Lignin degradation laccase. Medical search. Frequent questions

Other laccases, such as those produced by the fungus Pleurotus ostreatus, play a role in the degradation of lignin, and can therefore be classed as lignin-modifying enzymes. (wikipedia.org)
Soil fungi were evaluated regarding their ability to degrade lignin-related compounds by producing the ligninolytic enzymes. (scielo.br)
The wood-degrading fungus Schizophyllum commune is both a genetically tractable model for studying mushroom development and a likely source of enzymes capable of efficient degradation of lignocellulosic biomass. (nature.com)
With this source laccases are one of enzymes with high amount of literatures could be observed. (scialert.net)
From the irregular structure of lignin render these enzymes can catalyze the reactions with broad substrates, many dangerous substances including synthetic dyes. (scialert.net)
These unique properties made laccases to be promising enzymes for bioremediation. (scialert.net)
However, many substrates of laccases are not oxidized due to the enzymes have relatively low redox potentials. (scialert.net)
In this study, ligninolytic activity of F. virguliforme was analyzed by the catalyzed release of 14CO2 from purified 14C-labeled Klason lignin, the degradation of polymeric aromatic dyes in culture (a method commonly used to test the ligninolytic capacity of microorganisms), and the production of the major fungal lignin degrading enzymes, laccase and lignin peroxidase. (usda.gov)
The ability of bacterial laccases to be generated both intracellularly and extracellularly, with active enzymes across a broad pH and temperature range, was investigated. (biomedcentral.com)
The depolymerization capacity was determined by the activity of the laccase, lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase enzymes. (org.bo)
For improving the CMP quality indicators, a preliminary treatment of the pulp has been carried out with a mixture of oxidizing enzymes produced from Phanerochaete chrysosporium, including lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, and laccase. (ncsu.edu)
This chromosomal region contains two laccase genes (HvLAC1 and HvLAC2) that are highly expressed at the seedling stage and may encode enzymes that oxidize pCA during the formation of HA. (bvsalud.org)
Molecular docking was adopted to predict the catalytic interaction of chosen toxic diazo colorant, Congo red (CR), with four dye-degrading enzymes (laccase, lignin peroxidase, azoreductase, and aryl alcohol oxidase). (bvsalud.org)
Development of suitable enzymatic assays for characterization of putative lignin active enzymes is an important step towards improving our understanding of the catalytic activities of relevant enzymes. (biomedcentral.com)
Here, we extend this approach to develop a reliable and rapid assay to study lignin-modifying enzymes. (biomedcentral.com)
Two β-aryl ether bond containing model lignin dimer substrates, designed to be suitable for studying the activities of lignin-modifying enzymes (LMEs) by nanostructure-initiator mass spectrometry (NIMS), were successful synthesized. (biomedcentral.com)
A new assay procedure has been developed for studying lignin-modifying enzymes by nanostructure-initiator mass spectrometry. (biomedcentral.com)
This is the first time that NIMS technology was applied to study the activities of lignin-modifying enzymes. (biomedcentral.com)
The viability of lignin degradation depends on the availability of optimal lignin-modifying enzymes [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ] that can efficiently degrade lignin biopolymers into simpler aromatics. (biomedcentral.com)
The edible white rot fungus Lentinula edodes possesses a variety of lignin degrading enzymes such as manganese peroxidases and laccases. (springeropen.com)
White-rot fungi produce a variety of extracellular lignin degrading enzymes, including lignin peroxidases, manganese peroxidases, and laccases. (springeropen.com)
2006). Extracellular enzymes involved in lignin degradation are mainly peroxidases, such as lignin peroxidase (LiP, E.C. 1.11.1.14), manganese peroxidase (MnP, E.C. 1.11.1.13), and laccase (Arora et al . (ncsu.edu)
Giant panda could have bamboo as their exclusive diet for about 2 million years because of the contribution of numerous enzymes produced by their gut bacteria, for instance laccases. (nibio.no)
This result enriches our understanding of plant-made enzymes, as, to our knowledge, Lac51 is the first functional recombinant laccase produced in plants. (nibio.no)
Lignin is indigestible by animal enzymes, but some fungi (such as the Dryad's saddle) and bacteria are able to secrete ligninases (also named lignases) that can biodegrade the polymer. (bioplasticsnews.com)
Well understood ligninolytic enzymes are manganese peroxidase and lignin peroxidase. (bioplasticsnews.com)
Because it is cross-linked with the other cell wall components, lignin minimizes the accessibility of cellulose and hemicellulose to microbial enzymes such as cellobiose dehydrogenase. (bioplasticsnews.com)
There are also several other microbial enzymes that are believed to be involved in lignin biodegradation, such as manganese peroxidase, laccase. (bioplasticsnews.com)
Some of the enzymes which generate aromatic radicals that break down most prominent bacterial strains found were isolated and tax- the complex linkages present in lignin to compounds of lower onomically identified using 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) se- molecular weight. (lu.se)
The structure of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin is only very briefly introduced and degradatory enzymes only mentioned in passing. (unak.is)
A detailed description of major degradatory pathways would have been entirely apt for a book of this kind and the roles, production and biotechnological potential of specific fungal and bacterial enzymes, such as lignin peroxidase, Mn peroxidase and laccase, would certainly have been expected. (unak.is)
There are certain groups of lignin degrading fungi which are capable of synthesizing non-specific enzymes like laccase, lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase ( Khammuang and Sarnthima, 2009 ). (scialert.net)
According to the application, the garden waste particles are used for culturing the mushrooms, and the complex structure of lignin in the garden waste is destroyed by using extracellular enzymes such as laccase and peroxidase secreted by hyphae, so that organic matter in mushroom residues obtained after the mushrooms are harvested is more easily degraded by aerobic microorganisms. (patsnap.com)
Here, we provide conclusive omics and activity-based evidence that Termitomyces employs not only a broad array of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) but also a restricted set of oxidizing enzymes (manganese peroxidase, dye decolorization peroxidase, an unspecific peroxygenase, laccases, and aryl-alcohol oxidases) and Fenton chemistry for biomass degradation. (chembiosys.de)
Here, we provide genomic, transcriptomic, and enzymatic evidence that Termitomyces also employs redox mechanisms, including diverse ligninolytic enzymes and a Fenton chemistry-based hydroquinone-catalyzed lignin degradation mechanism, to break down lignin-rich plant material. (chembiosys.de)
So that, the synthesis of enzymes that catalyzes the degeneration of polymers such as cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose which form in green biomass resulting from photosynthesis has increase interest to them [2] [3]. (scirp.org)
Taking this into account, the presented work was devoted to the evaluation of xylotroph macromycetes spread in the nature of Azerbaijan by the activity of enzymes such as phenol oxidase, more accurate laccase, peroxidase, and lignin. (scirp.org)

