• World Population Prospects: 2022 Revision, or derived from male and female life expectancy at birth from sources such as: ( 2 ) Census reports and other statistical publications from national statistical offices, ( 3 ) Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, ( 4 ) United Nations Statistical Division. (worldbank.org)
  • For example, a 75-year-old retiree under the old pre-2022 table would be required to distribute 4.37% of their account balance in 2021. (eksassociates.com)
  • For the 2022 RMD, the taxpayer must look up the adjusted life expectancy of the account owner they inherited the IRA from, but for the age they (the taxpayer) were in the year following the date of death of the account owner. (eksassociates.com)
  • Here are links to the 2022 Uniform Lifetime Table and the 2022 Single Life Expectancy Table . (eksassociates.com)
  • Results, interactive data, and methodology on American attitudes on life expectancy from a September 12 - 15, 2022 YouGov poll. (yougov.com)
  • My questions is: Do I keep using that table, or should I use the new 2022 RMD Uniform Lifetime Table, therefore making the divisor 25.5? (holliegandy.com)
  • You should switch to the new Uniform Lifetime Table and take advantage of the longer life expectancies, in your case, 25.5 for 2022. (holliegandy.com)
  • Life expectancy for Canadians decreased for the third straight year in 2022, and more people died of COVID-19 than in any other year since the pandemic began, according to a report released Monday. (ctvnews.ca)
  • Across the UK, life expectancy at birth in 2018 to 2020 was estimated to be 79.3 years for males and 83.1 years for females in England, 76.8 years for males and 81.0 years for females in Scotland, 78.3 years for males and 82.1 years for females in Wales, and 78.7 years for males and 82.4 years for females in Northern Ireland. (ons.gov.uk)
  • These life tables cover mortality in the UK for the period from 2018 to 2020 and are the first to include the higher mortality observed in 2020 during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. (ons.gov.uk)
  • This NCHS Health E-Stat provides information on changes in life expectancy at birth from 2010 through 2018 and the causes of death that contributed to the changes in life expectancy between 2014 and 2017, and between 2017 and 2018. (cdc.gov)
  • However, between 2017 and 2018, life expectancy increased 0.1 year for the total population, males, and females ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Life expectancy in 2018 was at the level most recently reached in 2015 and 2016 for the total population, in 2016 for males, and in 2013 by females, which was 0.2 years below the peak in life expectancy for the total population in 2014, 0.3 years below the peak for males in 2014, and 0.1 year below the peak for females in 2014. (cdc.gov)
  • A life table partitioning technique was used to estimate causes of death contributing to changes in life expectancy between 2014 and 2017 and between 2017 and 2018 ( 3 - 5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Available online: http://www.who.int/gho/mortality_burden_disease/life_tables/situation_trends/en/(accessed on 20 September 2018). (dsm.com)
  • The publication also includes healthy life expectancy figures for 2016-2018 for council areas, NHS health boards and breakdowns by deprivation and rurality. (nrscotland.gov.uk)
  • Consequently, in the latest estimates, we see virtually no improvement in life expectancy for females compared to 2015 to 2017 at 82.9 years, while for males life expectancy has fallen back to levels reported for 2012 to 2014, at 79 years. (ons.gov.uk)
  • In July 2017, the UK's Institute of Health Equity, using data from the Office for National Statistics (ONS), released a briefing on faltering improvements in life expectancy at birth in England. (bmj.com)
  • These concerns have not been assuaged by the most recent data on life expectancy for England and Wales, released by ONS in September 2017. (bmj.com)
  • At the global level, between 1950 and 2017, life expectancy increased from 48.1 years (46.5-49.6) to 70.5 years (70.1-70.8) for men and from 52.9 years (51.7-54.0) to 75.6 years (75.3-75.9) for women. (healthdata.org)
  • Despite this overall progress, there remains substantial variation in life expectancy at birth in 2017, which ranges from 49.1 years (46.5-51.7) for men in the Central African Republic to 87.6 years (86.9-88.1) among women in Singapore. (healthdata.org)
  • The gap between male and female life expectancy between 1950 and 2017, while relatively stable at the global level, shows distinctive patterns across super-regions and has consistently been the largest in central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia, and smallest in south Asia. (healthdata.org)
  • In the first decade of the 21st century, we saw improvements for males of between 42 weeks and 53 weeks, and improvements for females of between 29 weeks and 42 weeks, when comparing life expectancy at birth in one three-year period with the previous non-overlapping three-year period (Figure 2). (ons.gov.uk)
