• Full-scale production of a vaccine that could prevent any illness at all from the strain would require at least three months after the virus's emergence to begin, but it is hoped that vaccine production could increase until one billion doses were produced by one year after the initial identification of the virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • These data indicate that the pseudotype baculovirus-mediated vaccine could be utilized as an alternative strategy against the pandemic spread of H5N1 influenza virus. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Influenza vaccine for life? (virology.ws)
  • Unlike vaccines for polio and measles, which confer life-long immunity, the influenza vaccine protects for only one year. (virology.ws)
  • Influenza virus undergoes antigenic variation, necessitating annual production of a new vaccine. (virology.ws)
  • Is it possible to formulate an influenza vaccine that protects against all virus strains for life? (virology.ws)
  • If another epitope can be identified that elicits neutralizing antibodies against group 2 HA subtypes, then a universal vaccine that confers life-long protection might be feasible. (virology.ws)
  • A number of significant hurdles remain to be overcome before these findings translate into an influenza vaccine. (virology.ws)
  • If the globular head of the HA is removed, the virus will not be infectious and cannot be propagated for vaccine production. (virology.ws)
  • The problem is not insurmountable, but will require some new and innovative approaches in influenza vaccine development. (virology.ws)
  • These are very exciting findings, and in my opinion, bode well for a universal influenza vaccine within the next decade. (virology.ws)
  • 1 thought on "Influenza vaccine for life? (virology.ws)
  • Headless HA: universal influenza vaccine? (virology.ws)
  • The Ministry of Agriculture says its new vaccine can effectively "cut a key link in the transmission chain of the highly pathogenic avian influenza among water fowl. (chinadaily.com.cn)
  • Using a technique called reverse genetics, scientists at the Key Laboratory of Animal Influenza, affiliated to Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, altered the genome sequence of the virus to construct a vaccine that is believed to be safe to both poultry and mammals. (chinadaily.com.cn)
  • Laboratory tests show the vaccine enables ducks and geese to fight H5N1, the highly lethal strain of bird flu, three weeks after the flocks were vaccinated, the statement claimed. (chinadaily.com.cn)
  • Our data provide further evidence for cross-protective epitopes within the N1 subtype and highlight the potential of NA as an important target for vaccine and therapeutic approaches. (mssm.edu)
  • Researchers are conducting the first-in-human trial of a universal influenza vaccine candidate, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced April 3. (medscape.com)
  • The NIH's National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) hopes to develop a vaccine that will overcome the challenges associated with seasonal changes among influenza strains. (medscape.com)
  • This phase 1 clinical trial is a step forward in our efforts to develop a durable and broadly protective universal influenza vaccine. (medscape.com)
  • The vaccine stimulates protective immune responses against very different influenza subtypes by homing in on an area of the virus that remains relatively constant from strain to strain. (medscape.com)
  • The vaccine candidate development is part of a larger initiative to develop a universal vaccine candidate that can provide durable protection for individuals of all ages and against multiple influenza subtypes, including those with the potential to cause a pandemic. (medscape.com)
  • A team of VRC scientists developed the universal influenza vaccine prototype. (medscape.com)
  • It is useful as a vaccine platform because it forms particles that can display multiple influenza HA spikes on its surface, mimicking the natural organization of HA on the influenza virus," according to the news release. (medscape.com)
  • To create the vaccine candidate, researchers used the stem of an H1N1 influenza virus. (medscape.com)
  • The fact that the H1N1 candidate vaccine was effective against H5N1 infection - a different influenza subtype - suggests the antibodies the vaccine induces can be protective against other "group 1" influenza subtypes, including H1 and H5. (medscape.com)
  • A person receives the seasonal influenza vaccine (flu shot). (outbreaknewstoday.com)
  • Substantial proportions of characterised circulating virus subtypes or lineages differed antigenically from their respective northern hemisphere vaccine components. (flu.org.cn)
  • In what an epidemiologist would consider a perfect flu season, the strains that the current influenza vaccine protects against would match perfectly those strains in circulation. (asbmb.org)
  • We had a vaccine that, against H3N2, was only 25 percent effective, and we had a virus that was particularly virulent," Fauci said. (asbmb.org)
  • At the time, the influenza virus had yet to be isolated, let alone incorporated into a vaccine, and antivirals were several decades away. (asbmb.org)
  • If a flu vaccine worked against every potential strain of the virus, however, the 2009 pandemic and last season might have played out differently. (asbmb.org)