To explore new bioresources for mycoremediation, a high laccase-producing novel white-rot fungus (WRF), Trametes flavida WTFP2, was employed. (bvsalud.org)
Two LMEs, laccase from the polypore mushroom Trametes versicolor , and manganese peroxidase (MnP) from white rot fungus Nematoloma frowardii , were tested for catalytic activity against the two model substrates. (biomedcentral.com)
Lentinula edodes ( Marasmiaceae ), or shiitake as the mushroom is more popularly known, is one of the most important cultivated edible mushrooms as well as a white-rot fungus that degrades lignin in wood. (springeropen.com)
Lignin peroxidase (also "ligninase", EC number 1.14.99) is a hemoprotein from the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium with a variety of lignin-degrading reactions, all dependent on hydrogen peroxide to incorporate molecular oxygen into reaction products. (bioplasticsnews.com)
This study investigated the degradation of graphene oxide (GO) by the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. (units.it)
Select the white-rot fungus to BSSM through 36 days of culture, BSSM lignosulfonate decreased 16.3% BSSM may occur degradation, while the the BSSM organic matter content in almost no change, to some extent, in line with humus formation doctrine. (dissertationtopic.net)
Heterologous expression and structural characterization of two low pH laccases from a biopulping white-rot fungus Physisporinus rivulosus . (doe.gov)

Laccases (EC 1.10.3.2) are multicopper oxidases found in plants, fungi, and bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
Laccases (benzendiol: oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.10.3.2) are belong to polyphenol oxidase, catalyze the reduction of dioxygen to water while oxidize its substrates ( Baldrian, 2006 ). (scialert.net)
The laccase (EC 1.10.3.2) from Trametes versicolor was purchased from Fluka (specific activity 0.53 U mg -1 ) and was used without further purification. (scialert.net)
Laccases (EC 1.10.3.2) belong to a group of polyphenol oxidases that contain copper atoms in their catalytic center and are therefore typically referred to as multicopper oxidases. (springeropen.com)

