem cells are induced to differentiate into the specific cell type required to repair damaged or depleted adult cell populations or tissues. (cellmedicine.com)
This includes liver disease, diabetes, age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD), corneal blindness and various neural degenerative diseases that are common among genetically different populations across the globe. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
Understanding cell-fate decisions in stem cell populations is a major goal of modern biology. (lu.se)
Stem and progenitor cell populations are often heterogeneous, which may reflect stem cell subsets that express subtly different properties, including different propensities for lineage selection upon differentiation, yet remain able to interconvert. (lu.se)

In an effort to understand the variable severity of the disease amongst dogs, the team will study the role and types of lymphocytes present in Ehrlichia-positive dogs to determine if increased lymphocyte counts and a large number of genetically identical lymphocytes are associated with disease severity. (akcchf.org)

Somatic-cell nuclear transfer, the technique by which Dolly was created, was first used 40 years ago in research with tadpoles and frogs. (who.int)
One cloning technology that has been developed for mammalian and human cells is somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). (news-medical.net)
Cloning, or somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), is the technique used to produce Dolly the sheep, the first animal to be produced as a genetic copy of another adult. (eurostemcell.org)
Indeed, if passed, Hatch/Feinstein/Kerry would explicitly legalize doing in humans the very cloning procedure -- somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) -- that was used to make Dolly the sheep . (lifeissues.net)

Beyond this scientific interest, the commercial concern in animal cloning focuses on replicating large numbers of genetically identical animals, especially those derived from a progenitor that has been modified genetically. (who.int)
Cloning of human cells is a technology that holds the potential to cure many diseases and provide a source of exactly matched transplant tissues and organs. (news-medical.net)
SCNT is a method of cloning mammalian cells that can be used to create personalized embryonic stem cells from an adult animal or human. (news-medical.net)
Although attempts have not yet been made to create a therapeutic transplant from embryonic stem cells, the methods have been developed to allow the creation of functional, mature cells using human cell cloning technology. (news-medical.net)
Retrieved on December 04, 2023 from https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/Cloning-Human-Cells.aspx. (news-medical.net)
What is cloning, and what does it have to do with stem cell research? (eurostemcell.org)
This form of cloning is unrelated to stem cell research. (eurostemcell.org)
Another long-term hope for therapeutic cloning is that it could be used to generate cells that are genetically identical to a patient. (eurostemcell.org)
To date, no human embryonic stem cell lines have been derived using therapeutic cloning, so both these possibilities remain very much in the future. (eurostemcell.org)
The cloning breakthrough is instead being spun as skin cells into stem cells! (nationalrighttolifenews.org)
Over the past few years, the debate over stem cells and cloning has grown both more complex and more profound. (eppc.org)
But if we are to make wise policy the stem cell/cloning arena, we need to step back, sort out the various scientific alternatives and moral issues, and search for a way forward that all citizens can embrace. (eppc.org)
To this end, we offer a detailed analysis of the stem cell/cloning question-where is the science, what are the political alternatives, and what moral obligations should guide us? (eppc.org)
It's given name is the "Human Cloning Ban and Stem Cell Research Protection Act of 2003," the stated purpose of which, supposedly, is to "prohibit human cloning and to protect important areas of medical research, including stem cell research. (lifeissues.net)
Viewed in this way, identical (non-fraternal) twins are fairly commonplace examples of a natural cloning process. (biotopics.co.uk)
This procedure of producing a line of genetically identical cells from a single altered cell, called cloning, made every cell in the culture a miniature factory for producing interferon. (biologywriter.com)
This issue was considered by the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs in its report entitled Human Cloning: Scientific, Ethical and Regulatory Aspects of Human Cloning and Stem Cell Research (hereafter the Andrews Report , after the Chair of the Committee, Mr Kevin Andrews, MP) released in September 2001. (edu.au)