  • While these mutations happen frequently within a flu season, the changes are usually minor enough that the existing flu vaccine protects against the new viruses in the short term. (asbmb.org)
  • Although it is necessary to annually update vaccine strains to ensure effective protection against seasonal influenza infection in humans due to the frequent antigenic drift of the virus strains, seasonal human influenza-specific CTLs, mostly targeting conserved internal proteins, e.g. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, mice were vaccinated with recombinant virus vaccine (rL H5), in which the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of influenza A/H5N1 virus was inserted into the LaSota Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine strain. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thus the development of an effective and safe vaccine against divergent influenza A virus strains is urgently needed for the prevention of future outbreaks of influenza. (justia.com)
  • It will take scientists four to six months to develop a vaccine that protects against the pandemic virus, by which time thousands could have died. (biblesearchers.com)
  • 2] More recently, VLPs were used to develop a pre-clinical vaccine against chikungunya virus. (toxovaccine.com)
  • This has provided hope for the design of a universal vaccine able to prime against diverse influenza virus strains and subtypes. (mdpi.com)
  • Hopefully, the knowledge gained in response to the H5N1 and 2009 H1N1 outbreaks, and continued research to more completely understand influenza virus, as well as improvements in vaccine and drug development, will enable us to minimize the effects of future influenza outbreaks. (bcm.edu)
  • Moreover, we found that these viruses were antigenically similar to and well matched with the H5-Re14 vaccine strain currently used in China. (blogspot.com)
  • However, a new virus, variant H3N2 (H3N2v), associated with pigs and originally discovered in 2011, has cropped up this year in some human outbreaks periodically since July, 2012.1,B Although the strains of influenza circulating globally now are genetically slightly different from those in the current vaccine, the CDC feels that there will be significant cross-reactive protection, so they recommend that the vaccines not be changed. (chestervetclinic.com)
  • Influenza A and B vaccine is administered each year before flu season. (medscape.com)
  • The CDC analyzes the vaccine subtypes each year and makes any necessary changes for the coming season on the basis of worldwide trends. (medscape.com)
  • Traditionally, the vaccine was trivalent (ie, designed to provide protection against three viral subtypes, generally an A-H1, an A-H3, and a B). The first quadrivalent vaccines, which provide coverage against an additional influenza B subtype, were approved in 2012 and were made available for the 2013-2014 flu season. (medscape.com)
  • The FDA has approved a vaccine for H5N1 influenza. (medscape.com)
  • In the Northern Hemisphere, all persons aged 6 months or older should receive influenza vaccine annually by the end of October, if possible. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza vaccination should not be delayed to procure a specific vaccine preparation if an appropriate one is already available. (medscape.com)
  • Those with a history of egg allergy who have experienced only hives after exposure to egg should receive influenza vaccine. (medscape.com)
  • We propose that additional investigation into the role of ADCP in protective viral responses, the specific virus epitopes targeted by ADCP antibodies, and the types of phagocytes and Fc receptors involved in ADCP at sites of virus infection will provide insight into strategies to successfully leverage this important immune response for improved antiviral immunity through rational vaccine design. (frontiersin.org)
  • Typhimurium-derived vaccine antigens and influenza A virus (IAV)-derived vaccine antigens within or on the outer membrane of Bt OMVs. (uea.ac.uk)
  • Moderna and two other vaccine developers (GlaxoSmithKline & CSL Seqirus) are already preparing human subjects to take a new mRNA flu vaccine for an upcoming avian influenza pandemic. (bigpharmanews.com)
  • Traditional vaccine technology relied on a cumbersome process of growing whole viruses (live or attenuated) in cell cultures. (bigpharmanews.com)
  • The trial is for a new mRNA pandemic influenza vaccine that is tailored to the new avian influenza sub-type. (bigpharmanews.com)
  • Early vaccine mediated strain specific cytokine imbalance induces mild immunopathology during influenza infection. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Previously we have extensively characterized the viral vectored universal vaccine, Wyeth/IL-15/5flu, a group 1 HA, H5N1 based vaccine using a vaccinia backbone with IL-15. (ox.ac.uk)
  • High-dose influenza vaccine appears to have the potential to prevent nearly one-quarter of all breakthrough influenza illnesses in seniors (≥65 y) compared with the standard-dose vaccine, according to results from a phase IIIb-IV double-blind, active-controlled trial. (medscape.com)
  • [ 3 , 4 ] A total of 31,989 participants were randomly assigned to receive either a high dose (IIV3-HD) (60 μg of hemagglutinin per strain) or a standard dose (IIV3-SD) (15 μg of hemagglutinin per strain) of a trivalent, inactivated influenza vaccine. (medscape.com)
