• The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has announced it will pursue lowering the nicotine content of cigarettes to nonaddictive levels as part of an overall plan to protect youth and reduce tobacco-related disease and death. (medscape.com)
  • Envisioning a world where cigarettes would no longer create or sustain addiction, and where adults who still need or want nicotine could get it from alternative and less harmful sources, needs to be the cornerstone of our efforts - and we believe it's vital that we pursue this common ground," he added. (medscape.com)
  • The most commonly used types of e-cigarettes among teens may deliver very high levels of nicotine, a new study has found. (cancer.gov)
  • In the study of adolescents who regularly used pod-style e-cigarettes, such as the brand Juul, researchers found that recent users had higher levels of nicotine in their bodies than have previously been found in adolescents who regularly smoked conventional cigarettes. (cancer.gov)
  • They found that 10 puffs from each of the pod products contained considerably more nicotine than 10 puffs from earlier-generation e-cigarettes. (cancer.gov)
  • CNN) - Tobacco makers could have to lower nicotine levels in cigarettes in the future. (hawaiinewsnow.com)
  • Additional samples of the McKesse brand electronic cigarettes were taken by the HSE and found to contain more than the permitted concentration of nicotine (measured values greater than 30.0mg/ml) which is set in legislation at 20mg/ml. (hse.ie)
  • The HSE is monitoring reports that some products from a popular brand of flavoured e-cigarettes may contain an illegally high level of nicotine. (businesspost.ie)
  • Respiratory effects of lowering tar and nicotine levels of cigarettes smoked by young male middle tar smokers. (bmj.com)
  • Nicotine is a stimulant that is present in tobacco, and the active ingredient in cigarettes. (thelevel.org.nz)
  • Their trial involved 1,792 nicotine dependent adults from four cities across England, who smoked an average of 19 cigarettes a day. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Nicotine replacement products are most beneficial for heavy smokers who smoke more than 15 cigarettes per day. (wikipedia.org)
  • The patches help the human body battle the strong urges for nicotine after reducing the number of cigarettes smoked. (prnewswire.com)
  • Nicotine is the addictive substance in tobacco, cigarettes, and vapes or e-cigarettes . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • A paper from 2010 suggests that people who smoke five or fewer cigarettes a day may not have intense physical symptoms because their bodies are less dependent on nicotine. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Researchers do not yet know whether the body processes nicotine differently from cigarettes or vapes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Some studies say that vaping delivers less nicotine than cigarettes, while others say that the levels of cotinine and nicotine might be higher in people who use vapes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • As a rule of thumb, the fewer cigarettes you smoke, the lower the nicotine strength you will need. (flavour-boss.co.uk)
  • Smoking mentholated cigarettes or drinking grapefruit juice also hinders clearance of nicotine from your system. (livestrong.com)
  • Most people reported feeling calm, relaxed, and in elevated mood after smoking nicotine-laden vapes or e-cigarettes. (thesmokingvibes.com)
  • June 21, 2022 - The White House today announced an effort to require tobacco companies to reduce nicotine levels in cigarettes sold in the U.S. (sepoy.net)
  • Lowering nicotine levels to minimally addictive or non-addictive levels would decrease the likelihood that future generations of young people become addicted to cigarettes and help more currently addicted smokers to quit," FDA Commissioner Robert Califf, MD, said in a statement. (sepoy.net)
  • The FDA in 2018 published a study in the New England Journal of Medicine that estimated that a potential limit on nicotine in cigarettes could, by the year 2100, prevent more than 33 million people from becoming regular smokers, and prevent the deaths of more than 8 million people from tobacco-related illnesses. (sepoy.net)
  • In 2018, the FDA issued a proposed ruling to set a standard for maximum nicotine levels in cigarettes. (sepoy.net)
  • Advocates say the action of slashing nicotine, the active - and addictive - ingredient in cigarettes, would save millions of lives for generations to come. (sepoy.net)
  • The time to first cigarette and total cigarettes per day are the 2 strongest predictors of nicotine addiction. (medscape.com)
  • Lawsuits may be more limited than in the past in terms of the claims made, but there are new products and forms of nicotine available, such as e-cigarettes, that may give rise to lawsuits. (findlaw.com)
  • Keep in mind that some products might contain just nicotine, just tobacco (such as herbal cigarettes), or both. (findlaw.com)
  • 7 These effects were observed at menthol levels present in smoke of commercial menthol cigarettes. (bmj.com)
  • What inspired your research into developing a device that can monitor the potential health effects of nicotine in electronic cigarettes? (azosensors.com)
  • Research revealed the acute and chronic effects of nicotine in electronic cigarettes on the pulmonary system. (azosensors.com)
  • Despite being developed to facilitate the cessation of conventional cigarettes, nicotine, the main constituent of e-cigarettes, can still have detrimental effects on the body due to its carcinogenic potential. (azosensors.com)
  • In the case of smokers, it is difficult for them to find the amount of nicotine present in their cigarettes. (toptenss.com)
  • 22nd Century, of course, is the company which late last year obtained modified risk tobacco product (MRTP) orders from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for two of its very-low-nicotine cigarettes (VLNCs), containing around 96% less nicotine than standard combustibles. (tobaccointelligence.com)
  • The study findings published in JAMA Network Open suggest that lower nicotine content in cigarettes reduces the likelihood of addiction. (comparisonsmaster.com)
  • The findings seem to concur with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) plan to enforce a policy that will lower nicotine content in cigarettes. (comparisonsmaster.com)
  • The study's goal was to determine whether lowering the nicotine content in cigarettes would cause less nicotine dependence, especially in individuals with psychiatric disorders. (comparisonsmaster.com)
  • Participants were also provided with research cigarettes that had 0.4 mg of nicotine per gram of tobacco or 2.4 mg of nicotine per gram. (comparisonsmaster.com)
  • The subjects were also provided with cigarettes with 15.8 mg of nicotine per gram of tobacco, which is higher nicotine content. (comparisonsmaster.com)
  • The researchers observed that received cigarettes with very low nicotine content lowered their daily smoking rate by 30 percent. (comparisonsmaster.com)