In 1998, James Thomson and Jeffrey Jones derived the first human embryonic stem cells, with even greater potential for drug discovery and therapeutic transplantation. (wikipedia.org)
The therapeutic potential of cloned human cells has been demonstrated by another study using human oocytes to reprogram adult cells of a type 1 diabetic. (news-medical.net)
She is an internationally recognized researcher involved in multi-investigator teams that utilize pluripotent stem cells for modeling human disease to study mechanism, development, and establish new therapeutic modalities. (chop.edu)
In addition to using renewable sources of pluripotent stem cell-derived human hematopoietic lineages for therapeutic and investigative applications, she is genome editing pluripotent stem cells using the CRISPR-CAS9 technology. (chop.edu)
Researchers soon realized, however, that they couldn't produce every therapeutic in bacterial cells. (biotechprimer.com)
But adult stem cells also raise some interesting ethical dilemmas alongside their great therapeutic promise. (eppc.org)
The facility is also near leading Californian research institutions that have already collaborated with ISCO on basic stem cell biology and therapeutic applications. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)

The term "clone", from the Greek word for twig, denotes a group of identical entities. (who.int)
But SCNT can also be used to clone human cells for transplant or other therapies. (news-medical.net)
However, with the advent of techniques including nutritional and temperature conditioning of cells taken from the body of higher animals, it has proved possible to clone mammals, e.g. (biotopics.co.uk)
The resulting group of genetically identical cells (called a clone) produces a large quantity of a single type of antibody (immunoglobulin). (msdmanuals.com)
Every plasma cell divides repeatedly to form a clone. (msdmanuals.com)
The cells of a clone produce only one specific type of antibody. (msdmanuals.com)
In plasma cell disorders, one clone of plasma cells multiplies uncontrollably. (msdmanuals.com)
The ever-increasing number of abnormal plasma cells also invades and damages various tissues and organs, and the antibody produced by the clone of plasma cells can sometimes damage vital organs, especially the kidneys and bones. (msdmanuals.com)

In the course of metaphase, the chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell, known as the metaphase plate. (essaypay.com)
When the spindle fibers have captured the chromosomes, the chromosomes are lined up in the middle of the cell at a point known as the metaphase plate. (storyboardthat.com)

In this case, the cancer cells gradually acquire specific genetic abnormalities or protein alterations that ultimately result in unresponsiveness to treatment and cancer relapse. (atcc.org)
All 5 samples (100%) were positive for aMPV-C. In addition, the nasal turbinate samples were inoculated into Vero cell lines for 5 blind passages, and aMPV viral antigens were further detected by immunofluorescent assay by using a rabbit polyclonal antibody raised against a polypeptide located in the N protein of all aMPV subgroups ( 8 ). (cdc.gov)
Biomanufacturing involves engineering a cell to produce a specific protein. (biotechprimer.com)
Once a manufacturer successfully manipulates a cell to produce said protein, the cells multiply. (biotechprimer.com)
Bacterial cells cannot correctly fold these complex proteins, nor can they confer required posttranslational modifications - chemical and physical changes made to a protein by cellular enzymes after the protein is produced. (biotechprimer.com)
A protein produced by living cells that causes specific biochemical reactions at body temperatures. (biomarin.com)
A cell that has been genetically modified to produce a specific protein and is used as a 'seed' to produce cells which are identical to it (a cell line). (biomarin.com)
Prion - an infectious particle that causes damage to nerve cells in the brain, and that appears to consist mostly or entirely of a single protein. (edrawmind.com)
Low platelet (thrombocytopenia) and white blood cell counts are considered normal findings in Greyhounds, as is protein in their urine. (akcchf.org)

The pluripotent stem cell technology represents a major breakthrough for studying disease because these cells express human genes of interest, they can be differentiated in vitro to the three germ layers and derivative tissues, they can be genetically manipulated, and they allow for easy access to cells for in-depth structural, functional, and molecular characterization. (chop.edu)
Astrocyte -One of the large neuroglia cells of neural tissues. (cellmedicine.com)
This long-sought technique may eventually let doctors create replacement cells for a wide variety of tissues from bits of a patient's own skin. (nationalrighttolifenews.org)
Today, we can derive stem cells from a range of adult and newborn tissues: liver cells, kidney cells, brain cells, fat cells, and umbilical cord blood. (eppc.org)
B cells One of the body's lines of defense ( immune system) involves white blood cells (leukocytes) that travel through the bloodstream and into tissues, searching for and attacking microorganisms and. (msdmanuals.com)
In the normal course of gestation, these cells will divide and split off from one another to become every cell in the human body, forming the various organs and tissues. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
And so we work to enhance our interrogation techniques, for while extracting information from a biological system is challenging, it is also indispensable to a range of missions: revealing how cells organize into tissues, dissecting disease pathogenesis, and advancing diagnostic and treatment efforts. (genengnews.com)
We need to be able to prepare cells from complex tissues, get them into a suspension, and analyze them," Dr. Hindson explained. (genengnews.com)

