• In prokaryotes such as bacteria, diphosphatidylglycerol synthase catalyses a transfer of the phosphatidyl moiety of one phosphatidylglycerol to the free 3'-hydroxyl group of another, with the elimination of one molecule of glycerol, via the action of an enzyme related to phospholipase D. The enzyme can operate in reverse under some physiological conditions to remove cardiolipin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Two consistent genetic adaptations associated with this phenotype (i.e., mutations in cdsA and pgsA) lead to the depletion of the phospholipids, phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin, from the bacterial membrane. (bvsalud.org)
  • This strain produced triglycerides (TG) as well as four common phospholipids: phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), cardiolipin (CL) and lysocardiolipin (LCL). (nature.com)
  • Phosphatidate can be converted to CDP-diacylglycerol which is the precursor for the acidic phospholipids, phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin and phosphatidylinositol, or it can be converted to diacylglycerol (DG) by dephosphorylation. (aocs.org)
  • E. coli membranes consist of ~5% cardiolipin (CL), 20-25% phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and 70-80% phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) as well as smaller amounts of phosphatidylserine (PS). (ecmdb.ca)
  • During lipid synthesis, ACL converts cytosolic citrate into acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate, the essential metabolites for lipid biosynthesis, and ACC carboxylates acetyl-CoA to produce malonyl-CoA. (koreamed.org)
  • Not much is known about the lipid biosynthesis of tetraether membranes which confer extremophilic characteristics to archaea. (basyc.nl)
  • Here we show that synthesis of the mitochondrial phospholipid cardiolipin is indispensable for stimulating and sustaining thermogenic fat function. (ku.dk)
  • The inner membrane encapsulates the cytosol of gram-negative bacteria and the matrix of mitochondria and is rich in the phospholipid cardiolipin. (nature.com)
  • Finally, a molecule of CDP-DAG is bound to PG to form one molecule of cardiolipin, catalyzed by the mitochondria-localized enzyme cardiolipin synthase (CLS). (wikipedia.org)
  • Mimicking this response through overexpression of cardiolipin synthase (Crls1) enhances energy consumption in mouse and human adipocytes. (ku.dk)
  • In stationary phase, cardiolipin synthase activity has been observed to increase approximately 10-fold in the Gram-negative model organism Escherichia coli , suggesting CL is an essential membrane component to cope with starvation 4 . (nature.com)
  • Hippocampal lipids were not significantly affected by APOE genotype, however levels of myelin-enriched sulfatides and hexosylceramides were significantly lower, and polyunsaturated phospholipids were higher, in rs1990622-A carriers after controlling for APOE genotype. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, in most animal tissues, cardiolipin contains 18-carbon fatty alkyl chains with 2 unsaturated bonds on each of them. (wikipedia.org)
  • Catabolism of cardiolipin may happen by the catalysis of phospholipase A2 (PLA) to remove fatty acyl groups. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cardiolipins are sometimes called a 'double' phospholipid because they have four fatty acid tails, instead of the usual two. (ecmdb.ca)
  • These two levels serve degraded by a phosphorylation including at least 6 membranes in a such tail that both leaves the 2' disorder ubiquitination and adducts the 3' heart to the 5' cell. (evakoch.com)
  • Amongst their many roles, mitochondria play a crucial function in energy production, iron homeostasis, and the biosynthesis of lipids, amino acids and nucleic acids [ 1 , 2 ]. (nature.com)
  • Approximately 1.5 billion years ago endosymbiosis between archaebacteria and a prokaryotic cell, driven by increased oxygen levels, led to the formation of mitochondria that we know nowadays [ 4 ]. (nature.com)
  • In another research line, the work of Prof. Langer´s team identified a crucial role of mitochondrial proteases for the synthesis of cardiolipin, a mitochondria-specific phospholipid, which is essential for the function of mitochondria. (uni-koeln.de)
  • The group of Prof. Langer could demonstrate that disease mutations leading to cardiomyopathies are caused by disturbances in the cardiolipin metabolism in mitochondria. (uni-koeln.de)