  • The severity of their nicotine dependence also decreased compared to those who smoked cigarettes with high nicotine content. (comparisonsmaster.com)
  • A 2018 study assessed the lung function of 10 people who had never smoked cigarettes immediately after vaping fluids either with or without nicotine. (healthline.com)
  • Finally, the same NAP report from 2018 concluded there's some evidence that both nicotine and nicotine-free e-cigarettes can damage oral cells and tissues in people who don't smoke cigarettes. (healthline.com)
  • It would be best to remember that cigarettes are also nicotine-filled and addictive. (greenopolis.com)
  • Your cigarettes contain nicotine, and so do some vapes. (greenopolis.com)
  • Tobacco stocks went up in smoke on Friday after the FDA said it wants to slash the level of nicotine in cigarettes to make them less addictive and easier to quit. (wral.com)
  • Marlboro and Parliament maker Altria shares plunged nearly 10% in response to the FDA detailing a new approach that would explicitly target nicotine and addiction to cigarettes. (wral.com)
  • The FDA said it will consider a plan to cut the amount of nicotine in cigarettes to 'non-addictive' levels. (wral.com)
  • Unlike in cigarettes, vapers know how much nicotine there is in their e-liquid bottles, making it much easier to find out which level works for them. (v8pr.uk)
  • Heavy smokers may prefer higher nicotine levels as well until they get to realise that vaping is different than smoking cigarettes, making them transition into lower nicotine levels over time. (v8pr.uk)
  • Unlike in cigarettes, you can quickly identify how much nicotine there is in your e-liquid by looking at its label. (v8pr.uk)
  • Adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are more likely to smoke cigarettes and become dependent on nicotine. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Tobacco products, such as cigarettes, deliver nicotine to the brain quickly. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • People with ADHD are more likely to start smoking nicotine cigarettes than people without ADHD. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • It's also important to know that electronic cigarettes, while still containing nicotine, are not the same as vaping and are not associated with the health risks associated with vaping. (electroniccigarettesource.com)
  • The Pinney Associates-conducted survey showed misperceptions about nicotine are far worse among smokers than non-smokers - a troubling point suggesting smokers may be avoiding reduced risk products like electronic cigarettes due to this incorrect view, Vaping Post reported. (dailycaller.com)
  • Misinformation about nicotine may be keeping smokers who want to quit from utilizing cessation products that contain it, including e-cigarettes, out of fear of developing serious health conditions, public health experts say. (dailycaller.com)
  • Since 2011, major transnational tobacco companies - including Philip Morris International, British American Tobacco/RJ Reynolds, Imperial Tobacco and Japan Tobacco International - have developed or acquired leading brands of e-cigarettes/ electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and novel tobacco products such as heated tobacco products (HTPs). (who.int)
  • Natalie, a member of the nicotine addiction support group at the University of California San Francisco's Fontana Tobacco Treatment Center, switched from traditional cigarettes to vaping but found the electronic version just as addictive and eventually decided to quit using nicotine completely. (medscape.com)
  • A 2019 study of nearly 900 people published in the New England Journal of Medicine found that smokers who used vapes for cessation were twice as likely to have quit smoking cigarettes than those who used other nicotine replacement therapy. (medscape.com)
  • We are going to need to help these people to stop vaping," said Rigotti, who is working with Achieve Life Sciences, a pharmaceutical company developing a prescription drug to treat nicotine addiction from vapes and cigarettes . (medscape.com)
  • The Department of Health and Human Services posted a notice that details plans for a new rule to create a maximum allowed amount of nicotine in certain tobacco products. (sepoy.net)
  • But the vape juice users are able to know the amount of nicotine used and also analyze the other elements used for vaping. (toptenss.com)
  • The nicotine strengths of commercial vape juice are 3gm, 6gm, 12gm, and the highest amount of nicotine used is 36gm. (toptenss.com)
  • Some vape juice producers expressed the amount of nicotine level as a percentage. (v8pr.uk)
  • It refers to how much a former cigarette smoker wants to enjoy the same amount of nicotine in their e-liquid. (v8pr.uk)
  • Addiction at a young age is linked to continued use of nicotine products. (cancer.gov)
  • Early addiction has been linked to the continued use of nicotine-containing products, so it may be a lifetime problem if they start during adolescence," Dr. Grana said. (cancer.gov)
  • These results show that even limited secondhand smoke exposure delivers enough nicotine to the brain to alter its function," said NIDA Director Nora D. Volkow, M.D. "Chronic or severe exposure could result in even higher brain nicotine levels, which may explain why secondhand smoke exposure increases vulnerability to nicotine addiction. (scienceblog.com)
  • Serious risks include nicotine poisoning and continued addiction. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nicotine replacement therapy works by reducing cravings caused by nicotine addiction. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nicotine addiction is known to be associated with abnormalities in the dopamine system. (disruptedphysician.com)
  • A nicotine patch is a smoking cessation product that helps the smokers to slowly reduce their addiction to nicotine. (prnewswire.com)
  • Patches are available in various dosages and they can be applied according to the level of addiction. (prnewswire.com)
  • Probiotics may not remove nicotine from your liver and blood, but such products can help facilitate digestive processes that can be wrecked by poor eating habits and nicotine addiction. (livestrong.com)
  • Nicotine addiction is the second-leading cause of death worldwide, and the leading cause of preventable death. (medscape.com)
  • Nicotine addiction is now referred to as tobacco use disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) . (medscape.com)
  • Addiction to nicotine through cigarette smoking, therefore, increases the likelihood of death. (comparisonsmaster.com)
  • Dr. Higgins noted that the findings point to lowering nicotine levels as an important step towards minimizing cigarette addiction. (comparisonsmaster.com)
  • If you are struggling with nicotine addiction, you need to know some essential differences. (greenopolis.com)
  • In lower doses, nicotine is used to overcome cigarette addiction. (greenopolis.com)
  • The FDA explained its focus on nicotine by pointing out the enormous impact of addiction. (wral.com)
