• The env gene maintained an ORF coding for a 538-amino acid polypeptide that has all the characteristic features of env proteins and mediates intercellular fusion in vitro [ 11 - 13 ]. (ecancer.org)
  • For native and unknown proteins it tends to be difficult to assess whether posttranslational modifications such as glycosylations are present on the protein, making a calculation based solely on the amino acid sequence inaccurate. (qiagenbioinformatics.com)
  • The N-end rule and consequently the N-terminal amino acid, simply determines the half-life of proteins. (qiagenbioinformatics.com)
  • If leucine is found N-terminally in mammalian proteins the estimated half-life is 5.5 hours. (qiagenbioinformatics.com)
  • active site - A region in proteins and nucleic acids (that participate in chemical reactions), where reacting molecules (substrates) bind and make specific contacts necessary for chemical catalysis. (rcsb.org)
  • amino acid - A building block of proteins is an alpha amino acid which contains a basic amino group, an acidic carboxyl group, and a hydrogen or organic side chain attached to the central carbon atom. (rcsb.org)
  • Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. (lookformedical.com)
  • In the present study, we investigated whether a non-pathogenic H9N2 virus, A/chicken/Yokohama/aq-55/2001 (Y55) (H9N2), acquires pathogenicity in chickens when a pair of di-basic amino acid residues is introduced at the cleavage site of its HA molecule. (biomedcentral.com)
  • rgY55sub (H9N2), which had four basic amino acid residues at the HA cleavage site, replicated in MDCK cells in the absence of trypsin after six consecutive passages in the air sacs of chicks, and acquired intravenous pathogenicity to chicken after four additional passages. (biomedcentral.com)
  • On the other hand, an avirulent H5N1 strain, A/duck/Hokkaido/Vac-1/2004 (Vac1) (H5N1), acquired intranasal pathogenicity after a pair of di-basic amino acid residues was introduced into the cleavage site of the HA, followed by two passages by air sac inoculation in chicks. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is characterized by hydrogen bonds between the carbonyl group (-C=O) of one amino acid and the amino (N-H) group of the amino acid 4 residues below it along the helix. (rcsb.org)
  • In the chicken (Gallus gallus), the 161-amino acid vasotocin-neurophysin VT preprohormone is encoded by the gene AVP, which is considered homologous to the mammalian genes encoding arginine vasopressin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Amino acids constitute one of the largest and most diverse groups of compounds commonly concentrated by active transport, and their uptake has been studied in a wide variety of microbial and mammalian systems. (docksci.com)
  • Considerable progress has been made in the characterisation of the various amino acid transport systems in bacteria and fungi, but the number and specificity of similar transport systems in mammalian cells is less clear. (docksci.com)
  • have been carried out to determine the characteristics of the active transport of neutral amino acids by either isolated mammalian cells or cells in culture. (docksci.com)
  • This alanine transport system was shown to exhibit a broad substrate specificity and appeared to be capable of transporting most naturally occurring neutral a-amino acids. (docksci.com)
  • Kinetic studies of the inhibition of L-alanine uptake also indicated the presence of a second neutral amino acid transport system capable of transporting this amino acid. (docksci.com)
  • D . M . SCOTT AND J. A. PATEMAN ever, L-alanine also appeared to be capable of transport via a second "leucine preferring" uptake system. (docksci.com)
  • alanine (Ala, A) - Alpha amino acid with a non-polar side chain. (rcsb.org)
  • During eucaloric conditions the continual breakdown of protein that occurs in the body's organs and vital tissues is replenished in the post-absorptive state via supply of amino acids derived primarily from the skeletal muscle component of FFM[ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The current MCAT regularly has questions which require previous knowledge of the structures, features (including changes in charge with pH), 3- and 1-letter abbreviations of the 20 common protein-generating amino acids, etc. (mcat-prep.com)
  • Features such as isoelectric point or amino acid composition can reveal important information of a novel protein. (qiagenbioinformatics.com)
  • 3-10 helix - A type of protein secondary structural element that is more tightly coiled than the alpha helix (3 amino acids per turn with 10 atoms in the ring completed by each intra-helical hydrogen bond). (rcsb.org)
  • alignment - A comparison of two or more gene or protein sequences in order to determine their degree of similarity in amino acid or bases, respectively. (rcsb.org)