During wood degradation Obba rivulosa degrades lignin selectively, making it a particularly interesting fungus for studying enzymatic machinery of white-rot. (doe.gov)
To access the full nutritional value of lignin-enriched plant … biomass, the termite-fungus symbiosis requires the depolymerization of this complex phenolic polymer. (chembiosys.de)

In the laccase-ABTS mediator system, the best molar ratio of dye/mediator was 1:10 and dye/enzyme ratio was 0.5 μmol U -1 . (scialert.net)
This enzyme firstly found in Japanese lacquer tree, Rhus vernicifera and not long after that laccases from fungi has been reported, especially in white-rot fungi. (scialert.net)
Laccase activity showed the largest activity with 111 U L -1 in a seven-day period, this enzyme induction was detected in a smaller period than that required by basidiomycetes to induce it. (org.bo)
Enzyme assays of a laccase and a MnP on phenolic and nonphenolic β-aryl ether substrates revealed different primary reaction pathways due to the availability of the phenoxy radical intermediates. (biomedcentral.com)
As a "green enzyme," laccases have potential in industrial applications, for example, when dealing with degradation of recalcitrant biopolymers, such as lignin. (nibio.no)
In summary, our study demonstrates the potential of green and non-food plants as a viable enzyme production platform for bacterial laccases. (nibio.no)
Treatment of the hardwoods with a laccase from Agaricus bisporus, especially wood biomass with a higher proportion of lignin, significantly improved saccharification by the formulated HoloMix enzyme cocktails. (ru.ac.za)
K3 were found to be potential strains for the hyper production of lignin degrading enzyme i.e. laccase as compared to the standard strain Phanerochaete chrysosporium [NCIM 1197]. (ijcmas.com)
Prepared manganese peroxidase with lignin degradation capacity, with BSSM pilot study, the research shows that: BSSM did not inhibit the enzyme activity of MnP has better biodegradability, and initially identified BSSM After after MnP processing, the presence of certain demethoxylation phenomenon, the destruction of a benzene ring skeleton, its structure unsaturated enhanced quinones may generate the intermediate product of the unsaturated structure. (dissertationtopic.net)

Laccases oxidize a variety of phenolic substrates, performing one-electron oxidations, leading to crosslinking. (wikipedia.org)
Using molecular oxygen as an electron acceptor, laccase oxidizes its substrates by an electron transfer mechanism that generates unstable free radical intermediates and causes non-enzymatic reactions that break down substrate molecules [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Laccase substrate specificity differs from one organism to another, and in the presence of adequate redox mediators, the range of laccase oxidizable substrates can be greatly extended [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Moreover, we demonstrate the functional capability of the plant expressed Lac51 to oxidize lignin using selected lignin monomers that serve as substrates of Lac51. (nibio.no)

2005). These fungi produce sever- lected in the present study by enrichment culture, using kraft al extracellular peroxidases, laccases, and additional oxidative lignin and kraft pulping lignin-enriched streams. (lu.se)

Studies utilizing fungal and bacterial laccases to degrade emerging pollutants have also been conducted. (wikipedia.org)
In the current study, a bacterial laccase, Lac51, originating from Pseudomonas putida and identified in the gut microbiome of the giant panda's gut was transiently expressed in the non-food plant Nicotiana benthamiana and characterized. (nibio.no)
Our results show that recombinant Lac51 exhibits bacterial laccase properties, with optimal pH and temperature at 7-8 and 40°C, respectively, when using syringaldazine as substrate. (nibio.no)
Bacterial metabolism selected lignin model compounds (vanillin, vanillate, 4- hydroxybenzoate, p-coumarate, benzoate, and ferulate) was carried out with three of the Pseudomonas isolates and in addition with the strain Pseudomonas putida KT2440 from a Introduction culture collection. (lu.se)
For example, the small section on bacterial wood degradation (chapter 2.4) would have benefited from expansion by a bacteriologist. (unak.is)
Curiously little is made of the intriguing topic of bacterial wood degradation. (unak.is)

Several aromatic compounds such as biphenyl, phenols, anysols, diaryl-ethers present in the lignin structure contribute to their irregular and recalcitrant nature. (scielo.br)
however, lignin has been less exploited because it is largely considered the recalcitrant part. (org.bo)
White-rot fungi have the ability to break down lignin, a highly recalcitrant polymer present in plant cell walls (Polanco et al . (ncsu.edu)