  • The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) explains that nicotine can change how the brain works, leading to cravings and addiction . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • These adults may be particularly susceptible to nicotine addiction because tobacco positively influences mood (15). (cdc.gov)
  • What is your level of nicotine addiction? (healthcalculators.org)
  • The nicotine dependency test will help determine your level of nicotine addiction. (healthcalculators.org)
  • If you or a loved one is trying to quit smoking, knowing your level of nicotine addiction can help you determine what smoking cessation plan is best for you. (healthcalculators.org)
  • While nicotine, as coffee and alcohol, contributes risks to pregnancy, it has, as far as is known, few other direct harms," Professor Karl Fagerstrom, a leading expert in addiction treatment and creator of the Fagerstrom Test for Cigarette Dependence, said in the Journal of Smoking Cessation. (dailycaller.com)
  • Vaping made my nicotine addiction worse, not better. (medscape.com)
  • Monica Hanna, MPH, assistant director of the Nicotine and Tobacco Recovery Program at RWJBarnabas Health's Institute for Prevention and Recovery in New Jersey, said she has witnessed a higher level of nicotine addiction in the vapers with whom she has worked. (medscape.com)
  • We administered nicotine to pregnant Rhesus monkeys from gestational day 30 through 160 by continuous infusion, achieving maternal plasma levels comparable to those in smokers (30 ng/ml). (nature.com)
  • Smokers were randomly assigned to two groups-half received standard smoking cessation drug therapy and behavioural support, while the other half received the same treatment plus a daily nicotine patch to use for four weeks before quit day. (medicalxpress.com)
  • After nicotine preloading had ended, smokers could opt to continue to use either nicotine replacement therapy or non-nicotine drug therapy. (medicalxpress.com)
  • In controlled clinical trials of nicotine replacement therapy, 1 in 5 smokers remained abstinent after 1 year compared with 1 in 10 smokers who abstained in self administered cessation. (bmj.com)
  • Due to this, individuals who use Sub-ohm devices can generally reach their "nicotine sweet spot" with a lower nicotine level, even if they were heavy smokers in the past. (flavour-boss.co.uk)
  • This is why smokers just starting with vaping opt for regular nicotine vapes. (thesmokingvibes.com)
  • The drug helps smokers quit by preventing withdrawal symptoms while moderate levels of dopamine are maintained in the brain. (medscape.com)
  • Common nicotine levels include 0mg/ml (nicotine-free), 3mg/ml, 6mg/ml, 12mg/ml, 18mg/ml, and sometimes higher for heavy smokers or those who desire a stronger throat hit. (sarykuche.com)
  • On the other hand, light smokers or occasional smokers may find lower nicotine levels more suitable to avoid excessive nicotine intake. (sarykuche.com)
  • The ability to detect nicotine in open air will not only enable the monitoring of smokers or vapers but also safeguard the vulnerable, such as infants, from second-hand and third-hand smoke. (azosensors.com)
  • Hence, a suitable nicotine sensor capable of detecting nicotine in real-time is needed to continuously measure nicotine exposure and to monitor smokers. (azosensors.com)
  • For vape users who were previously smokers, it can be difficult to choose the right vape juice nicotine levels for their needs. (toptenss.com)
  • However, vaping is much different than smoking, and even some heavy smokers prefer a lighter nicotine level. (toptenss.com)
  • 3mg- It is suitable for light smokers and for vapers who are stepping down from higher vape nicotine levels. (toptenss.com)
  • But mandatory reduction of nicotine to minimal amounts threatens their habit existentially, and although there is some evidence to suggest that smokers are less likely than non-smokers to vote, this could encourage them to do so. (tobaccointelligence.com)
  • However, given the generally negative policy-making mood toward nicotine in general and vaping in particular, it's not inconceivable there would be political pressure to include them - even if there would be an equally strong imperative to provide some kind of credible, regulated off-ramp for smokers who won't put up with VLNCs. (tobaccointelligence.com)
  • Using nicotine patches is a proven and proper strategy for cigarette smokers to find solace in nicotine-free vapes. (greenopolis.com)
  • According to the 'hardening hypothesis', average nicotine dependence will increase as less dependent smokers quit relatively easily in response to effective public health interventions, so that sustained progress in reducing smoking prevalence will depend on shifting the emphasis of tobacco control programs towards intensive treatment of heavily dependent smokers (who comprise an increasing fraction of continuing smokers). (who.int)
  • A recent study shows adults remain woefully misinformed on the health consequences of nicotine, falsely believing it is fueling cancer in cigarette smokers. (dailycaller.com)
  • Only 14.6 percent of non-smokers said nicotine causes cancer, compared to a staggering 52.5 percent of smokers. (dailycaller.com)
  • The results are consistent with previous studies showing a large majority of smokers still believe nicotine causes lung and oral cancers, while the harm actually comes from the carcinogenic smoke tobacco produces when burned. (dailycaller.com)
  • The median concentration of cotinine, a molecule that is formed during the breakdown of nicotine, in the participants' urine samples was more than 50% higher than the urinary cotinine levels reported in a previous study of youth tobacco smoking . (cancer.gov)
  • When nicotine enters the body, it is broken down into more than 20 different substances , including cotinine, anabasine, and nornicotine. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • According to the American Association for Clinical Chemistry , it can take over 2 weeks for a person's blood to reach the same cotinine levels as someone who does not use tobacco. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Tests that measure cotinine, the substance nicotine becomes when metabolized, can show a presence for up to 10 days. (livestrong.com)
  • Higher levels of cotinine were detected in the mice inhaling mentholated cigarette smoke than in the mice inhaling non-mentholated smoke, implying that menthol increases nicotine uptake. (bmj.com)
  • Questionnaire data have frequently been validated against urinary cotinine measurements, but rarely against actual measurements of residential air nicotine. (bmj.com)
  • The authors assessed residential exposure to ETS in 347 German, 335 Dutch, and 354 Swedish preschool and schoolchildren by questionnaire and air nicotine measurements, and in a subset of 307 German children by urinary cotinine measurements. (bmj.com)
  • Similar results were found for the agreement of urinary cotinine concentrations with questionnaire reports and air nicotine levels. (bmj.com)