  • However, in the last 10 years, improvements in life expectancy at birth have slowed. (ons.gov.uk)
  • The overall expectation of life at "birth " was 77.8 years, representing an increase of 0.4 year from life expectancy in 2003. (cdc.gov)
  • Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life. (stlouisfed.org)
  • Derived from male and female life expectancy at birth from sources such as: (1) United Nations Population Division. (stlouisfed.org)
  • The most commonly used measure is life expectancy at birth (LEB), which can be defined in two ways. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cohort LEB is the mean length of life of a birth cohort (in this case, all individuals born in a given year) and can be computed only for cohorts born so long ago that all their members have died. (wikipedia.org)
  • Period LEB is the mean length of life of a hypothetical cohort assumed to be exposed, from birth through death, to the mortality rates observed at a given year. (wikipedia.org)
  • A theoretical study shows that the maximum life expectancy at birth is limited by the human life characteristic value δ, which is around 104 years. (wikipedia.org)
  • For females, life expectancy at birth was also highest in East Dorset at 86.4 years and lowest in Manchester where females could expect to live for 79.3 years. (ons.gov.uk)
  • In 2009-11, approximately 32% of local areas in the East, 45% in the South East and 22% in the South West were in the fifth of areas with the highest male life expectancy at birth. (ons.gov.uk)
  • This bulletin presents male and female period life expectancy at birth and at age 65 for England and Wales and local areas within both countries. (ons.gov.uk)
  • Life expectancy at birth has been used as a measure of the health status of the population of England and Wales since the 1840s. (ons.gov.uk)
  • examined variations in life expectancy at birth across English regions and in Wales, concluding that the geographical patterns observed were largely explained by variations in income deprivation. (ons.gov.uk)
  • More recently, analyses of life expectancy at birth by socioeconomic position have reported a clear gradient. (ons.gov.uk)
  • Life expectancy is a summary measure of health expectancy that abstracts the non-fatal outcomes of diseases and injuries in the form of a single number, i.e. life expectancy at birth, and for all age and sex groups of the population as a life table [1]. (who.int)
  • Uruguay life expectancy at birth, both genders. (multpl.com)
  • The team calculated life expectancy at birth, and predicted a baby girl born in South Korea in 2030 will expect to live 90.8 years. (disabled-world.com)
  • Life expectancy at birth for South Korean men will be 84.1 years. (disabled-world.com)
  • French women and Swiss men were predicted to have the highest life expectancies at birth in Europe in 2030, with an average life expectancy of 88.6 years for French women and nearly 84 years for Swiss men. (disabled-world.com)
  • The results also revealed that the USA is likely to have the lowest life expectancy at birth in 2030 among high-income countries. (disabled-world.com)
  • The nation's average life expectancy at birth of men and women in 2030 (79.5 years and 83.3 years), will be similar to that of middle-income countries like Croatia and Mexico. (disabled-world.com)
  • The UK's average life expectancy at birth for women will be 85.3 years in 2030. (disabled-world.com)
  • Along with the US, other countries who may see only small increases in life expectancy by 2030 included Japan, Sweden and Greece, while Macedonia and Serbia were projected to have the lowest life expectancies at birth for women and men respectively in 2030. (disabled-world.com)
  • Estimates of the probability of death between birth and the age of 5 years and between ages 15 and 60 years are generated and then input into a model life table system to produce complete life tables for all locations and years. (healthdata.org)
  • Prenatal life is left out of the picture and the curve intercepts the vertical axis at 100%, that is, it counts as people only those who make it to live birth. (bmei.org)
  • This and other data on the expectation of life at birth and at different age intervals are shown by race and gender in Vital Statistics of the United States, "Preprint of Volume II, Mortality, Part A, Section 6. (cdc.gov)
  • Especially the combination of increased life expectancy and declining birth rates affects many different political, social, and economic fields. (grin.com)
  • It was agreed that for the next set of calculations, total disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) per capita, the proportion of deliveries in the presence of skilled birth attendance and population density should be excluded from the set of indicators used. (who.int)