Bacteria are also important players in wood degradation through their actions in the guts of wood-boring animals. (unak.is)
As any casual woodland stroller may observe, they are quite prominent on rotting wood although, upon reflection, it seems unlikely that these primarily autotrophic organisms contribute significantly to wood degradation, as is indeed explained in the book (section 4.3). (unak.is)
Given the emphasis that the authors place on wood degradation, the book is surprisingly scant on the chemical and biochemical details of wood degradation. (unak.is)

The type I copper center consists of a single copper atom that is ligated to a minimum of two histidine residues and a single cysteine residue, but in some laccases produced by certain plants and bacteria, the type I copper center contains an additional methionine ligand. (wikipedia.org)
Laccase is found in a wide range of higher plants, insects, bacteria, and mainly in fungi. (biomedcentral.com)
Other instances of bacteria that generate laccases comprise Streptomyces antibioticus, Pseudomonas putida , Campylobacter jejuni , E. coli , Bacillus spp. (biomedcentral.com)
Lignin degradation is done by micro-organisms like fungi and bacteria. (bioplasticsnews.com)
Lignin-related chemicals can be further processed by bacteria. (bioplasticsnews.com)
In an effort to discover anaerobic bacteria capable of lignin degradation, we isolated 'Enterobacter lignolyticus' SCF1 on minimal media with alkali lignin as the sole source of carbon. (umass.edu)
Abstract Starting from mature vegetable compost, four bac- the utilization of these bacteria as cell factories for upgrading terial strains were selected using a lignin-rich medium. (lu.se)
Microorganisms capable of catabolizing lignin-derived ar- carbohydrate and protein components of the organic matter omatics are essentially fungi and bacteria (Bugg et al. (lu.se)

For example, laccases play a role in the formation of lignin by promoting the oxidative coupling of monolignols, a family of naturally occurring phenols. (wikipedia.org)

Lignin is a major component of lignocellulosic biomass [ 1 ] and has the potential to be a valuable starting material for producing biofuels or high value bioproducts [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Hence, in general lignin is associated with reduced digestibility of the overall plant biomass, which helps defend against pathogens and pests. (bioplasticsnews.com)
Biomass, pH, H2O2 content and activity of laccase (Lac) and lignin peroxidase (LiP) in the culture media were monitored, along with the physicochemical changes of GO over time followed by TEM, Raman, XPS and TGA. (units.it)
These results contribute to a better more biomass-derived carbohydrates are also used for produc- understanding of the aromatic metabolism of P. putida in tion of chemicals, a further valorization of lignin is an essential terms of growth and uptake rates, which will be helpful for component. (lu.se)
Biomass sand stabilization material (Biomass sand stabilization material, BSSM) Nanjing Forestry University grasses lignin pulping liquor is the main raw material, and sand-fixation and ecological restoration in one new sand fixation functional polymer materials. (dissertationtopic.net)
This study provides a comprehensive depiction of how efficient biomass degradation by means of this ancient insect's agricultural symbiosis is accomplished. (chembiosys.de)

This study reported the decolorization of hazardous xanthenes dye, Rhodamine B by the Laccase Mediator System (LMS). (scialert.net)
The optimum conditions for Rhodamine B decolorization were at pH 4.0-5.0 and temperature 35-40°C. The laccase-ABTS system could be a promising biotechnology developed for treatment of textile waste waters containing Rhodamine B. (scialert.net)
There has no report described about this dye decolorization by laccase. (scialert.net)
Therefore, this research aims to investigate the decolorization of Rhodamine B by laccase and Laccase-Mediator System (LMS). (scialert.net)
Results showed that the laccase and lignin peroxidase activities and levels of decolorization of aromatic polymeric dyes (Poly R-478 and Remazol Brilliant Blue R) by F. virguliforme were intermediate or even greater than that found in our tests with two known lignin-degrading fungi, Polyporus tulipifera and Schizophyllum commune. (usda.gov)

For instance, the aerobic Gram-negative soil bacterium Sphingomonas paucimobilis is able to degrade lignin-related biphenyl chemical compounds. (bioplasticsnews.com)

Global production of lignin is around 1.1 million metric tons per year and is used in a wide range of low volume, niche applications where the form but not the quality is important. (bioplasticsnews.com)

2013). Manganese peroxidases and laccases of O. rivulosa have been characterized (Hakala et al. (doe.gov)