  • In epidemiological studies, exposure to ETS is most frequently assessed by questionnaire reports, 6 less often by measurements of biomarkers, such as urinary nicotine and its metabolite, cotinine, in body fluids, 1, 2 and rarely by passive monitors. (bmj.com)
  • A case in which increased nicotine or cotinine (the nicotine metabolite) is detected in urine, or increased serum nicotine levels occur, as determined by a commercial laboratory or CDC. (cdc.gov)
  • ETS exposure will also be assessed for examinees 3 years of age and older through the measurement of serum cotinine, a metabolite of nicotine. (cdc.gov)
  • Maternal urine cotinine >5 ng/mL at either time point was defined as in-utero exposure to nicotine . (bvsalud.org)
  • 7 Few studies on smoking cessation have looked at the effect of combining two or more methods of providing nicotine, but those that are available seem to suggest a higher efficacy through using more or different ways of providing nicotine. (bmj.com)
  • Scientists researching the issue have found when smoking cessation therapies rely on nicotine delivery, the remedies do not increase the risks for developing serious cardiovascular diseases or cancer . (dailycaller.com)
  • People often use nicotine products- particularly smoking or vaping at the same time as other drugs and may find they want to use more when drinking alcohol or smoking cannabis. (thelevel.org.nz)
  • Some of these effects pertain to nicotine alone, whilst others relate to smoking or vaping nicotine products specifically. (thelevel.org.nz)
  • Selecting the right nicotine strength varies from smoker to smoker, if you are new to vaping it is important that you find the right strength for you. (flavour-boss.co.uk)
  • If you find that you are vaping and still feel the need to smoke, you may need to increase the nicotine strength. (flavour-boss.co.uk)
  • However, the nicotine content will vary based on your vaping machine and its capacity . (thesmokingvibes.com)
  • A few sampler packs from the vaping brands above come with similar nicotine levels found in the cigarette but with a twist of flavors. (thesmokingvibes.com)
  • Choosing the right nicotine level in your vape juice is essential to ensure a satisfying vaping experience, whether you're a beginner looking to transition from smoking or an experienced vaper. (sarykuche.com)
  • Selecting the perfect nicotine strength depends on several factors, including your smoking history, vaping frequency, and individual preferences. (sarykuche.com)
  • Vaping Frequency: Your vaping frequency plays a crucial role in determining the appropriate nicotine level. (sarykuche.com)
  • To avoid this, consider gradually reducing your nicotine intake, especially if your goal is to eventually quit vaping or smoking altogether. (sarykuche.com)
  • Factors such as your smoking history, vaping frequency, throat hit preference, and personal taste all play a role in determining the ideal nicotine concentration for you. (sarykuche.com)
  • By tailoring your vaping experience to your individual needs, you can enhance your enjoyment of vaping and potentially use it as a stepping stone towards a nicotine-free future. (sarykuche.com)
  • 2021) Nicotine Sensors for Wearable Battery-Free Monitoring of Vaping. (azosensors.com)
  • How to Choose the Correct e-Juice Nicotine Level for Smooth Vaping? (toptenss.com)
  • In the case of beginners, vaping nicotine levels are a bit confusing. (toptenss.com)
  • After choosing the perfect flavor to vape, then you need to know the correct amount of e-juice nicotine level for smooth vaping. (toptenss.com)
  • Some vapers prefer a lower vaping nicotine level that gives a smoother hit and allows them to enjoy the flavor better. (toptenss.com)
  • Try to make use of different types of vaping devices , different nicotine levels, different e-liquid recipes, and so on. (toptenss.com)
  • Here's what we currently know about the effects of vaping fluids with and without nicotine, as well as vaping marijuana or CBD oil. (healthline.com)
  • The researchers concluded that vaping both with and without nicotine disrupts normal lung function in otherwise healthy people. (healthline.com)
  • One of the significant advantages of vaping is the ability to control the nicotine content in your e-liquid. (seersuckercandyco.com)
  • Over time, you can adjust the nicotine level to find what works best for you or even switch to nicotine-free e-liquids if you wish to continue vaping without nicotine. (seersuckercandyco.com)
  • What Is the Difference Between Nicotine and Nicotine-Free Vaping? (greenopolis.com)
  • Nicotine-free vapes are a little less punchy, so they are mostly not very attractive to many people, particularly those who have recently transitioned from cigarette smoking to vaping. (greenopolis.com)
  • Nonetheless, a cigarette smoker or someone who has experienced nicotine vaping will not appreciate it. (greenopolis.com)
  • If you don't enjoy minty flavors, you may substitute other flavors such as apple, cola, or strawberry to conceal the impact and provide the same experience as nicotine vaping. (greenopolis.com)
  • You have all the nicotine you require, and vaping becomes more enjoyable. (greenopolis.com)
  • Vaping, Nicotine, Coffee and More! (casaa.org)
  • It refers to how much you consume nicotine through vaping. (v8pr.uk)
  • With the right information and care, you can be confident that vaping is a safe and enjoyable way to enjoy nicotine without the health risks associated with smoking. (electroniccigarettesource.com)
  • Vaping is becoming an increasingly popular way to consume nicotine, but there has been a recent debate about the safety of vape additives and their potential link to lung damage. (electroniccigarettesource.com)
  • The recent article claiming that the Elf Bar 600 disposable vape range sold in the UK contains an illegal level of nicotine has caused worry among the vaping community. (businesslancashire.co.uk)
  • And many nicotine users who have tried vaping to quit smoking end up becoming dual users. (medscape.com)
  • Objective To examine associations between area-level characteristics (socioeconomic status, racial or ethnic characteristics, age, and any other characteristics that may be associated with vulnerability) and the prices of tobacco products and electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). (who.int)
  • The Food and Drug Administration announced plans Tuesday to change the rules to bring down nicotine to non-addictive levels, which would be in line with President Joe Biden's pledge to reduce cancer deaths by 50% over 25 years. (hawaiinewsnow.com)
  • Nicotine is addictive and can cause withdrawal symptoms once it's gone. (deltagamer.com)
  • While nicotine can be addictive, it will not harm you. (deltagamer.com)
  • If you are smoking cannabis, try to avoid mixing it with tobacco (spliff, spin or chop) as the nicotine in tobacco can make it more addictive. (thelevel.org.nz)
  • Nicotine is an addictive chemical. (northerner.com)
  • Nicotine pouches offer a smoke-free and tobacco-leaf free way to use nicotine: however, even without the smoke and tobacco leaf, there is still a possibility they can cause some side effects and nicotine is an addictive substance. (northerner.com)