  • To this end, several mechanisms that act at different levels and time points have been developed to ensure mitochondria quality control. (hindawi.com)
  • Here, we demonstrate that ROS-RET signalling requires increased electron entry and uninterrupted electron flow through the electron transport chain (ETC). We find that in old fruit flies, ROS-RET is abolished when electron flux is decreased and that their mitochondria produce consistently high levels of mtROS. (biomed.news)
  • Therefore, the molecules involved in the cell wall biosynthesis of TB bacilli have been considered as important anti-TB drug targets. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This occurs through the downregulation of methylmalonyl coenzyme A epimerase (MCEE), mediated by an extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2-driven transcription factor Sp1/early growth response protein 1 transcriptional switch driven by metastatic signalling at its promoter level. (biomed.news)
  • In mammalian cells, but also in plant cells, cardiolipin (CL) is found almost exclusively in the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it is essential for the optimal function of numerous enzymes that are involved in mitochondrial energy metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
  • Oxidation of cardiolipin is associated with the decline of mitochondrial activities during aging. (uni-koeln.de)
  • Hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) has key signaling roles at physiological levels, while causing molecular damage at elevated concentrations. (biomed.news)
  • While the theoretical charge of cardiolipins is -2, under normal physiological conditions (pH near 7), the molecule may carry only one negative charge. (ecmdb.ca)
  • The enzyme that catalyzes dephosphorylation of phosphatidate is called phosphatidate phosphatase (PAP), or lipin, and this is an important branch point in glycerolipid biosynthesis. (aocs.org)
  • Natural product anticancer agents enhance intracellular levels of ceramide, a sphingolipid that promotes cell apoptosis. (sphingolipidclub.com)
  • 72 hours) to C8- ceramide (5 μg/ml culture medium), a cell-permeable analog of ceramide, enhanced MDR1 mRNA levels by 3- and 5-fold in T47D and inMDA-MB-435 cells, respectively, but did not affect MCF-7 cells.D-erythro-sphingosine exposure (5 μg/ml, 72 hr) increased MDR1 mRNA levels in MDA-MB-435 cells by 3.5-fold. (sphingolipidclub.com)
  • 72 hours) of MDA-MB-231cells to C8-ceramide enhanced MDR1 mRNA levels by 45- and 370-fold(real-time RT-PCR) at passages 12 and 22, respectively, and elicited expression of P-gp (Western blot). (sphingolipidclub.com)
  • Cardiolipin depletion in brown and beige fat abolishes adipose thermogenesis and glucose uptake, which renders animals insulin resistant. (ku.dk)
  • Finally, gene expression associated with CL biosynthesis and remodeling was quantified. (myjournals.org)
  • Furthermore, DR led to increased gene expression associated with CL biosynthesis and remodeling. (myjournals.org)
  • This study aimed to identify the functional role of aceE gene in cell wall biosynthesis in M. smegmatis . (biomedcentral.com)
  • This classification was based on the notion that "collagen" was equivalent to "connective tissue", but with the present recognition of the different types of collagen and the aggregates derived from them as distinct entities, the term "collagen diseases" now pertains exclusively to those inherited conditions in which the primary defect is at the gene level and affects collagen biosynthesis, post-translational modification, or extracellular processing directly. (edu.au)
  • We looked into the gene appearance information on both gene and useful network level, using R and the data database Ingenuity. (woofahs.com)
  • The increase in TMEM106B levels with ageing was specific to carriers of the rs1990622-A allele in the TMEM106B gene that increases risk for frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and hippocampal sclerosis with ageing. (biomedcentral.com)
  • RESULTS: Daptomycin non-susceptible S. mitis-oralis had significant alterations in glucose catabolism and a re-balancing of the redox status through amino acid biosynthesis relative to daptomycin susceptible S. mitis-oralis. (bvsalud.org)
  • Cardiolipin (CL), a mitochondrial phospholipid, is closely associated with mitochondrial function. (myjournals.org)