The laccase-mediated radical mechanism creates secondary reactions of FA-derived radicals that result in breaking of covalent linkages in AX and weakening of the AX gel. (wikipedia.org)
Lignin is a complex polyphenolic macromolecule and a mechanism of support in vegetable tissues, protecting them against the microorganisms. (scielo.br)
We show that the reaction of laccase and MnP with phenolic substrate yields products that arise from the cleavage of the carbon-carbon single bond between the α-carbon and the adjacent aryl carbon, consistent with the mechanism for producing phenoxy radical as reaction intermediates. (biomedcentral.com)
New metabolic pathways of phenanthrene and a better understanding of the phenoloxidases and dioxygenase mechanism involved in degradation of phenanthrene were explored in this research. (afpm.org.my)
The mechanism behind lignin degradation is not understood fully, and study of selective delignifiers will be highly useful in advancing that understanding. (doe.gov)
The diffusivity of nitrogen was effectively slowed 0.66-0.94 times by the lignin in composite films and showed a "Fickian diffusion" mechanism (release exponent n =0.095-0.143). (degruyter.com)

Other laccases produced by fungi can facilitate the biosynthesis of melanin pigments. (wikipedia.org)

Vanillin, 4-hydroxybenzoate, and benzoate were pref- nin, kraft lignin, is almost exclusively used as a fuel in the erentially consumed first, whereas ferulate was always the last recovery boilers. (lu.se)

In particular, it has been shown that laccases can be applied to catalyze the degradation and detoxification a large range of aromatic contaminants, including azo dyes, bisphenol A and pharmaceuticals. (wikipedia.org)
Particularly, wastewater effluent from printing and dyeing unit operations contains huge chemicals or dyes and their difficult degradation. (hindawi.com)

The polysaccharide components of plant cell walls are highly hydrophilic and thus permeable to water, whereas lignin is more hydrophobic. (bioplasticsnews.com)

Laccases catalyze ring cleavage of aromatic compounds. (wikipedia.org)
The ability of laccases to degrade various aromatic polymers has led to research into their potential for bioremediation and other industrial applications. (wikipedia.org)
Laccases are blue multi-copper oxidases that catalyze the oxidation of a broad spectrum of phenolic and aromatic compounds with water as the only byproduct. (nibio.no)
LIGNIN or lignen is a complex polymer of aromatic alcohols known as monolignols. (bioplasticsnews.com)
16S lignin-derived mixtures of aromatic molecules. (lu.se)

Laccase-containing lignocellulolytic systems from white rot fungi have been shown to be an efficient enzymatic tool for ecofriendly biological treatments. (ncsu.edu)

Laccases efficiency could be enhanced when the low molecular weight compounds are included as redox mediators. (scialert.net)

While most previous work suggests that lignocellulose degradation is accomplished predominantly by the fungal cultivar, our current understanding of the underlying biomolecular mechanisms remains rudimentary. (chembiosys.de)

Following medium adjustment, laccase yield from Pseudomonas aeruginosa reached 46 U mL −1 . (biomedcentral.com)

Our findings indicate that purified laccase has a promising capacity for bisphenol A (BPA) bioremediation across a broad pH range. (biomedcentral.com)
MINIATURA 1 (NCN) (2017) „Ocena potencjału bioremediacyjnego lakazy Sinorhizobium meliloti" [Assessment of the bioremediation potential of Sinorhizobium meliloti laccase]. (umcs.pl)

Increasing of lignin in composite films, the acid to aldehyde ratios of vanillyl and syringyl phenols of the lignin declined from 1.18 to 1.17 (~0.76%) and 1.59-1.56 (~1.78%), respectively. (degruyter.com)

Fe(3+) + (*)OH + H2O) using a herein newly described 2-methoxy-1,4-dihydroxybenzene (2-MH2Q, compound 19)-based electron shuttle system to complement the enzymatic degradation pathways. (chembiosys.de)

Laccases belong to the multicopper oxidases, which have a wide range of catalytic activities including polyphenol degradation and synthesis, lignin degradation, and melanin formation. (springeropen.com)

In non-starch polysaccharides, such as arabinoxylans (AX), laccase catalyzes the oxidative gelation of feruloylated arabinoxylans by dimerization of their ferulic esters. (wikipedia.org)