  • Nicotine, on the other hand, is more comparable to caffeine, a mildly addictive but legal stimulant found in a wide variety of products. (dailycaller.com)
  • Personal Preference: Ultimately, the perfect nicotine level is a matter of personal preference. (sarykuche.com)
  • The vape industry has made finding the perfect nicotine level convenient to vapers by creating standard levels in the products. (v8pr.uk)
  • Consider Your Smoking Habits: If you're a heavy smoker, a higher nicotine level may be suitable for you initially, as it can help satisfy your nicotine cravings. (sarykuche.com)
  • Conversely, if you vape less frequently, you might need a slightly higher nicotine level to get the desired effect. (sarykuche.com)
  • A person who might do well with a higher nicotine level can vape only sparingly throughout the day. (toptenss.com)
  • If you only vape a few times a day, a higher nicotine level may work for you. (v8pr.uk)
  • However, if you are a heavy vaper, a higher nicotine level may be too much for you and possibly cause you dizziness and nausea. (v8pr.uk)
  • Do Nicotine Levels In Disposable Vapes Varies? (thesmokingvibes.com)
  • The vape juice or e-liquid and nicotine content are used in the disposable vapes. (thesmokingvibes.com)
  • A few disposable vapes from brands like Elf Bar, Fume, Esco Bars, and Bali have a nicotine level of up to 50mg. (thesmokingvibes.com)
  • Disposable vapes are sold with e-liquid that has different nicotine levels. (thesmokingvibes.com)
  • A few vapes have nicotine strengths expressed in the percentage form than the real concentrations. (thesmokingvibes.com)
  • Well, beginners who are just starting must opt for disposable vapes with regular nicotine instead of nicotine salt. (thesmokingvibes.com)
  • The nicotine content is delivered in the vapes by heating the internal liquid, which proves less harmful. (thesmokingvibes.com)
  • If you are going by the trend, you can always use disposable vapes from established brands with low nicotine levels and fewer puffs. (thesmokingvibes.com)
  • Check out your favorite flavor, the number of puffs the vapes provide, and the nicotine strength. (thesmokingvibes.com)
  • Unfortunately, some vapes are nicotine-filled and have about 3 mg/mL. (greenopolis.com)
  • In this blog, we will talk about using nicotine-free vapes and how to get used to them. (greenopolis.com)
  • When we talk about the essential differences between nicotine and nicotine-free vapes, there are some differences. (greenopolis.com)
  • Most people who like vapes don't want to go with nicotine-free versions so that no one will ask you for it beyond one puff, wink, wink. (greenopolis.com)
  • How to Get Used to Nicotine-Free Vapes? (greenopolis.com)
  • The transition from nicotine vapes to non-nicotine vapes is a significant one. (greenopolis.com)
  • On your first puff, you will notice a lack of nicotine vapes' punch in your throat. (greenopolis.com)
  • As previously said, nicotine-free vapes are less intense and lack the punch in your throat when you inhale them. (greenopolis.com)
  • But unlike cessation tools like nicotine gums or lozenges, using vapes for cessation is uncharted territory. (medscape.com)
  • Unlike cessation products such as gum or a nicotine patch, which have clear recommendations for duration of use, similar guidelines don't exist for vapes, in part because the US Food and Drug Administration hasn't yet granted approval of vapes as cessation products. (medscape.com)
  • Nicotine replacement therapy, in the form of gum, patches, nasal spray, inhaler and lozenges all improve the ability of people trying to quit tobacco products. (wikipedia.org)
  • All forms of nicotine replacement therapy, including nicotine gum, patches, nasal spray, inhalers, and lozenges, have similar success rates in terms of helping people stop smoking. (wikipedia.org)
  • To evaluate the efficacy of using a nicotine patch for 5 months with a nicotine nasal spray for 1 year. (bmj.com)
  • Nicotine patch for 5 months with nicotine nasal spray for 1 year (n=118) or nicotine patch with placebo spray (n=119). (bmj.com)
  • Treatment with patches included 15 mg of nicotine for 3 months, 10 mg for the fourth month, and 5 mg for the fifth month, whereas nicotine in the nasal spray was available for up to 1 year. (bmj.com)
  • Short and long term abstinence rates show that the combination of using a nicotine patch for 5 months with a nicotine nasal spray for 1 year is a more effective method of stopping smoking than using a patch only. (bmj.com)
  • The study, published today in Archives of General Psychiatry, used positron emission tomography (PET) to demonstrate that one hour of secondhand smoke in an enclosed space results in enough nicotine reaching the brain to bind receptors that are normally targeted by direct exposure to tobacco smoke. (scienceblog.com)
  • Nicotine exposure has also been shown to induce effects of serotonin neurotransmission. (disruptedphysician.com)
  • Occupational exposure to acrylamide in closed system production plants: air levels and biomonitoring. (cdc.gov)
  • Low Level Lead Exposure Harms Children: A Renewed Call for Primary Prevention. (cdc.gov)
  • We identified seven major risk factors: non-specific factors that are associated with agricultur al work itself, toluene, pesticides, heavy metal or dust exposure, work with farm animals, and nicotine exposure from plants. (cdc.gov)
  • A clinically compatible case in which a high index of suspicion (credible threat or patient history regarding location and time) exists for nicotine exposure, or an epidemiologic link exists between this case and a laboratory-confirmed case. (cdc.gov)
  • Occupational exposure is the most common cause of elevated cadmium levels. (cdc.gov)
  • Uncertainties exist regarding levels of exposure to methyl mercury from fish consumption and potential health effects resulting from this exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • Blood mercury levels will be assessed in two subpopulations particularly vulnerable to the health effects from mercury exposure: children 1-5 years old and women of childbearing age. (cdc.gov)
  • The Association between Prenatal Nicotine Exposure and Offspring's Hearing Impairment. (bvsalud.org)
  • The objective of this study is to evaluate whether there is an association between in-utero exposure to nicotine and subsequent hearing dysfunction. (bvsalud.org)
  • There was no association between nicotine exposure and frequency-specific DPOAE amplitude. (bvsalud.org)
  • In a cohort of parturients with primary CMV infection , nicotine exposure was not associated with offspring hearing dysfunction assessed with DPOAEs. (bvsalud.org)
  • KEY POINTS · Nicotine exposure was quantified from maternal urine . (bvsalud.org)
  • Nicotine exposure was identified in 30% of the cohort. (bvsalud.org)
  • Nicotine may enhance an individual's level of alertness, although tobacco abuse and dependence may simulate a frantic, almost manic, picture. (medscape.com)
  • Using the theoretical model of nicotine dependence (ND) operationalized within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, fourth Edition (DSM-IV: American Psychiatric [American Psychiatric Association, 1994. (nih.gov)