Jeffery Gordon of Washington University, St. Louis and his team raised genetically identical rodents in a germ-free environment so that they would be free of any bacteria. (harvard.edu)
Genetically identical bacteria should all be the same, but in fact, the cells are stubbornly varied individuals. (ecwausa.org)
Besides, if the bacteria were all identical, then there seemingly wasn't a need to study every cell. (ecwausa.org)
All the bacteria in this colony could be expected to show the same behaviors, physiology and physical appearance - the same phenotype - when placed in identical environments. (ecwausa.org)
In many cases, antibiotics didn't annihilate all the bacteria, even in groups of cells that were fully susceptible to the killing power of antibiotics. (ecwausa.org)
Through natural selection, some types of bacteria have acquired powerful weapons against these viruses: they contain enzymes called restriction endonucleases that fragment the viral DNA as soon as it enters the bacterial cell. (biologywriter.com)
Bacterium (plural bacteria) - an individual prokaryotic cell or a single species that is in the domain. (edrawmind.com)
These bacteria have evolved in close association with ticks, mites, chiggers, fleas, other arthropods, and fish flukes into six genetically defined clusters ( 1 , 2 , 8 - 11 ) ( Table 1 and Figure 1 ). (cdc.gov)
These medicines are called "biologics" and are grown from living cells - generally, in a petri dish of genetically modified bacteria. (medecon.org)

Experts from around the world are assessing the difficult issue of the extent to which embryonic stem cell research should be allowed to proceed, and to date there is little international consensus on this matter. (edu.au)
How, then, should embryonic stem cell research be regulated in Australia? (edu.au)
In this article we examine embryonic stem cell research and explore the current regulatory framework associated with this research in Australia, with particular reference to the Andrews Report . (edu.au)
If embryonic stem-cell research offers real possibilities for future cures then, from a Jewish point of view, it may be pursued with caution, humility, and strict supervision. (jewishvaluesonline.org)

Dr. French came to CHOP in 2008 to establish the Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Core in the Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics. (chop.edu)
Human embryonic stem cell -A type of pluripotent stem cell derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. (cellmedicine.com)

Mitosis occurs in somatic cells (cells that are not gametes), and it produces two genetically identical daughter cells. (essaypay.com)
Meiosis, in contrast, occurs in gametes (sex cells), produces 4 genetically diverse daughter cells, and includes two divisions of genetic material. (essaypay.com)
This produces either heterozygous human parthenogenetic stem cell lines that can be precisely HLA-matched or stem cell lines histocompatible with the oocyte donors or HLA homozygous hPSC that are histocompatible with the major segments of human population. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
The cell first produces copies of its DNA, and the copies are connected. (storyboardthat.com)
Mitosis produces cells which allow us to grow and replace old, worn-out cells. (storyboardthat.com)
Meiosis produces daughter cells which are not genetically identical to the parent cell. (storyboardthat.com)

Genetically manufactured glycoprotein has the unique isoform profile and the heterogeneity can sometimes cause in interpretation difficulties. (wada-ama.org)
We showed that the generation of the cleaved form of the cell surface glycoprotein CD44 leads to the stabilization of the HIFs in the perivascular and the perinecrotic glioma niche, leading to increased hypoxic signaling and glioma cell stemness. (lu.se)

As an egg cell, or oocyte, matures inside a woman's ovary, it undergoes a type of cell division called meiosis, in which the pairs of chromosomes inside it are lined up and fished apart, and half of them are expelled. (scienceinschool.org)
Metaphase I is quite comparable to metaphase in mitosis since the homologous pairs of chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate. (essaypay.com)
In anaphase I, the homologous pairs of chromosomes are separated and pulled to opposite sides of the cell leaving the paired chromatids nevertheless collectively (textbook, 97). (essaypay.com)

The stem cells, the researchers showed, could turn into heart or nerve cells in the laboratory, and had other characteristics of established embryonic stem cell lines. (nih.gov)
The stem cells could be studied in the laboratory to help researchers understand what goes wrong in diseases like these. (eurostemcell.org)
Here, we prompted to compare the chromosomal stability of three hESC lines maintained in the same laboratory using identical culture conditions and passaging methods. (nih.gov)