  • The group uses a broad spectrum of cell biological, biochemical, and genetic approaches to define the proteolytic control of mitochondrial function at a molecular level. (uni-koeln.de)
  • induced cardiac toxicity such as oxidative stress and deteriorated mitochondrial function, a disturbance in iron regulatory protein [(IRP)-1], the release of nitric oxide, autophagy and dysregulation of Ca 2+ level. (mosuljournals.com)
  • Dynamic adaptation of cytosolic thioredoxin reductase levels during metabolic changes results in improved H2 O2 handling and explains previously observed differences between cell types. (biomed.news)
  • Lipins are cytosolic phosphatidate phosphatases (PAPs) involved in the glycerolipid biosynthesis pathway. (aocs.org)
  • Bacteria thriving at extremely high pH tend to produce more cardiolipin (CL) as well as bis-mono-acyl-glycero-phosphate (BMP) 3 . (nature.com)
  • Such alterations in phospholipid biosynthesis will modify carbon flow and change the bacterial metabolic status. (bvsalud.org)
  • Biosynthesis and biotransformation of cholesterol. (medmuv.com)
  • Biological assays for cholesterol and riety of disorders such as reduced levels of triglycerides were performed. (who.int)
  • Thus, adipose cardiolipin has a powerful impact on organismal energy homeostasis through thermogenic fat bioenergetics. (ku.dk)
  • and trying to understand it at the molecular level and addressing the most important compounds, especially the natural ones, and their proposed mechanism of action against Dox. (mosuljournals.com)
  • In response to stress, reverse electron transport (RET) through respiratory complex I generates high levels of mtROS. (biomed.news)
  • Ravasz D, Kacso G, Fodor V, Horvath K, Adam-Vizi V, Chinopoulos C (2018) Reduction of 2-methoxy-1,4-naphtoquinone by mitochondrially-localized Nqo1 yielding NAD + supports substrate-level phosphorylation during respiratory inhibition. (mitophysiology.org)
  • They can rapidly develop high-level and durable non-susceptibility to daptomycin both in vitro and in vivo upon exposure to daptomycin. (bvsalud.org)
  • Cardiolipin biosynthesis is robustly induced in brown and beige adipose upon cold exposure. (ku.dk)
  • Acute exposure ofMCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells to C8-glucosylceramide (10 μg/ml culture medium), a cell-permeable analog of glucosylceramide, increased MDR1 mRNA levels by 2- and 4-fold, respectively. (sphingolipidclub.com)
  • Our data indicate that OCIAD1 is required for maintenance of normal steady state levels of Complex III and the proteolytic processing of the catalytic subunit cytochrome c 1 (CYC1). (biorxiv.org)
  • Cardiolipin (IUPAC name 1,3-bis(sn-3'-phosphatidyl)-sn-glycerol, "sn" designating stereospecific numbering) is an important component of the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it constitutes about 20% of the total lipid composition. (wikipedia.org)
  • The variation in mitochondrial CL distribution and DR levels showed an inverted U-shape, and the CL content in the 40 DR group was the most upregulated. (myjournals.org)
  • non-etheless, we also discovered major specific distinctions: For instance, genes and molecular pathways, linked to the visual circuit and retinol biosynthesis are higher portrayed in the RPE AZD6244 supplier than in the IE significantly. (woofahs.com)
  • These DAMPs include mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), cardiolipin, N-formyl peptides (NFPs), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) but also metabolites such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and succinate [ 3 ]. (nature.com)
  • Previously, we showed that exosomes derived from human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASC-exosomes) attenuate AD-like symptoms by reducing multiple inflammatory cytokine levels. (mdpi.com)
  • The immunoreactivity levels of well-characterized antibodies, for all major retinal cells and their compartments, were obtained using our established semiquantitative confocal and imaging techniques. (molvis.org)
  • Cardiolipin bicyclic structure Structure of NAO NAO & CL arranged in a highly ordered way The detection, quantification, and localisation of CL species is a valuable tool to investigate mitochondrial dysfunction and the pathophysiological mechanisms underpinning several human disorders. (wikipedia.org)
  • We further identify a rare human CRLS1 variant associated with insulin resistance and show that adipose CRLS1 levels positively correlate with insulin sensitivity. (ku.dk)