  • American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC]) as a frame of reference, we used methods based in item response theory to link alternative instruments assessing adolescent nicotine dependence severity to a common latent continuum. (nih.gov)
  • 1998) and the Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale (NDSS: Shiffman et al. (nih.gov)
  • Public health interventions that have proved particularly effective in reducing smoking prevalence (tobacco tax increases, smoke-free environment legislation, antismoking mass media campaigns) are expected to also contribute to a decline in population-level nicotine dependence. (who.int)
  • We examined the prevalence of nicotine dependence and its associated risk factors among veterans who used health services in the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) system. (cdc.gov)
  • Using a case-control design, we compared all VA health service users in fiscal year 2008-2009 (N = 5,031,381) who received a nicotine dependence diagnosis with those who did not. (cdc.gov)
  • Independent risk and protective factors associated with receiving a nicotine dependence diagnosis were identified using logistic regression analysis. (cdc.gov)
  • Among all recent VA health service users, 15% (n = 749,353) received a diagnosis of nicotine dependence. (cdc.gov)
  • Given that other studies have found higher rates of nicotine dependence among veterans, this risk behavior may be underdiagnosed in VA medical records. (cdc.gov)
  • A nicotine dependence diagnosis is given to people who use tobacco regularly and have become chronically dependent on nicotine. (cdc.gov)
  • Epidemiological studies have found a 13% point prevalence (8) and 24% lifetime prevalence (9) for nicotine dependence in the general US adult population. (cdc.gov)
  • thus, the extent to which VA clinicians are assessing and documenting nicotine use and dependence is unclear. (cdc.gov)
  • preventing nicotine dependence and identifying predictors of it, less so. (cdc.gov)
  • Research is inadequate on nicotine dependence in 2 groups of particular interest to the VA health system: homeless veterans and veterans who served in Iraq and Afghanistan in Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom (OIF/OEF). (cdc.gov)
  • Several studies have indicated that schizophrenic patients are likely to show a high level of nicotine dependence. (pasteur.fr)
  • Recently, the genetic mutation CHRNA5, which encodes a nicotinic receptor subunit, was identified as being associated with the cognitive impairments in schizophrenic patients and with nicotine dependence. (pasteur.fr)
  • The therapeutic molecule would have to work in the same way as nicotine but without its harmful effects (dependence, cell aging, increased heart rate, etc. (pasteur.fr)
  • This causes people to take a deeper pull, and when they take a deeper pull, they establish a higher level of nicotine dependence over time. (medscape.com)
  • So far, that appears difficult to do for most people who smoke, and in my anecdotal experience it has not worked," said J. Taylor Hays, MD, the former medical director of Mayo Clinic's Nicotine Dependence Center in Rochester, Minnesota. (medscape.com)
  • We then attempted to offset the adverse effects of nicotine with standard dietary supplements known to interact with nicotine. (nature.com)
  • Our results indicate that nicotine elicits neurodevelopmental damage that is highly selective for different brain regions, and that dietary supplements ordinarily thought to be neuroprotectant may actually worsen some of the adverse effects of nicotine on the fetal brain. (nature.com)
  • This short half-life means that the immediate effects of nicotine go away quickly, so people soon feel like they need another dose. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The physical effects of nicotine use include accelerated heart rate, increased blood pressure, and weight loss. (medscape.com)
  • Unfortunately, there is a certain amount of reluctance among researchers to study the potential positive effects of nicotine because the substance is linked to tobacco and mostly manufactured and marketed by the hated tobacco industry. (dailycaller.com)
  • Remember to start with a lower nicotine level if you're a beginner and gradually adjust until you find the right balance that satisfies your cravings without overwhelming you. (sarykuche.com)
  • As a beginner, it's advisable to start with a lower nicotine concentration, especially if you're transitioning from smoking, to avoid nicotine overload. (seersuckercandyco.com)
  • The HSE's National Environmental Health Service is today (Friday, 25th August 2023) alerting the public to stop using five different flavours of McKesse brand disposable e-cigarette (listed below) as they contain illegal amounts of nicotine. (hse.ie)
  • The nicotine inhaler looks like a plastic cigarette holder. (medlineplus.gov)
  • When someone smokes a cigarette, their body absorbs up to 90 percent of the nicotine. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Nicotine tests can also detect nicotine in the body when people have used an electronic cigarette or a vape. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The nicotine is equal to what a usual cigarette has but won't harm the person. (thesmokingvibes.com)
  • Each cigarette brand adds different amounts of nicotine and other chemicals to it, although tobacco itself is having the presence of nicotine. (toptenss.com)
  • People who will vape for a long time may feel that the e-cigarette nicotine levels are too much higher. (toptenss.com)
  • A 2018 report from the National Academies Press (NAP) found significant evidence that taking a puff from a nicotine e-cigarette triggers an increase in heart rate. (healthline.com)
  • Whether you are a former cigarette smoker and want the taste of nicotine in your e-liquid, you should learn how to find the right nicotine level that fits your needs. (v8pr.uk)
  • Title : Surveillance of Nicotine and pH in Cigarette and Cigar Filler Personal Author(s) : Lawler, Tameka S.;Stanfill, Stephen B.;deCastro, B. Rey;Lisko, Joseph G.;Duncan, Bryce W.;Richter, Patricia;Watson, Clifford H. (cdc.gov)
  • The potential for these products to deliver high doses of nicotine is another concern for this age group, she added. (cancer.gov)
  • Earlier products used electricity to heat a cartridge of liquid, which usually contained nicotine in a so-called free-base form. (cancer.gov)
  • The researchers also performed lab tests to measure nicotine outputs from the pod products that were used by participants. (cancer.gov)
  • There was no nicotine content declared on the packaging of some of the products and some indicated a nicotine content of 20mg/ml or 2% nicotine. (hse.ie)
  • The levels of tobacco-derived chemicals were compared with literature data on tobacco products. (mdpi.com)
  • Study selection We considered all studies that quantitatively examined area-level variations in the prices of tobacco products and ENDS. (who.int)