Furthermore, tumors cells can induce surrounding normal tissue cells to alter the overall microenvironment by secreting growth factors or proteases, or by suppressing immune response signals. (atcc.org)
Chicken lines 6 and 7 were inbred during selection for resistance or susceptibility to viral induced tumors. (usda.gov)
Adult stem cells are easier to control than embryonic stem cells and thus less likely to form tumors. (eppc.org)
Some of these tumor-specific, activated T cells then leave the original tumor to find and destroy other identical tumors throughout the body. (futurity.org)
Finally, lead author Idit Sagiv-Barfi, instructor of medicine, explored the specificity of the T cells by transplanting two types of tumors into the mice. (futurity.org)

They are more diverse and heterogeneous genetically than the rest of the population, and two unrelated Africans are unlikely to have identical HLAs because human migration began in Africa. (medicalxpress.com)

The primary egg cell divides into a secondary egg cell and a polar body. (scienceinschool.org)
The polar body divides in two, the secondary egg cell divides into a third polar body and a mature egg cell, and meiosis is complete. (scienceinschool.org)
Cell division -Method by which a single cell divides to create two cells. (cellmedicine.com)
Meiosis is the process by which a cell divides into two, non identical, cells, meaning the DNA is not the same. (storyboardthat.com)
Cell division is a process in which a parent cell divides into two (or more) daughter cells. (storyboardthat.com)
Mitosis is a process by which a parent cell divides to produce two genetically identical daughter cells. (storyboardthat.com)
Here, the cytoplasm divides to form two new cells. (storyboardthat.com)

The team that isolated the embryonic stem cell lines was led by Dr. Shoukhrat Mitalipov at Oregon Health and Science University in Portland. (nih.gov)

The CHO cell line secretes recombinant factor IX into a defined cell culture medium that does not contain hormones, and the recombinant factor IX is purified by a chromatography purification process that does not require a monoclonal antibody step. (globalrph.com)
We confirmed that all recombinant glycoproteins from CHO cell line studied were lacking certain human type glycanes, which are not always identifiable by mass spectrometry. (wada-ama.org)

The final step of meiosis is telophase II and cytokinesis exactly where the nuclear envelopes reform and four, genetically diverse haploid gametes are formed as a result of the original single diploid cell (textbook, 97). (essaypay.com)
Meiosis, on the other hand, is the process by which gametes (sex cells) are made. (storyboardthat.com)

Immune cells like T cells recognize the abnormal proteins often present on cancer cells and infiltrate to attack the tumor. (futurity.org)
In effect, these T cells are "prescreened" by the body to recognize only cancer-specific proteins. (futurity.org)
As other coronaviruses, 6-9 SARS-CoV-2 exploits host proteins to initiate cell-entry, in particular TMPRSS2 and ACE2, two membrane-bound proteins expressed in the upper and lower respiratory tract. (rsc.org)

Dr. French and her colleagues have shown a number of hematopoietic pathologies to be successfully recapitulated through differentiation of patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells, including Glanzmann thrombasthenia, Down syndrome, and juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. (chop.edu)
Hematopoietic differentiation of pluripotent stem cells in culture. (chop.edu)
Differentiation -The process whereby an unspecialized early embryonic cell acquires the features of a specialized cell such as a heart, liver, or muscle cell. (cellmedicine.com)
Directed differentiation -Manipulating stem cell culture conditions to induce differentiation into a particular cell type. (cellmedicine.com)
Embryonic stem cell line -Embryonic stem cells, which have been cultured under in vitro conditions that allow proliferation without differentiation for months to years. (cellmedicine.com)
It has been discovered that plant cells which have apparently finished differentiation can be encouraged to revert to an unspecialised state called a callus , which can be caused to grow on special liquid/gel media. (biotopics.co.uk)
Evidence the fate of stem cells has broad ramifications for biomedical suggests that during development or differentiation, cells make science from elucidating the causes of cancer to the use of very precise transitions between apparently stable ``network stem cells in regenerative medicine. (lu.se)