  • Two well-defined pathological hallmarks of AD have been described: the formation of extracellular amyloid plaques and the development of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) formed by aggregated hyperphosphorylated TAU protein [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Human adiponectin protein has 244 amino acids (30 kDa), as well as the complex primary structure of a signal peptide, a hyper-variable region, a collagenous domain of 22 G-X-Y repeats, and a globular domain. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Inhibition studies using other amino acids or their analogues provided information about the specificity of this system. (docksci.com)
  • The first two receptors have a similar structure, with seven transmembrane domains, and an intracellular zinc binding motif capable of downstream signaling in the cell [ 3 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Novel research has also shown distinct ceramidase activity for the intracellular part of these receptors [ 4 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Among the transporters identified, we characterized the cationic amino acid transporter SLC7A3 as a gene that, when up-regulated, overcame low availability of arginine and lysine by increasing their uptake, whereas SLC7A5 was able to sustain cellular fitness upon deprivation of several neutral amino acids. (life-science-alliance.org)
  • In several examples, the α4 integrin antagonist is a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to a α4, β1 or β7 integrin subunit or a cyclic hexapeptide with the amino acid sequence of CWLDVC. (justia.com)
  • Very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) possess more than twenty carbon atoms and are the major components of seed storage oil, wax, and lipids. (nature.com)
  • All 20 amino acids consist of combinations of only five different atoms. (qiagenbioinformatics.com)
  • In addition, L-cysteine can be converted into hydrogen sulfide and pyruvic acid through the action of the enzyme cystathionine gamma-lyase. (cannabisdatabase.ca)
  • 6 Keratin is especially rich in cysteine, which is a sulfur-containing amino acid capable of forming disulfide bonds between molecules, thus adding strength and elasticity to the entire structure (Figure 1). (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
  • These protons can come from organic acids which have accumulated in the blood, but they can also come from increased production in our body. (msdmanuals.com)
  • FAE ( Fatty Acid Elongation ) like genes take part in the biosynthesis of VLCFAs, growth regulation, and stress responses, and are further comprised of KCS ( Ketoacyl-CoA synthase ) and ELO ( Elongation Defective Elongase ) sub-gene families. (nature.com)
  • In this study, 53 KCS genes were identified in B. carinata compared to 32 and 33 KCS genes in B. nigra and B. oleracea respectively, which suggests that polyploidization might has impacted the fatty acid elongation process during Brassica evolution. (nature.com)
  • The neutral type of selection seemed to be predominant in both KCS and ELO genes evolution. (nature.com)
  • The current study provides a basis to understand the evolution of both KCS and ELO genes in fatty acid elongation and their role in stress tolerance. (nature.com)
  • The blood pH needs to be constantly between 7.35 and 7.45, and in addition the blood needs to remain electrically neutral, which means that the total cations, or positively charged particles, equals the total anions, or negatively charged particles. (msdmanuals.com)
  • have presented the crystal structure of apo-ApcT, a proton-coupled broad-specificity amino acid transporter, at 2.35 Å resolution. (tcdb.org)
  • Inhibition of the uptake of L-leucine indicated that this transport system has a similar specificity to the '%''-system initially described for Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. (docksci.com)
  • 68) via uptake systems specific for single amino acids or groups of structurally related amino acids. (docksci.com)
  • Uptake assay procedure Amino acid uptake was examined using a modification of the method described by Hatanaka et al. (docksci.com)
  • Adiponectin is the adipokine associated with insulin sensitization, reducing liver gluconeogenesis, and increasing fatty acid oxidation and glucose uptake. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Comparative metabolome analysis of sucrose- and glucose-based fermentation identified 81 intracellular metabolites and demonstrated that pyruvate from the glycolysis pathway may be a key metabolite affecting PMA synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For their sn -2 fatty acid tail specificities, GIB, GIIA and GIIE sPLA 2 s are promiscuous. (ijbs.com)
  • Interestingly, animal studies have shown that adiponectin ameliorates the proinflammatory effect of saturated free fatty acid rich diet in hypothalamus. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • One-by-one depletion of 13 amino acids required for cell proliferation enabled gain-of-function genetic screens using a SLC-focused CRISPR/Cas9-based transcriptional activation approach to uncover transporters relieving cells from growth-limiting metabolic bottlenecks. (life-science-alliance.org)