  • The average number of years that a newborn could expect to live, if he or she were to pass through life exposed to the gender- and age-specific death rates prevailing at the time of his or her birth, for a specific year, in a given country, territory, or geographic area. (who.int)
  • Life expectancy at birth is derived from life tables and is based on gender- and age-specific death rates. (who.int)
  • Life expectancy at birth values from the United Nations correspond to mid-year estimates, consistent with the corresponding United Nations fertility medium-variant quinquennial population projections. (who.int)
  • Life expectancy at birth reached a record high of 77.9 years in 2005 for the total U.S. population. (cdc.gov)
  • Disparities in life expectancy at birth remain among the race/sex populations, although all populations have had increases in life expectancy during the past decade. (cdc.gov)
  • As briefly mentioned in the introduction, it is important to recognise that an ageing population is characterised on the one hand by increasing life expectancy and a decrease in mortality at an older age, and on the other hand by its lower fertility rate (WHO 2020). (grin.com)
  • Trends in period life expectancy, a measure of the average number of years people will live beyond their current age, analysed by age and sex for the UK and its constituent countries. (ons.gov.uk)
  • Period life expectancy at a given age for an area is the average number of years a person would live, if he or she experienced the particular area's age-specific mortality rates for that time period throughout his or her life. (ons.gov.uk)
  • The change in life expectancy can be separated into positive and negative contributions to specific causes of deaths. (cdc.gov)
  • We assumed that the distributions of population, deaths, and hence life expectancy in the 23 provinces were equal to those for all 28 provinces of the country. (who.int)
  • Statistics on deaths describe data on persons permanently living in Finland at the time of their death, such as age, gender and data on the number of deaths, infant mortality and life expectancy. (stat.fi)
  • Additional information regarding life expectancy is available at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/deaths.htm . (cdc.gov)
  • For some countries, where deaths registration is known to be incomplete, these estimates may differ significantly from the directly calculated life expectancy based on the official mortality and population data as reported to the WHO. (who.int)
  • From 2010 through 2014, life expectancy increased 0.2 years for the total population and increased 0.3 years for males and females ( Table 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Then, when using that outcome in the actuarial table, which could be the most relevant table for the population of risk being assessed, the estimated life expectancy may be useless in pinpointing the risk. (valkyrie303.com)
  • While actuarial science is critical and has a place in developing appropriate tables based on the unique factors of the population being underwritten, underwriting is where the discussion should focus, even if you are working with a LEP that establishes all outcomes on the table. (valkyrie303.com)
  • Aggregate population measures-such as the proportion of the population in various age groups-are also used alongside individual-based measures-such as formal life expectancy-when analyzing population structure and dynamics. (wikipedia.org)
  • Unless otherwise stated, it represents estimates of the life expectancies of the world population as a whole. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2 In particular, he noted that this could not be dismissed as the population reaching the biological limits of longevity, as life expectancy in the UK continues to lag behind that achieved in many other affluent countries. (bmj.com)
  • The study also took into consideration additional factors which lead to a longer life in all cities including changes in population, economy, income, demographics and smoking but in the end the researchers were able to prove that the improvements made to the air quality contributed the most profoundly to the extension of life. (chattershmatter.com)
  • We estimated the life expectancy for 2003 for 23 provinces in the Islamic Republic of Iran using population and mortality data from the Ministry of Health and Medical Education. (who.int)
  • Life expectancy is calculated by assessing the age at which people die across the whole population. (disabled-world.com)
  • The Social Security Administration's Office of the Chief Actuary ( OCACT ) produces cohort life tables that project the fraction of the population born in a given calendar year that will remain alive at each annual age in the future as well as the probability of death. (ssa.gov)
  • Assessments of age-specific mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Affairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). (healthdata.org)
  • This study clarifies the process by which mortality and disability interact to determine differences in active life expectancy by age, sex, race, and education for the U.S. population 70 years of age and over. (nih.gov)