  • Unfortunately, influenza vaccine composition needs to be updated annually due to antigenic shift and drift in the viral immunogen hemagglutinin (HA). (mdpi.com)
  • In this study, scientists immunized pigs with consensus H1N1 influenza DNA vaccine candidates on day 0, day 14, and day 28. (medicineandtechnology.com)
  • Sera collected on day 28 and day 42, after two or three doses of vaccine, respectively, showed hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers above the protection threshold in 100% of the vaccinated animals against a swine H1N1 virus previously isolated from pigs. (medicineandtechnology.com)
  • In a similar collaborative study with scientists from the National Microbiology Laboratory of the Public Health Agency of Canada and the University of Pennsylvania, Inovio previously demonstrated that mice immunized with Inovio's SynCon™ H1N1 DNA vaccine provided 100% protection in a lethal challenge study against an unmatched H1N1 virus that caused the 1918 Spanish flu, which killed over 40 million people worldwide. (medicineandtechnology.com)
  • Using a designer approach, Inovio can formulate these DNA plasmids together to rapidly develop a universal influenza vaccine potentially targeting all these strains. (medicineandtechnology.com)
  • The resulting vaccine could target seasonal as well as pandemic-potential influenza strains such as avian influenza and swine flu, which has already been designated pandemic status. (medicineandtechnology.com)
  • Currently, there is no licensed H7N9 vaccine available and people infected with H7N9 viruses are only treated therapeutically with neuraminidase inhibitors. (nature.com)
  • The sporadic occurrence of human infections with swine-origin influenza A(H3N2) viruses and the continual emergence of novel A(H3N2) viruses in swine herds underscore the necessity for ongoing assessment of the pandemic risk posed by these viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Here, we selected three recent novel swine-origin A(H3N2) viruses isolated between 2017 to 2020, bearing HAs from the 1990.1, 2010.1 or 2010.2 clades, and evaluated their ability to cause disease and transmit in a ferret model. (cdc.gov)
  • We conclude that despite considerable genetic variances, all three contemporary swine-origin A(H3N2) viruses displayed a capacity for robust replication in the ferret respiratory tract and were also capable of limited airborne transmission. (cdc.gov)
  • The influenza season happens every year during autumn, winter, and early spring months, and the influenza viruses that circulate each season tend to be the usual suspects: influenza A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and influenza B viruses. (thehorse.com)
  • Melidou A, K?dm?n C, Nahapetyan K, Kraus A, Alm E,. Influenza returns with a season dominated by clade 3C.2a1b.2a.2 A(H3N2) viruses, WHO European Region, 2021/22 . (flu.org.cn)
  • Examples are the Hong Kong virus strain A/England/102/72 (H3N2). (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • H1N1 and H3N2 swine flu viruses are endemic among pig populations in the U.S. and are believed to be spread through close contact among pigs. (asbmb.org)
  • Seasonal influenza A subtypes H1N1 and H3N2 have globally circulated in humans for a few decades. (biomedcentral.com)
  • H1N1 and H3N2 are the major subtypes that cause human seasonal flu and global pandemics of influenza. (justia.com)
  • Influenza viruses are broadly categorized by their two surface glycoproteins - hemagglutinin ( HA ) and neuraminidase ( NA ) - hence we often talk about seasonal H1N1 or H3N2, or avian H5N1 or H9N2 viral subtypes. (blogspot.com)
  • This season, influenza B is prominent in the Americas and Africa, and influenza A H3N2 comprises half the reported cases Prof. Emerita, Stanford University in Europe and Australia, and more than 75% of strains in ChinaA. (chestervetclinic.com)
  • In temperate South America, numbers of influenza cases began to increase in May, peaking around July with the largest numbers seen for A(H3N2), but showing a second peak in August with more influenza B strains and untyped influenza A strains (Figure 1). (chestervetclinic.com)
  • In addition, the predominant influenza virus subtype was an H3N2, in contrast to dominance by H1N1 subtypes in recent past years. (medscape.com)
  • Inovio has created SynCon™ DNA vaccines based on influenza HA, NA, and NP proteins that are common to strains H1N1, H2N2, H3N2, and H5N1, which make up the majority of seasonal and pandemic influenza. (medicineandtechnology.com)
  • Several H5N1 vaccines have been developed and approved, and stockpiled by a number of countries, including the United States (in its National Stockpile), Britain, France, Canada, and Australia, for use in an emergency. (wikipedia.org)
  • At least 12 companies and 17 governments are developing prepandemic influenza vaccines in 28 different clinical trials that, if successful, could turn a deadly pandemic infection into a nondeadly one. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mice immunized with 1 x 10(9)PFU of BV-G-HA developed significantly higher levels of H5-specific antibodies and cellular immunity than those that received 100 microg of DNA vaccines expressing HA, and were completely protected from lethal challenge with HB/327. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The most effective influenza vaccines are whole or split virus preparations, but how can these be prepared so that the membrane-proximal HA epitope is immunodominant? (virology.ws)