However, the reactions catalyze by LiP or MnP need hydrogen peroxide as co-substrate, this substance is not necessary for laccases catalysis. (scialert.net)
The expression of laccase (POXA3) was higher in the mycelial stage of DMR P115 and HUC strains indicating its role in the fruiting body development and substrate degradation. (bvsalud.org)
To facilitate understanding of reaction kinetics, the reaction time course for laccase activity on the phenolic substrate (I) was generated by the simultaneous measurement of all products at different time points of the reaction. (biomedcentral.com)

E. Srebotnik, Kenneth E. Hammel Degradation of nonphenolic lignin by the laccase:1-hydroxybenzotriazole system Journal of Biotechnology 81 (2000) 179-188. (luxembourg-bio.com)

Lower concentrations of GO exhibited a stronger stimulating effect on P. chrysosporium growth and the production of Lac and H2O2 compared to higher concentrations, probably due to an excessive parallel increase in GO degradation by-products. (units.it)

Laccases have the potential to crosslink food polymers such as proteins and nonstarch polysaccharides in dough. (wikipedia.org)

Phenanthrene degradation by Polyporus sp. (afpm.org.my)

Phylogenetic analysis showed that the 13 multicopper oxidases can be classified into laccase sensu stricto subfamily 1, laccase sensu stricto subfamily 2 and ferroxidases. (springeropen.com)

As a result, our assay can clearly demonstrate the degradation pathways of phenolic guaiacylglycerol β- O -4 type of molecules with laccase and MnP. (biomedcentral.com)

cellulase, xylanase, laccase as well as reducing sugars production w.r.t optimization of moisture (Basal salt media) ratio for the newly isolated white rot fungi Phanerochaete sp. (ijcmas.com)

Lignin degradation was observed in culture, and the genome revealed two putative laccases, a putative peroxidase, and a complete 4-hydroxyphenylacetate degradation pathway encoded in a single gene cluster. (umass.edu)

Obtained results revealed that Penicillium chrysogenum depolymerized the lignin material by 34.8% during the 28-day experimentation period. (org.bo)

Leaf litter degradation is a very interesting case study for examining microbial structure-function relationships. (cyberleninka.org)
The microbial degradation of native lignin by basidiomyce- citrant and stable in the environment. (lu.se)

Two laccase isoenzymes (LacA and LacB) were isolated from a novel Trichoderma harzianum S7113 isolate employing ammonium sulfate precipitation, Sephadex G100, and DEAE Sepharose ion exchange chromatography. (biomedcentral.com)

In nature, white-rot basidiomycetes are able to degrade lignin efficiently and selectively and are thus of great interest in such bioprocesses. (researchgate.net)

In researches, were evaluated 103 strains of 25 species of xylotrophic micromycetes causing white decay which spreads in ecologically different regions of Azerbaijan for the synthesis of phenoloxidases (laccase, peroxidase, and ligninase). (scirp.org)

The known fungal producers of laccase are deuteromycetes, ascomycetes, and basidiomycetes. (biomedcentral.com)
Basidiomycetes, particularly white rot fungi, are thought to be effective laccase producers among them. (biomedcentral.com)

Residual wheat straw lignin (REWSLI) has a potential biotechnological value if depolymerization is attained to produce aromatics. (org.bo)

The crosslinking of polysaccharides by lignin is an obstacle for water absorption to the cell wall. (bioplasticsnews.com)

Anatomy3

Organisms11

Chemicals and Drugs17

Phenomena and Processes4

Technology, Industry, Agriculture3

Information Science2

Health Care2

Enzymes37

White-rot fungus7

1.10.3.24

Fungus2

Enzyme9

Substrates4

Extracellular1

Bacterial6

Recalcitrant3

Wood degradation3

Bacteria8

Formation of lignin1

Biomass6

Decolorization5

Degrade lignin-related1

Production of lignin1

Peroxidases and laccases1

Mechanism6

Produced by fungi1

Kraft lignin1

Dyes2

Whereas lignin1

Aromatic5

Lignocellulolytic1

Compounds1

Lignocellulose Degradation1

Pseudomonas1

Bioremediation2

Phenols1

Enzymatic degradation1

Melanin1

Oxidative1

Substrate3

20001

Chrysosporium1

Polymers1

Polyporus1

Multicopper oxidases1

Phenolic1

Phanerochaete1

Putative1

Penicillium1

Microbial2

Isoenzymes1

Selectively1

Ligninase1

Basidiomycetes2

Depolymerization1

Polysaccharides1