  • This results in significant consequences on quality of life for the world's aging population. (dsm.com)
  • DSM's medical nutrition solutions address the nutritional and physiological needs of the aging population to increase nutrient intake, improve quality of life and reduce the burden of healthcare costs. (dsm.com)
  • Actuarial tables indicate a 12-15-year life expectancy gap between correctional officers and the general population. (cdc.gov)
  • 3) When no useable data from civil registration are available, the latest life table analyses of the UN Population Division were used. (who.int)
  • We aimed to estimate quality-adjusted life expectancy (QALE) loss due to dental conditions in the US adult population . (bvsalud.org)
  • that is, when mortality declines, life expectancy increases. (cdc.gov)
  • The positive contributions to the change in life expectancy was offset by increases in mortality for Influenza and pneumonia (27.4%), suicide (12.3%), and nutritional deficiencies (10.5%) ( Table 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The retirement age should be at least 71 in order to adjust for dramatic increases in life expectancy over the past 100 years relative to a static 60-to-65-year-old retirement age (in some places 55), which has been in place since as far back as the 19th century. (informit.com)
  • Pre-modern societies had universally higher mortality rates and lower life expectancies at every age for both males and females. (wikipedia.org)
  • The gap between the local areas with the highest and lowest life expectancy was wider for males than for females but there was no significant change in this inequality between 2005-07 and 2009-11. (ons.gov.uk)
  • They found that decreasing life expectancy was associated with increasing deprivation and that this association was stronger for males than for females. (ons.gov.uk)
  • Cause-of-death categories ( 1 ) and life table methodology are explained in separate reports ( 1 , 6 ). (cdc.gov)
  • This study assesses the disparities in survival, life expectancy and determinants of survival among HIV-infected people receiving ART. (bmj.com)
  • Life expectancy, longevity, and maximum lifespan are not synonymous. (wikipedia.org)
  • Scientists once thought an average life expectancy of over 90 was impossible, explained Professor Majid Ezzati, lead researcher from the School of Public Health at Imperial: "We repeatedly hear that improvements in human longevity are about to come to an end. (disabled-world.com)
  • Using OCACT 's cohort life tables, we have created the Longevity Visualizer ( LV ), an interactive data-visualization tool. (ssa.gov)
  • Life expectancy is a statistical measure of the estimate of the span of a life. (wikipedia.org)
  • We then estimate the gap between what life expectancy is now and what it might have been had previous trends continued. (bmj.com)
  • To estimate the expected number of years of life lost (YLL) due to overweight and obesity across the life span of an adult. (nih.gov)
  • Procedures used to estimate WHO life tables for Member States vary depending on the data available to assess child and adult mortality. (who.int)
  • WHO has developed a model life table using a modified logit system based on about 1,800 life tables from vital registration judged to be of good quality to project life tables and to estimate life table using limited number of parameter as input. (who.int)
  • The distribution of life expectancy across England was characterised by a north-south divide, with people in local areas in the north generally living shorter lives than those in the south. (ons.gov.uk)
  • Professor Ezzati explained: "Men traditionally had unhealthier lifestyles, and so shorter life expectancies. (disabled-world.com)
  • It's common sense that the older you are, the shorter your projected life expectancy. (grandmagazine.com)
  • The shorter your life expectancy, the higher the initial payout level. (grandmagazine.com)
  • Persons with less than a high school education have shorter total and active life expectancies but similar expected lengths of inactive life compared to those with more than a high school education. (nih.gov)
  • Several independent analyses, by both epidemiologists and actuaries, have concluded that the previous rate of improvement of life expectancy in England and Wales has now slowed markedly, and at older ages may even be reversing. (bmj.com)
  • Obesity appears to lessen life expectancy markedly, especially among younger adults. (nih.gov)
  • We conclude by calling for a fully independent enquiry to ascertain what is happening to life expectancy in England and Wales and what should be done about it. (bmj.com)
  • 1977. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/lifetables/life75.pdf . (cdc.gov)
  • Previously published data on life expectancy relating to this period have therefore been revised in this bulletin. (ons.gov.uk)