  • 袁碩峰 Abstract: The rapid mutability of influenza virus in conjunction with genomic reassortment between viral strains promotes the virus' ability to evade vaccines and to become resistant to antiviral drugs. (hku.hk)
  • However, their high genetic variability allows the virus to evade the host immune response and the potential protection offered by seasonal vaccines. (distantreader.org)
  • For this reason, seasonal vaccines need to be annually reformulated based upon the forecasting of viral strains that will circulate in the coming influenza season. (distantreader.org)
  • The VaxArray Influenza Pandemic Hemagglutinin potency test kit is now available for flu vaccines containing H5, H7, and H9 flu subtypes, which includes new H7 vaccines against the deadly avian H7N9 virus. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
  • In response to concerns over these deadly H7N9 flu viruses, in 2017 the US government issued a call for new vaccines to include in the Strategic National Stockpile for protection of the US population in the event of an outbreak. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
  • In contrast, the VaxArray® Pandemic Hemagglutinin Potency product is ready for use "off the shelf" and, subject to regulatory approval for lot release testing, could be implemented immediately for dose-sparing and/or adjuvanted vaccines if a new, responsive H5, H7, or H9 flu virus emerges as a threat. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
  • Influenza's structure and status as an RNA-negative virus make it friendly to the mutations that let it evade vaccines. (asbmb.org)
  • In this study, we used a mouse model pre-exposed to an H1N1 influenza virus and evaluated the protective ability provided by a single dose of DNA vaccines encoding conserved H5N1 proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Inactivated H5N1 influenza vaccines have been proved to be effective in eliciting neutralizing antibodies against the virus in clinic trials, but proved to have poor immunogenicity [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Novel strategies, including DNA vaccines, should be developed to cope with the H5N1 influenza virus that may cause potential pandemics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Influenza virus undergoes constant antigenic evolution, and therefore influenza vaccines must be reformulated each year. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A goal of many research works is to produce universal vaccines that can induce protective immunity to influenza A viruses of various subtypes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Due to the constant antigenic evolution of IAV, influenza vaccines must be reformulated each year. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Heterosubtypic immunity (HSI) is the basis of creating universal influenza vaccines. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although vaccination is an important strategy to prevent influenza infection, most of the current vaccines cannot provide immediate protection in the event of influenza pandemics and epidemics due to the length of time required for producing effective vaccines. (justia.com)
  • Furthermore, these vaccines are limited to one or just a few strains and don't produce highly potent neutralizing antibodies or cross-reactive immunity against divergent influenza viruses. (justia.com)
  • Avian flu vaccines developed in advance will have little impact on the pandemic virus. (biblesearchers.com)
  • Research suggests that VLP vaccines against influenza virus could provide stronger and longer-lasting protection against flu viruses than conventional vaccines. (toxovaccine.com)
  • 3] Production can begin as soon as the virus strain is sequenced and can take as little as 12 weeks, compared to 9 months for traditional vaccines. (toxovaccine.com)
  • In early clinical trials, VLP vaccines for influenza appeared to provide complete protection against both the Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 and the 1918 flu pandemic. (toxovaccine.com)
  • Next-generation vaccines that utilize T cells could potentially overcome the limitations of current influenza vaccines that rely on antibodies to provide narrow subtype-specific protection and are prone to antigenic mismatch with circulating strains. (mdpi.com)
  • 5, 6] For the 2021-2022 influenza season, all flu vaccines are expected to be quadrivalent. (medscape.com)
  • Moderna is already preparing new influenza vaccines that are scheduled for mass distribution before pandemics are announced by governments. (bigpharmanews.com)
  • For example, from the start, it was apparent that the vaccines would be ineffective in preventing COVID-19 ( there was a lot of ignored evidence suggesting this was the case ) and it was suspected the vaccines would cause the virus to rapidly mutate into variants the vaccines did not cover, thereby destroying what little efficacy the vaccines did have. (midwesterndoctor.com)