Two separate research teams have figured out how to "reprogram" cells with just a handful of genes to give them the characteristics of embryonic stem cells. (nih.gov)
The fact that the DNA of a fully differentiated (adult) cell could be stimulated to revert to a condition comparable to that of a newly fertilized egg and to repeat the process of embryonic development demonstrates that all the genes in differentiated cells retain their functional capacity, although only a few are active. (who.int)
Cell culturing allows cell lines to be tested and observed in order to better understand how they behave in response to changes such as the insertion or deletion of genes, varying solutes in their media, varying external conditions, and more. (cbrnetechindex.com)
RayBiotech's stable cell line service uses a mammalian retrovirus to incorporate foreign genes into the host genome. (raybiotech.com)
But when microbiologists looked for genes that could predict which cells would become persisters, they were disappointed. (ecwausa.org)
A person can be of African or European ancestry in terms of immune function genes, but the identifiers 'black," 'brown' and 'white' don't really line up with those categories," said Diogo Meyer, a professor at USP who specializes in population genetics and was the principal investigator for the study. (medicalxpress.com)
explosion further, consider that a fictitious small genome with 2002) More recently and more dramatically, the potential for 260 genes would host the same number of combinations as cell state conversions is exemplified by the reprogramming of the number of atoms in the visible universe! (lu.se)

Hematopoietic stem cell -A stem cell from which all red and white blood cells develop. (cellmedicine.com)
We discuss these properties with examples both from the hematopoietic and embryonic stem cell (ESC) systems. (lu.se)

To varying degrees, these fates also extend to the Such state stability is required in stem and progenitor cells to immediate progeny of stem cells, known as progenitor or support self-renewal and maintenance of the uncommitted transit-amplifying cells. (lu.se)

It doesn't create stem cells. (nationalrighttolifenews.org)

Great levels of success and potential have been realized from research using adult stem cells. (wikipedia.org)
And recent experimental trials, while still very preliminary, suggest that adult stem cells may one day help us treat a host of terrible pathologies. (eppc.org)
Yet for now, the utility of adult stem cells also remains limited. (eppc.org)
In addition, the possibility of reprogramming adult stem cells back to a "pluripotent" (or embryonic-like) state raises the biological prospect of going back too far. (eppc.org)

Another successful attempt at human SCNT was made using cells from two adult males. (news-medical.net)

This picture shows a mammalian egg cell, held by a blunt pipette on the left hand side, with genetic material being introduced via a narrow pipette on the right hand side. (biotopics.co.uk)

The stem cell facility will produce human parthenogenic stem cells (hpSCs) that are derived from parthenogenetically induced human oocytes. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
The HLA genotypes of stem cells obtained from such oocytes are heterozygous and are genetically cloned to the donors. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)

During telophase, the final stage of mitosis, the identical sets of chromosomes are at opposite poles of the cell, the chromosomes revert back to chromatin, and a nuclear envelope reforms about each group of chromatin. (essaypay.com)
Following this is the telophase , where the cell is nearly finished dividing. (storyboardthat.com)
The final stage of the cell splitting, known as cytokinesis can overlap with the anaphase or telophase. (storyboardthat.com)

immune reaction mediated by T cells, in contrast to humoral immunity, which is antibody mediated. (womenshealthsection.com)
This avoids the key immune rejection issues associated with other stem cell classes. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
Unfertilised human eggs are used to produce parthenogenic stem cells (hpSC) that have the ability to be immune-matched with millions of patients. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
This approach bypasses the need to identify tumor-specific immune targets and doesn't require wholesale activation of the immune system or customization of a patient's immune cells. (futurity.org)
Others target naturally occurring checkpoints that limit the anti-cancer activity of immune cells. (futurity.org)
Our approach uses a one-time application of very small amounts of two agents to stimulate the immune cells only within the tumor itself. (futurity.org)
The first, a short stretch of DNA called a CpG oligonucleotide, works with other nearby immune cells to amplify the expression of an activating receptor called OX40 on the surface of the T cells. (futurity.org)

The Aitchison Lab's research involves using systems cell biology to investigate host-pathogen interactions. (seattlechildrens.org)
Since the growth involves nuclear division by mitosis and cell division, the resulting cells are identical. (biotopics.co.uk)
Most of the cell division that occurs in the body involves this process. (storyboardthat.com)
A few years ago, in an article in the The Times of London newspaper, the author, Michael Gove, made the following statement: "Embryonic stem-cell experimentation involves not just the destruction of human life but the creation of life with the specific intent to destroy it. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
2008). Historically, this concept is highlighted by the experi- factors are key intrinsic regulators of these fate decisions and mental phenomenon of lineage reprogramming, for example, that fate choice involves modulating networks of transcription by the conversion of fibroblasts to muscles cells following trans- factors. (lu.se)