  • In silico simulation of a genome-scale metabolic model ( i ZX637) further verified that pyruvate carboxylase ( pyc ) via the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle strengthened carbon flux for PMA synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Acid-Base Regulation Metabolic processes in the human body continually produce acid and, to a lesser degree, base. (msdmanuals.com)
  • So, basically, metabolic acidosis arises either from the buildup of acid in our blood, which could be because it's produced or ingested in increased amounts, or because the body can't get rid of it, or from excessive bicarbonate HCO3− loss from the kidneys or gastrointestinal tract. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The isolate's superior amino acid profile is enriched with essential amino acids for cellular repair and glutathione production (Marshall, 2004)[2]. (leanfactor.com)
  • sPLA 2 s show distinct substrate specificities in terms of the phospholipid polar headgroups and the fatty acids esterified at the sn- 2 position of the glycerol backbone. (ijbs.com)
  • Consumption of tea has been linked to a sense of relaxation commonly associated with the content of the non-proteinogenic amino acid theanine, which is found within the tea leaves. (mdpi.com)
  • For example, the backbone carbon atom linked to the carbonyl group in an alpha amino acid, to which the side chain is attached. (rcsb.org)
  • Acid-Base Disorders Acid-base disorders are pathologic changes in carbon dioxide partial pressure (Pco2) or serum bicarbonate (HCO3 − ) that typically produce abnormal arterial pH values. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Normally, blood pH depends on the balance or ratio between the concentration of bases, mainly bicarbonate HCO3−, which increases the pH, and acids, mainly carbon dioxide CO2, which decrease the pH. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In this case, the bicarbonate HCO3− ion concentration decreases by binding of bicarbonate HCO3− ions and protons H+, which results in the formation of H2CO3 carbonic acid, which subsequently breaks down into carbon dioxide CO2 and water H2O. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Polymalic acid (PMA) is a water-soluble biopolymer composed of l -malic acid (MA) monomers and is mainly produced by the yeast-like fungus Aureobasidium pullulans [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fatty acids of this group can be found abundantly in the form of suberins, sphingolipids, leaf cuticles, pollen epidermis, and cork cells. (nature.com)
  • Secreted phospholipases A 2 (sPLA 2 s) (EC 3.1.1.4) are a structurally related group of low-molecular-mass enzymes (14-18 kDa) that catalyse the hydrolysis of glycerophospholipids (phospholipids hereafter) at their sn -2 position, to produce lysophospholipids and free fatty acids. (ijbs.com)
  • Acid hydrolysis of PMA, resulting in release of the monomer l -malic acid (MA), which is widely used in the food and chemical industry, is a competitive process for producing bio-based platform chemicals. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Given its particular distribution in normal human tissues and its potential roll as an immune modulator and in amino acid transport, tissue tolerance and protection against retroviral infection, syncytin could be a potential target for immune therapy using specific inhibitors. (ecancer.org)
  • these limitations must be overcome to achieve an economically competitive process, including enhanced strain tolerance and fermentation performance in the presence of inhibitors released from dilute acid-pretreated lignocellulose [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Causes include accumulation of ketones and lactic acid, renal failure, and drug or toxin ingestion (high anion gap) and gastrointestinal or renal HCO 3 − loss (normal anion gap). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Prior to amino acid transport assay cells were harvested during exponential growth, inoculated into 60 mm petri dishes (Gibco-Biocult) a t a density of 5.3 x lo3 cells/cm' and incubated as above for 48 hours. (docksci.com)
  • This structure permits ubiquitous proteases such as furin and PC6, which recognize multiple basic amino acids, to cleave the HA, leading to systemic infection in chickens. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We demonstrate here that the LRRC8C-LRRC8A(IL1 25 ) chimera comprising LRRC8C and 25 amino acids unique to the first intracellular loop (IL1) of LRRC8A has a heptameric structure like that of homologous pannexin channels. (elifesciences.org)
  • Our findings suggest that plasma glycogenic amino acids are sensitive indicators of brain glycogen levels in endurance exercise. (frontiersin.org)
  • One of the active ingredients often mentioned as a candidate for interactions with caffeine is the beta-amino acid, taurine. (researchgate.net)