  • Influenza A viruses (IAV) exist as distinct serological subtypes, with limited antibody cross reactivity compared to T cell responses, leading to universal vaccines that elicit robust T cell responses entering clinical trials to combat pandemic and zoonotic outbreaks. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Therefore, to avoid overstimulating proinflammatory immune responses upon infection, universal influenza vaccines that elicit strong T cell immunity will need a robust cross-reactive antibody response. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We discuss the different vectored vaccines that have been or are currently in clinical trials, with a forward-looking focus on immunogens that may be protective against seasonal and pandemic influenza infection, in the context of viral-vectored vaccines. (mdpi.com)
  • the partners plan to exchange scientific information on avian influenza, share viral isolates, and may eventually manufacture human vaccines against avian viral strains. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Here's an interesting heading: "Inovio Biomedical H1N1 Influenza DNA Vaccines Demonstrate 100% Responses Against Swine Flu in Vaccinated Pigs. (medicineandtechnology.com)
  • Dr. Niranjan Sardesai, Senior VP, Research & Development, presented the data at the Annual Conference of DNA Vaccines in Asia 2009 held in Beijing, China, July 9-10, 2009, in a presentation entitled, "Pandemic and Seasonal Influenza DNA Vaccines Delivered Via Electroporation. (medicineandtechnology.com)
  • Dr. J. Joseph Kim, Inovio's CEO, said, "Our innovative SynCon™ technology has the potential to protect people from influenza strains not exactly like the ones that make up the existing vaccines. (medicineandtechnology.com)
  • This is a clear advantage for our universal flu program over conventional influenza vaccines. (medicineandtechnology.com)
  • On-going additional animal studies are testing the ability of Inovio's SynCon™ human H1N1 and swine H1N1 based vaccines to cross-protect from currently circulating human and swine H1N1 viruses as well as the new influenza A/H1N1 of swine origin. (medicineandtechnology.com)
  • Human infections with avian H7N9 subtype influenza viruses are a major public health concern and vaccines against H7N9 are urgently needed for pandemic preparedness. (nature.com)
  • In addition, heterologous antibody titers against older H7 subtype viruses of the North American lineage (H7N7, H7N3) and newer H7 subtype viruses of the Eurasian lineage (H7N9) were detected in the animals receiving the AS03-adjuvanted vaccines. (nature.com)
  • Animals receiving two immunizations of the AS03-adjuvanted vaccines were protected from weight loss and fever in the homologous challenge study and had no detectable virus in throat or lung samples. (nature.com)
  • In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the AS03-adjuvanted H7N9 vaccines elicited high levels of homologous and heterologous antibodies and protected against H7N9 virus damage post-challenge. (nature.com)
  • In this study, baculovirus pseudotyped with vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein was used as a vector to express the hemagglutinin (HA) protein of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus, A/Chicken/Hubei/327/2004 (HB/327). (unboundmedicine.com)
  • We have previously described R1a-B6, an alpaca-derived single domain antibody (nanobody), that is capable of potent cross-subtype neutralization in vitro of H1N1, H5N1, H2N2, and H9N2 influenza viruses, through binding to a highly conserved epitope in the influenza hemagglutinin stem region. (frontiersin.org)
  • The humoral immune response plays an important role in the defense against these viruses, providing protection mainly by producing antibodies directed against the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein. (distantreader.org)
  • It displays part of hemagglutinin (HA), an influenza protein, on the surface of a microscopic nanoparticle made of nonhuman ferritin. (medscape.com)
  • Furthermore we do not know which subtype - there are 16 hemagglutinin (H) and 9 neuraminidase (N) subtypes - the next pandemic will have. (ercim.eu)
  • If you slid samples of the virus into an electron microscope, you'd likely see spheres bristling with lollipoplike extensions, the tops of which are made out of either hemagglutinin or neuraminidase. (asbmb.org)
  • Disclosed herein are neutralizing antibodies with cross-neutralizing activity and cross-protective effects against divergent stains of influenza virus, which are specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
  • The virus can be classified into different subtypes based on their surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (justia.com)
  • Disclosed herein are neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for the surface hemagglutinin (HA) protein of the influenza H5N1 strain. (justia.com)
  • The MAbs recognize the highly conserved HA1 region of H5N1 hemagglutinin and inhibit multiple strains of the H5N1 virus, as well as treated mice infected with a lethal dose of H5N1 viruses of two divergent strains, demonstrating their potential as therapeutic agents for multivalent prophylaxis and treatment of influenza. (justia.com)
  • In one embodiment disclosed herein, a neutralizing antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin is provided. (justia.com)
  • In another embodiment, the epitope has at least 95% or at least 98% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
  • Also disclosed herein is a pharmaceutical formulation for neutralizing influenza virus comprising an antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