  • It is always a good idea to consider the things you can do to be safer if you are using nicotine products. (thelevel.org.nz)
  • It uses products that supply low doses of nicotine. (medlineplus.gov)
  • All nicotine products may cause side effects. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Nicotine replacement products are on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. (wikipedia.org)
  • TobaccoIntelligence is an independent service providing premium market and regulatory analysis, legal tracking, and quantitative data for the global tobacco and nicotine alternatives sector, including heated tobacco and reduced-risk oral tobacco products. (tobaccointelligence.com)
  • These products are one form of nicotine replacement therapy. (prnewswire.com)
  • When people use tobacco products, some of the nicotine stays in their system after they quit smoking. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Nicotine and tobacco products are evolving. (findlaw.com)
  • Background Nicotine is a major oral irritant in smokeless tobacco products and has an aversive taste. (bmj.com)
  • Nicotine levels in smokeless tobacco products are sufficient to be perceived as irritating by humans, eliciting burning and tingling sensations in the mouth. (bmj.com)
  • Nicotine pouches have grown in popularity as they offer a tobacco-leaf free alternative to traditional oral tobacco products. (northerner.com)
  • By 2021, the sector of nicotine pouches had grown significantly, with expanded product ranges and increased availability to cater to nicotine pouch users across the U.S.. The market keeps growing, with brands constantly working on new innovations and new products and brands continually emerging. (northerner.com)
  • These products are intended for adults (21+) who already use smokeless tobacco and nicotine products and should be used responsibly. (northerner.com)
  • Prevention and cessation should include strategies against active and passive exposures to new nicotine products. (mdpi.com)
  • Nicotine is a legal drug that has been used for various reasons and in multiple products. (greenopolis.com)
  • Testing has verified that the affected watermelon flavour Elf Bar 600 products are safe to use, and the nicotine strength is still compliant with the legal limit of 20 mg/ml. (businesslancashire.co.uk)
  • in any case, a substantial change of circumstances is deemed not to have occurred if the sales volume of the product category at retail level does not exceed 2.5% of total sales of tobacco products at the EU level. (who.int)
  • Increasing the level of nicotine content in novel products to remain competitive. (who.int)
  • In addition, use of nicotine replacement products (e.g., gum and patch) will be collected using questionnaires. (cdc.gov)
  • You can consider another method, such as nicotine replacement products like patches, sprays or chewing gum. (who.int)
  • Tests can detect nicotine in the blood for one to three days after you've chewed, smoked or dipped. (livestrong.com)
  • AZoSensors speaks with Dr. Md. Ataur Rahman from RMIT University about his research into developing a lightweight, wearable sensor that can detect nicotine in real-time and wirelessly transmit the data to electronic devices such as a smartphone. (azosensors.com)
  • It does not require any external triggering, such as light, to detect nicotine. (azosensors.com)
  • You need to experiment with different flavour liquids as well as nicotine strengths to see what works best for you. (flavour-boss.co.uk)
  • Experiment with different nicotine strengths to find the one that suits your preference. (sarykuche.com)
  • Choose from a range of quality flavors and nicotine strengths ranging from 2mg to an extra strong 15mg per pouch. (northerner.com)
  • Many vapers are afraid to try e-juice because of its potential to produce a good nicotine buzz. (deltagamer.com)
  • Although nicotine can produce a strong smoke flavour, some vapers are not comfortable using it. (deltagamer.com)
  • Sub-ohm vapers typically choose to vape juice with a lower nicotine percentage. (flavour-boss.co.uk)
  • Some vapers enjoy the buzz and satisfaction of higher nicotine levels, while others prefer the mild and smooth experience of lower concentrations. (sarykuche.com)
  • Seeking Expert Advice: If you're unsure about which nicotine level to choose, consult with experienced vapers or visit a reputable vape shop. (sarykuche.com)
  • For the vapers who once smoked, it is important to find a nicotine level that is suitable for them. (toptenss.com)
  • These types of vapers try to vape with a lower nicotine level. (toptenss.com)
  • Many sub-ohm vapers would recommend 6mg e-liquid nicotine levels or even a 3mg e juice, especially for those just starting out with sub-ohm devices. (toptenss.com)
  • Vapers can quickly identify the nicotine level of their vape e-juice because it is stated in its bottle. (v8pr.uk)
  • Made with high quality nicotine salts and carefully selected flavors and aromas, these tobacco-free snus options deliver nicotine swiftly and smoothly for an enjoyable and satisfying snus experience without the tobacco. (mysnus.com)
  • Strong nicotine pouches are available in a wide variety of flavors including refreshing mint, juicy fruits and smooth licorice, there is one for every taste and preference. (mysnus.com)
  • Here at MySnus.com you'll find a big and varied selection of strong nicotine pouches available in different flavors and portion sizes. (mysnus.com)
  • The range of tobacco leaf-free nicotine pouches we sell on Northerner come in a selection of popular flavors. (northerner.com)
  • From Wintergreen to Coffee, you can find a flavor to suit your preferences and find our range of flavors in various different nicotine strength options. (northerner.com)
  • Made from a unique blend of natural fibers, a wide range of flavors, a little chewing gum base, and of course, nicotine, this product is great when you're on the go or headed somewhere that doesn't allow smoking. (northerner.com)
  • This will effectively hide your craving for nicotine with powerful flavors. (greenopolis.com)
  • In contrast, pods work by vaporizing nicotine salts-a compact substance that allows the pods to be made small enough to fit in the palm of a hand. (cancer.gov)
  • Nicotine salts are known to quickly deliver a high concentration of nicotine to the body without an unpleasant, harsh sensation. (cancer.gov)
  • Nicotine pouches, sometimes also known as nic pouches and lip pillows, are a nicotine product that contains nicotine salts (among other ingredients) that are made either by extracting the nicotine from the tobacco leaf or synthetic nicotine that is made in a lab. (northerner.com)
  • Acute administration of nicotine may result in release of serotonin as well as dopamine (23), whereas chronic nicotine administration to rats has been shown to decrease the concentration and biosynthesis of serotonin (24, 25). (disruptedphysician.com)
  • The lower concentration is because of the use of regular nicotine. (thesmokingvibes.com)
  • If you vape frequently throughout the day, a lower nicotine concentration might be preferable to prevent nicotine overdose. (sarykuche.com)