In each of these cells, after DNA duplication, homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material during crossing over. (scienceinschool.org)
Lytic cycle - the replication process in viruses in which the virus's genetic material uses the copying machinery of the host cell to make new viruses. (edrawmind.com)
Replication - the fundamental process of all cells, in which the genetic material is copied before the cell reproduces. (edrawmind.com)

With ODELAM we are continuing to explore how front-line antibiotics affect growth and heterogeneity of Mtb as well as Mycobacterium abscessus . (seattlechildrens.org)

Stem cell technology in humans derives from earlier and complementary work in animal studies. (edu.au)

Mapping movement: the coloured lines chart the movement (purple to yellow) of kinetochores (green dots) as microtubules hook onto them to separate the chromosomes (cyan). (scienceinschool.org)
Homologous chromosomes line up at the primary egg cell's equator and are then fished apart by microtubules. (scienceinschool.org)
Tomo used software that had been previously developed in Jan's lab, which allowed him to programme a laser scanning microscope to find the chromosomes in the egg cell's vast inner space, and then film them during cell division. (scienceinschool.org)
The oocyte is a big cell, but the chromosomes sit in only a small part of that cell, and that's what we were interested in. (scienceinschool.org)
By focusing the microscope only on the part of the cell where the chromosomes are, Tomo was able to obtain high-resolution images at short intervals of only one and a half minutes, which gave him a very clear picture of the process. (scienceinschool.org)
Spindle fibers start to form and will be used to move and organize chromosomes during cell division. (storyboardthat.com)

Recently, several studies have analysed the genomic stability of several hESC lines maintained after prolonged in vitro culture but controversial data has been reported. (nih.gov)
A population doubling (PD) is a two-fold increase in the total number of cells during in vitro-culture. (promocell.com)
The PromoCell media are optimized for in vitro-culture of human cells. (promocell.com)

We were able, for the first time, to keep track of all the kinetochores throughout cell division - so there's not a single time point where it's ambiguous where that part of the chromosome is - and that's really a breakthrough in the field, achieving this in these very large and light-sensitive cells," says Jan Ellenberg, who heads the research group. (scienceinschool.org)
RayBiotech's expert team can use your target antigen or peptide sequence of interest to develop a hybridoma and bulk monoclonal antibody production with scalable, large-scale production and purification services from pre-existing hybridoma cell lines to generate large quantities of a specific antibody. (raybiotech.com)
The methodology facilitates the production of a large number of plants that are genetically identical over a relatively short growth period. (allresearchjournal.com)

Yet further treatments using stem cells could potentially be developed due to their ability to repair extensive tissue damage. (wikipedia.org)
Adult stem cell -An undifferentiated cell found in a differentiated tissue that can renew itself and (with certain limitations) differentiate to yield all the specialized cell types of the tissue from which it originated. (cellmedicine.com)
Mesenchymal stem cells -Cells from the immature embryonic connective tissue. (cellmedicine.com)
For instance, it may be possible one day to produce cardiac tissue to repair a heart damaged in a heart attack, nerve tissue to repair spinal cord injuries and cell therapies to treat people suffering from Alzheimer's or ALS. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
Normal" means that the cells in question were freshly isolated from non-tumour tissue. (promocell.com)
Tissue culture refers to the aseptic growth of cells, organs, or plants in a controlled environment, in which physical, nutrient, and hormonal conditions can all be easily manipulated and monitored. (allresearchjournal.com)

For example, the cell line MCF-7 is a standard for cancerous mammary cells and U87 is a standard for glioblastoma cells. (cbrnetechindex.com)
The aim of this thesis was to evaluate how microenvironmental cues affect the interactions between the tumor microenvironment and glioma stem-like cells in glioblastoma. (lu.se)
We addressed how treatments and hypoxia affect tumor-associated astrocytes in ways that consequently alter glioma cell properties, and how hypoxia and pseudo-hypoxia are involved in stemness maintenance in glioblastoma. (lu.se)
For this work, we used genetically engineered mouse models of glioma, primary stromal and glioma cell lines, classical glioblastoma cell lines, and organotypic slice cultures. (lu.se)