  • Also disclosed herein is a method of treating influenza virus infection in a subject in need thereof comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the neutralizing antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin and thereby treating said influenza virus infection in said subject. (justia.com)
  • H5N1 avian influenza viruses bearing the clade 2.3.4.4b hemagglutinin gene have been widely circulating in wild birds and are responsible for the loss of over 70 million domestic poultry in Europe, Africa, Asia, and North America since October 2020. (blogspot.com)
  • Furthermore, immunisation with OMVs containing the core stalk region of the IAV H5 hemagglutinin from an H5N1 strain induced heterotypic protection in mice to a 10-fold lethal dose of an unrelated subtype (H1N1) of IAV. (uea.ac.uk)
  • Avian influenza viruses (AIV) are classified by a combination of two groups of proteins found on the surface of the virus: hemagglutinin proteins (H), of which there are 18 (H1-H18), and neuraminidase proteins (N), of which there are 11 (N1-N11). (usgs.gov)
  • In addition, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N9 viruses emerged that featured a polybasic cleavage site in the hemagglutinin (HA) and were lethal for poultry 7 , 8 . (nature.com)
  • The antibodies also protected mice against lethal H5N1 influenza even when administered after infection. (virology.ws)
  • Our findings demonstrate AAV delivery of cross-subtype neutralizing nanobodies may be an effective strategy to prevent influenza infection and provide long-term protection independent of a host induced immune response. (frontiersin.org)
  • We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a patient with 2019-nCoV infection and compared it with other related coronavirus genomes. (hku.hk)
  • The resistance to zanamivir is rare [17] , but its use is limited to patients who can actively inhale it, which often excludes young children, impaired older adults or patients with underlying airway disease [14] , that is the groups of patients most vulnerable to serious influenza infection complications. (distantreader.org)
  • According to the December 2017 Risk Assessment Summary by the World Health Organization (WHO), "Since 2013, a total of 1565 laboratory-confirmed cases of human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) viruses, including at least 612 deaths, have been reported to WHO. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
  • Human Cases of Avian Influenza A ( H5N1 ) Infection Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), China, 2003. (vadscorner.com)
  • Marine mammals can also become infected with avian influenza strains (eg, H10N7 in harbor seals), with subsequent human infection reported. (msdmanuals.com)
  • All cases of human infection with an influenza A subtype other than H1 or H3 must be reported. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This phenomenon of successive infections by the influenza virus is in marked contrast to the situation with viruses like measles, mumps or small pox where exposure to a single infection induces lifelong immunity. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • The reason for this is not a poor immune response, rather it is the fact that the influenza virus continues to change its coat proteins so that the new infecting variants are no longer recognised and destroyed by the immune response generated against the earlier infection. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Though the pathogenicity of emerging H7N9 influenza virus has been reported in several animal models, these studies have not included a detailed characterization of the host response following infection. (usda.gov)
  • We found that responses to the H7 subtype viruses were intermediate to those elicited by H5N1 and H1N1 early in infection, but that they evolved to resemble the H5N1 response as infection progressed. (usda.gov)
  • Finally, we used host transcriptomic profiling to computationally predict drugs that reverse the host response to H7N9 infection, and identified two FDA-approved drugs that could potentially be repurposed to treat H7N9 and other pathogenic influenza viruses. (usda.gov)
  • Vaccination is the preferred approach for prevention of H5N1 infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Seasonal influenza virus infection has been reported to provide heterosubtypic immunity against influenza A virus infection to some extend. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Pre-existing immunity against seasonal influenza viruses is useful in offering protection against H5N1 infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Human infection of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza virus was first reported in Hong Kong in 1997, causing six deaths [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Since then, human cases of H5N1 virus infection have been continually laboratory-confirmed in many countries, with approximately 60% death rate [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The memory T cells established by seasonal human influenza A infection could not provide adequate protection, but could alleviate symptoms of influenza H5N1 virus infection [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, a single dose of vaccination with NP, M1 or NP + M1 DNAs from A/chicken/Henan/12/2004(H5N1) virus strain was evaluated in mice pre-exposed to A/PR8(H1N1) virus, which showed that DNA vaccination might be a quick and effective strategy against H5N1 infection in individuals innaive to influenza A virus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The present application is drawn to neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for preventing and treating influenza virus infection and methods of treating influenza virus infection. (justia.com)