  • For example, there is a large body of data on average life expectancy and how many people will likely live to be 100. (retireearlyhomepage.com)
  • The Society of Actuaries (SOA) proposed mortality tables include mortality data from both single-employer and multiemployer defined benefit (DB) plans. (plansponsor.com)
  • The analysis is performed using data from the Longitudinal Study of Aging and multistate life tables constructed using the results of hazard models. (nih.gov)
  • Global Health Observatory (GHO) Data, Life Expectancy. (dsm.com)
  • Pick the data you need into tables, view the data as graphs, or download the data for your use. (stat.fi)
  • 2) When mortality data from civil registration for the latest year are not available, the life tables are projected from available years from 1985 onwards. (who.int)
  • Life expectancy as an integrating concept for social and demographic data : a summary of six country studies / by Henry Lucas. (who.int)
  • For more detailed information on the methods used to calculate estimated life expectancy, see http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.wrapper.imr?x-id=65. (who.int)
  • Washington DC (ChatterShmatter) - C. Arden Pope led a research team from Brigham Young and Harvard University which studied the impact of changes in air quality on the life span of people in 51 cities between the years 1980 and 2000. (chattershmatter.com)
  • Total fertility rates, which are the sum of the age-specific fertility rates, represent the implied completed fertility rate of women based on 1999 and 2000 age-specific fertility rates ( Table 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • 1994). The concentration levels for tetra-, penta-, hexa-, and total PCDFs found in commercial PCB mixtures are shown in Table 4-6 (de Voogt and Brinkman 1989). (cdc.gov)
  • There were clear social gradients in QALE loss by dental conditions across the life course , and people with high school or less education had 0.32 y larger QALE loss in total compared with people with college or more education . (bvsalud.org)
  • World Values Survey cubriendo un total de 345,743 entrevistados en 96 países. (bvsalud.org)
  • This report presents period life tables for the U.S. based on age specific death rates for the most recent year. (cdc.gov)
  • For instance, in a society with a life expectancy of 30, it may nevertheless be common to have a 40-year remaining timespan at age 5 (but perhaps not a 60-year one). (wikipedia.org)
  • The table below is based on a 40-year pay out period and 79% stock, 21% fixed income. (retireearlyhomepage.com)
  • The sum of these joint probabilities calculated for each of the 40-year pay out periods examined is the figure reported in the table above. (retireearlyhomepage.com)
  • So, for this year (I will be 74) I would be using the divisor of 23.8 using the old Uniform Lifetime Table. (holliegandy.com)
  • Many people used to believe that 90 years is the upper limit for life expectancy, but this research suggests we will break the 90-year-barrier. (disabled-world.com)
  • The curve for the year 1900 does show a dramatic drop in the early months of postnatal life which the other two curves do not. (bmei.org)
  • Trend tables beginning with the year 1900 are also included in this report. (cdc.gov)
  • This is because slightly different processes are used to calculate the figures, ONS create national life tables using single year of age whereas we create abridged life tables using grouped ages. (nrscotland.gov.uk)
  • It has been estimated that continued inequality accounts for between one-third and one-half of the 10-year life expectancy gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people ( 2 , 4 ), highlighting the importance of addressing the social determinants of health and ensuring equity of access to quality health care. (frontiersin.org)
  • The results show an increase in the life expectancy of urban dwellers by an average of 5 months. (chattershmatter.com)
  • The increase in average life expectancy in high income countries is due to the over-65s living longer than ever before. (disabled-world.com)
  • Common teaching has it that life expectancy has steadily increased and that the medical profession has played a leading role .z This article offers evidence that average life expectancy did increase during the first part of the century, but that it has drastically fallen in the last 20 years. (bmei.org)
  • The increase in average life expectancy is thus portrayed as a large difference between the two curves in the areas beneath them. (bmei.org)
  • Upon attaining a certain age, the taxpayer begins taking distributions based upon tables promulgated by the Internal Revenue Service. (obrienlaw.net)
  • We created abridged life tables with age-specific survival rates and life expectancy, stratified by sex, ethnicity, CD4 cell counts and the WHO-classified clinical stage at initiation of ART. (bmj.com)
  • The company says the nine-digit ZIP code, or "ZIP+4 code," offers significantly more detail on geographical differences in life expectancy. (plansponsor.com)