In particular, the efficiency of the process will have to be improved before the technique could be applied in the clinic using human cells. (nih.gov)
Unless otherwise stated, PromoCell Human Cells are derived from single donors. (promocell.com)
What markers does PromoCell test to characterize their Normal Human Cells? (promocell.com)
What is the recommended split ratio for PromoCell Normal Human Cells? (promocell.com)
PromoCell does not recommend a split ratio for Normal Human Cells because the cell yield varies from lab to lab. (promocell.com)
At what passage should I perform my experiments when working with PromoCell Normal Human Cells? (promocell.com)
This initiative, called the Human Cell Atlas, proposes to create comprehensive reference maps of all human cells as a basis for both understanding human health and diagnosing, monitoring, and treating disease. (genengnews.com)

Mitosis and meiosis are each types of cell division, however, their processes are not identical. (essaypay.com)
Mitosis occurs to replace dead or broken cells or during development. (essaypay.com)
However, in contrast to prophase in mitosis, the two genetically identical sister chromatids pair off, and crossing over happens between non sister chromatids. (essaypay.com)
Mitosis is the process by which a cell creates identical copies. (storyboardthat.com)
A baby human has fewer cells than an adult human and this increase comes from mitosis. (storyboardthat.com)
Mitosis can also produce cells that can be used to replace dead cells, allowing living things to maintain themselves over long periods of time. (storyboardthat.com)
In animal cells, the cell will also need to create a copy of an organelle involved in mitosis known as a centrosome. (storyboardthat.com)

Inbred lab mice are designed to be as genetically identical as possible so that experiments are more tightly controlled. (cureffi.org)
Mice genetically engineered to spontaneously develop breast cancers in all 10 of their mammary pads also responded to the treatment. (futurity.org)

These cells have been sought after as potential therapies for diseases ranging from heart disease to Parkinson's to cancer. (news-medical.net)

Sexual reproduction was an early evolutionary innovation after the appearance of eukaryotic cells. (libretexts.org)

Manufacturers typically divide the master cell bank for storage into three separate locations so a disaster in one place doesn't wipe out this vital resource. (biotechprimer.com)
An individual cell deposited on a plate of nutrient-rich jelly would divide and divide until it formed a visible colony of cells, all clones of the original cell. (ecwausa.org)
How do cells divide? (storyboardthat.com)
These new cells can then go on to divide again, creating even more cells. (storyboardthat.com)

Cell Culture includes all relevant processes required to grow and maintain cells outside of their natural environment. (cbrnetechindex.com)
It will also be implemented with ISCO's parthenogenic stem cell processes. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
Techniques, including callus production, cell suspension cultures, and plant regeneration, are all indispensable tools for the study of cellular biochemical and molecular processes. (allresearchjournal.com)

Amoeba reproduces solely by asexual reproduction to produce genetically identical offspring, and some animals alternate between sexual and asexual stages which result in clones being formed. (biotopics.co.uk)

Anatomy11

Organisms4

Diseases8

Chemicals and Drugs15

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment15

Phenomena and Processes25

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Nucleus15

Embryos23

Organisms8

Organism11

Embryo19

Scientists15

Tumor cells4

Bone marrow4

Donor10

Phenotypically2

Assays4

Strains5

Gene14

Abnormal cells1

Reprogramming of human somatic cells1

Populations4

Lymphocytes1

Somatic cell4

Cloning17

Therapeutic7

Clone8

Known as the metaphase plate2

Protein9

Tissues8

Bacteria9

Embryonic stem cel4

Pluripotent stem2

Produces6

Glycoprotein2

Pairs of chromosomes3

Laboratory3

Tumors5

Heterogeneous1

Divides7

Stem cell lines1

Recombinant2

Gametes2

Proteins3

Differentiation7

Genes7

Hematopoietic2

Progenitor1

Create stem cells1

Adult stem4

SCNT1

Mammalian1

Oocytes2

Telophase3

Immune7

Involves5

Genetic material3

Heterogeneity1

Humans1

Chromosomes6

Vitro culture3

Large3

Tissue6

Glioblastoma4

Human cells7

Mitosis7

Mice2

Therapies1

Eukaryotic1

Divide4

Processes3

Reproduces1