  • When presented with a highly aversive concentration of nicotine (200 µg/mL), mice preferred solutions with 50 or 100 µg/mL menthol added over nicotine alone. (bmj.com)
  • Nicotine improves concentration, focus and may even assist in weight loss . (greenopolis.com)
  • Don't be afraid to experiment with different nicotine levels to ensure you are starting out on the level for you. (flavour-boss.co.uk)
  • For more information or for resources to help quit smoking, go to http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugPages/Nicotine.html . (scienceblog.com)
  • There is insufficient evidence to show that using nicotine patches for four weeks before a quit attempt (known as "preloading") improves long-term smoking abstinence, finds a trial published by The BMJ this week. (medicalxpress.com)
  • The researchers found that nicotine preloading reduces craving intensity and seems to make quitting easier, but that this beneficial effect may have been masked by a concurrent reduction in the use of varenicline in the period after quit day. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Some studies have suggested that using nicotine replacement therapy before a quit attempt is more effective than when used in the conventional way to support abstinence, while other studies suggest preloading has no effect. (medicalxpress.com)
  • A research team from the UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, led by Professor Paul Aveyard at the University of Oxford, set out to examine the effectiveness of a nicotine patch worn for four weeks before a quit attempt. (medicalxpress.com)
  • At six months, 18% of participants who used nicotine patches before their quit attempt had stopped smoking compared with 14% who received standard therapy. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Nicotine replacement therapy is as effective as medications, such as bupropion, in helping people quit smoking for at least six months. (wikipedia.org)
  • Using nicotine replacement therapy to quit smoking should be considered for people who are severely dependent on nicotine. (wikipedia.org)
  • Studies in developing rodents indicate that nicotine is a neuroteratogen that disrupts brain development by stimulating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) that control neural cell replication and differentiation. (nature.com)
  • The brain develops extra nicotine receptors to accommodate the large doses of nicotine from tobacco. (disruptedphysician.com)
  • The good news is that once you stop smoking entirely, the number of nicotine receptors in your brain will eventually return to normal. (disruptedphysician.com)
  • Nicotine is an agonist for these receptors, meaning that it can act on these targets instead of acetylcholine. (pasteur.fr)
  • "Our research on this disease model also shows that when we administer nicotine, it binds to the nicotinic receptors in interneurons and influences the pyramidal cell activity in the prefrontal cortex, which returns to a normal state of activity," explained Fani Koukouli, first author of this study. (pasteur.fr)
  • The goal of therapy is to cut down on cravings for nicotine and ease the symptoms of nicotine withdrawal. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Symptoms of nicotine withdrawal are at their worst a few days to a couple of weeks after smoking. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Once the physical symptoms are gone, and all nicotine has left a person's body, they may still feel a psychological desire to smoke. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Bupropion acts by alleviating some of the symptoms of nicotine withdrawal. (medscape.com)
  • Further, these methods allowed for the examination of the DSM-IV as a continuous index of ND, evaluation of the degree of heterogeneity in levels of ND within groups above and below diagnostic thresholds, and the utility of using the pattern or particular DSM-IV symptoms that led to each score in further differentiating levels of ND. (nih.gov)
  • One explanation could be that some people with ADHD find that nicotine helps them manage their symptoms. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • After oral ingestion of nicotine, signs and symptoms of nicotine poisoning mimic those for nerve agent or organophosphate poisoning and typically include excess oral secretions, bronchorrhea, diaphoresis, vomiting (common, especially among children), diarrhea, abdominal cramping, confusion, and convulsions. (cdc.gov)
  • Though we always say about the detrimental effect of nicotine on cardiovascular and respiratory disorders, including lung cancer, research has also been carried out to understand the medicinal value for Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and ulcerative colitis. (azosensors.com)
  • The effect of nicotine varies for each individual. (v8pr.uk)
  • "Since the repeated administration of nicotine restores normal activity to the prefrontal cortex, it could pave the way for a possible therapeutic target for the treatment of schizophrenia," explained Uwe Maskos, main author of the study. (pasteur.fr)
  • It takes several more weeks for the urine levels to become very low. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Nicotine shows up in the urine for three to four days and in the saliva, two to four days. (livestrong.com)
  • This form of nicotine can cause a harsh sensation when inhaled, which may make it unappealing to young users, he added. (cancer.gov)
  • In the absence of nicotine, the sensor returns to its initial condition. (azosensors.com)
  • " I have tried quitting and failed the absence of nicotine, which is a chemical that has your body to feel awake, energized. (who.int)
  • Nicotine may stay in the body for longer in adults aged over 65 years. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Older adults have a harder time metabolizing nicotine. (livestrong.com)
  • Others say that if limits are put on nicotine levels, adults should have greater access to noncombustible alternatives. (sepoy.net)
  • Roughly 53 percent of adults recently surveyed think nicotine causes cancer, a study released in February revealed during the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco's annual meeting in Maryland. (dailycaller.com)
  • Women tend to process nicotine more quickly than men, especially if they are taking birth control pills. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Liver enzymes metabolize, or process, nicotine in your body. (livestrong.com)
  • How quickly you process nicotine through your system depends partly on genetics but also on diet, age, sex, pregnancy, other medications and kidney disease. (livestrong.com)
  • However, a 2017 review indicates that receiving early treatment with prescribed ADHD medication does not prevent nicotine use. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • NRT delivers nicotine to your body which can help reduce the cravings for tobacco and make it easier to cut down on how much you use. (thelevel.org.nz)
  • Lowering nicotine levels could decrease the likelihood that future generations become addicted,' the FDA said. (wral.com)