  • Neutralizing antibodies can provide a first line of defense against influenza pathogens and passive immunization with neutralizing MAbs can provide immediate effects to prevent the spread of influenza infection and mortality. (justia.com)
  • These two MAbs were proven to inhibit virus infection in the post-attachment process rather than inhibition of receptor binding. (justia.com)
  • Sanmenxia Clade 2.3.2.1c-like H5N1 viruses possess the closest genetic identity to A/Alberta/01/2014 (H5N1), which recently caused a fatal respiratory infection in Canada with signs of meningoencephalitis, a highly unusual symptom with influenza infections in humans. (nature.com)
  • Chances of containment are limited because the potentially catastrophic infection may not be detected until it has already spread to several countries , like the SARS virus in 2003. (biblesearchers.com)
  • It is always a great concern when a new flu virus emerges, because the general population does not have immunity and almost everyone is susceptible to infection and disease. (bcm.edu)
  • Since the first confirmed human infection with avian influenza A(H5N1) virus was reported in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region in 1997, sporadic zoonotic avian influenza viruses causing illness in humans have been identified globally, with the WHO Western Pacific Region as one of the hotspots. (who.int)
  • An overview of the epidemiology and emergence of influenza A infection in humans over time. (who.int)
  • Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most frequent cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and children and the second most common viral cause of pneumonia in adults. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza pneumonia: Amantadine hydrochloride and rimantadine hydrochloride are approved for the prevention and treatment of influenza A virus infection. (medscape.com)
  • Vaccination is the primary intervention used to curb influenza virus infection, and the WHO recommends immunization for at-risk individuals to mitigate disease. (mdpi.com)
  • In early 2013, novel H7N9 influenza viruses emerged in China that caused about 1600 human cases of infection with a high associated case fatality rate. (nature.com)
  • Eleven outbreaks of H5N1 were reported worldwide in June 2008, in five countries (China, Egypt, Indonesia, Pakistan and Vietnam) compared to 65 outbreaks in June 2006, and 55 in June 2007. (wikipedia.org)
  • H5N1 and H7N9 as well as other strains have caused a few lethal outbreaks and could potentially cause a pandemic if they become able to spread more easily. (medscape.com)
  • A third wave of avian influenza in poultry began in December 2004 in Thailand and Viet Nam, with outbreaks also detected later in Cambodia, Democratic People's Republic of Korea and Indonesia. (who.int)
  • During 2014-2015, after massive outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) on the Korean Peninsula, subtype H5N8 viruses (group A clade 2.3.4.4) caused outbreaks among wild birds and domestic poultry in central Asia, Russia, and central Europe ( 1 , 2 ). (blogspot.com)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N8) cases in wild birds and outbreaks in poultry holdings (10 backyard holdings, 4 zoos or pet farms, and a few commercial operations) in Germany, November 2016. (blogspot.com)
  • Just as our current H5N1 epizootic differs greatly from the H5N1 outbreaks of a decade ago . (blogspot.com)
  • H5N1 viruses bearing the clade 2.3.4.4b HA gene have become the predominant strains causing global avian influenza outbreaks since October 2021. (blogspot.com)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) strains can cause severe outbreaks in the poultry population, causing the voluntary destruction of hundreds of millions of domestic birds. (animine.eu)
  • In poultry and wild birds, H5N1 and H5N6 subtypes were the most widely distributed, with outbreaks reported from ten and eight countries and areas, respectively. (who.int)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in domestic poultry cause large economic losses to the U.S. economy. (usgs.gov)
  • With the on-going European outbreaks of HPAI there is a risk of moving these viruses to North America as well. (usgs.gov)
  • An increase in poultry outbreaks inevitably brings the virus into closer and more frequent proximity to humans, which is always a risk with viruses like influenza that can rapidly evolve," Dr. Holly Shelton, head of the Influenza Viruses Group at The Pirbright Institute, told The Telegraph. (shtfplan.com)
  • Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 (A/H5N1) is a subtype of the influenza A virus which can cause illness in humans and many other species. (wikipedia.org)
  • A risk factor for contracting the virus is handling of infected poultry, but transmission of the virus from infected birds to humans has been characterized as inefficient. (wikipedia.org)