  • Application of the algorithm easily leads to the known formula for the age-decomposition of differences between two life expectancies. (demographic-research.org)
  • It also allows to develop new formulae for differences between healthy life expectancies. (demographic-research.org)
  • The World Health Organisation (WHO) considers nutrition a key factor for improving health and quality of life amongst older adults and patients. (dsm.com)
  • A recent study, published in Nutrients outlines how addressing these shortfalls can therefore contribute to improved health and quality of life for older adults and patients. (dsm.com)
  • Impact of Dental Diseases on Quality-Adjusted Life Expectancy in US Adults. (bvsalud.org)
  • With life expectancies declining slightly, pension plan obligations are reduced between 0.7% and 1.0%, the Society of Actuaries says. (plansponsor.com)
  • Yes, I did use that term because it fits the narrative that underwriting an individual risk is less important than the table being utilized or flatly downplaying the importance of underwriting and the impact on the outcome of the individual risk! (valkyrie303.com)
  • This tradition of using life expectancy as an indicator of geographic inequalities in health has been continued by ONS since 2001 with the publication of sub-national life expectancy statistics. (ons.gov.uk)
  • For instance if a country has high childhood mortality rate, this will make average national life expectancy much lower, as would a country in which many young people die in injuries and violence. (disabled-world.com)
  • Do Shiba Inus Have a Lot of Health Problems (and What Is Their Life Expectancy)? (packlove.com)
  • Pack Love » Shiba Inu » Do Shiba Inus Have a Lot of Health Problems (and What Is Their Life Expectancy)? (packlove.com)
  • Because Shiba Inus have fewer health issues compared to other dog breeds, they get to live long lives. (packlove.com)
  • Suffering from health issues will not only diminish their quality of life. (packlove.com)
  • To help them live a long and happy life, you need to know what health issues to watch out for. (packlove.com)
  • Meanwhile, if you want to live a long and health life, get lots of exercise and retire early. (angrybearblog.com)
  • Health expectancy : first workshop of the International Healthy Life Expectancy Network (REVES / editors, Jean-Marie Robine, Madeleine Blanchet, John Ed Dowd. (who.int)
  • These estimates rely on the assumption that current levels of mortality, which are unusually high, will continue for the rest of someone's life. (ons.gov.uk)
  • Results of search for 'su:{Life Expectancy. (who.int)
  • People at WHO-classified clinical stage I and 15 years of age who initiated ART had 23.1 (16.6 to 29.7) years of additional life. (bmj.com)
  • The study which is being released in today's New England Journal of Medicine, showed that overall people living in an urban setting saw a rise in the life expectancy by almost 3 years, 5 months of that can be attributed to improvements to air quality. (chattershmatter.com)
  • Most people choose "Life with Installment Refund" or what I call "Life with Balance Refund" which guarantees a lifetime income stream regardless of how long you live. (grandmagazine.com)
  • Average human life expectancy is calculated by dividing the number of people in a given generation into all the years lived by that generation. (bmei.org)
  • For many people the uprising had been a cruel loss of life and an incomprehensible tragedy. (mondediplo.com)
  • Saving Lives, Protecting People Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
  • DSM's medical nutrition solutions are designed to address the nutritional and physiological needs of the elderly, helping to reduce the risk of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) later in life. (dsm.com)
  • With the talent of the athletes, coupled with the efforts of the Brazilian Olympic Committee, Brazil is solidifying its position in second place on the medals table. (ebc.com.br)
  • They typically relate it to 'if we start with 1000 lives' when they break down examples. (valkyrie303.com)
  • A typical graphic presentation of this statement would closely resemble Figure 1 with the prenatal life section omitted, the 100% mark on the vertical scale coinciding with all live births, and the lower curve left off. (bmei.org)
  • Several studies have shown that geographical variations in life expectancy can largely be accounted for by individual and area based deprivation. (ons.gov.uk)
  • Life expectancy increased alongside the CD4 cell count and decreased as clinical stages progressed upward. (bmj.com)
  • This publication summarises the National Records of Scotland's life expectancy figures for areas within Scotland, including council areas, NHS Board areas and breakdowns by deprivation, rurality and Scottish Parliamentary constituencies. (nrscotland.gov.uk)
  • Biological anthropology and aging : perspectives on human variation over the life span / edited by Douglas E. Crews, Ralph M. Garruto. (who.int)