  • Still, around 60% of humans known to have been infected with the Asian strain of HPAI A(H5N1) have died from it, and H5N1 may mutate or reassort into a strain capable of efficient human-to-human transmission. (wikipedia.org)
  • H5N1 may cause more than one influenza pandemic, as it is expected to continue mutating in birds regardless of whether humans develop herd immunity to a future pandemic strain. (wikipedia.org)
  • In general, humans who catch a humanized influenza A virus (a human flu virus of type A) usually have symptoms that include fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches, conjunctivitis, and, in severe cases, breathing problems and pneumonia that may be fatal. (wikipedia.org)
  • There is increasing evidence to suggest that antibodies directed toward influenza A virus (IAV) neuraminidase (NA) are an important correlate of protection against influenza in humans. (mssm.edu)
  • This was long thought to happen only rarely, but since 1997 in southeast Asia there have been annual occurrences of humans contracting bird flu subtypes such as H5N1 or H7N9 and these cases are often lethal. (thehorse.com)
  • Most cases of avian influenza in humans have been caused by Asian strains H5N1 and H7N9, but other types have also caused some human infections. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Humans can become infected with avian influenza viruses through inhalation of or direct contact with secretions (saliva, mucous, or feces) from infected birds. (msdmanuals.com)
  • It is likely that avian influenza viruses of any antigenic specificity can cause influenza in humans whenever the virus acquires mutations, enabling it to attach to human-specific receptor sites in the respiratory tract. (msdmanuals.com)
  • However, in 2003 and 2004, H5N1 infections in humans reappeared, and occasional cases continue to be reported, primarily in Asia and the Middle East. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In early 2013, an extensive outbreak of H7N9 avian influenza in humans occurred in several provinces of southeastern China. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The viruses come in four major categories - A, B, C and D - but influenza B viruses do not circulate in animals, C viruses are believed to cause only mild respiratory illnesses in humans and D viruses affect only cattle. (asbmb.org)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 infects humans with a high fatality rate and has pandemic potential. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The Influenza A virus, which belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family, can cause influenza in humans, birds or domesticated food animals. (justia.com)
  • Of the 16 known HAs and nine NAs, three HA subtypes (H1, H2, and H3) and two NA subtypes (N1 and N2) are most commonly found in humans. (justia.com)
  • This virus was highly pathogenic in chickens and humans and posed a significant threat to public health. (nature.com)
  • At the same time, the World Health Organization has only confirmed about 60 cases of the Avian Influenza that have killed humans around the world. (biblesearchers.com)
  • There are three different types of influenza virus - A, B, and C. Type A viruses infect humans and several types of animals, including birds, pigs, and horses. (bcm.edu)
  • Type B influenza is normally found only in humans, and type C is mostly found in humans, but has also been found in pigs and dogs. (bcm.edu)
  • Among their findings, they report that H5N1 viruses are becoming better adapted to mammals ( something we've discussed often, including here, here , and here ) , and could become more dangerous to humans over time. (blogspot.com)
  • With the emergence of non-human H9N2 isolates with avian characteristics, it is important to study the H9N2 isolates from avian hosts in addition to those obtained from humans for pandemic influenza understanding and preparedness. (scialert.net)
  • As it constantly evolves by mutation and re-assortment with the emergence of new subtypes, it occasionally infects humans exposed to contaminated poultry. (animine.eu)
  • From November 2003, when a resurgence of H5N1 virus activity in humans and animals occurred, through September 2017, 1,838 human infections with avian influenza viruses in the region were reported to WHO. (who.int)
  • Adaptive pathways of zoonotic influenza viruses: from exposure to establishment in humans. (who.int)
  • Timing of influenza A(H5N1) in poultry and humans and seasonal influenza activity worldwide, 2004-2013. (who.int)
  • Update: isolation of avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses from humans--Hong Kong, 1997-1998. (who.int)
  • Avian influenza (H5N1) is rare in humans in developed countries. (medscape.com)
  • Many emerging viruses threatening humans nowadays are zoonotic, i.e. crossed over from such animals. (vegetarianfriends.net)
  • In the past, when humans contracted the influenza virus directly from 'their' ducks, the result was only a mild case of pinkeye. (vegetarianfriends.net)
  • For a major human pandemic, three things are necessary: A. The virus must emerge from the animal world new or in a new form, such that humans have no immunity to it. (vegetarianfriends.net)
  • It is important to note that avian influenza (H5N1) has never posed a threat to mankind, but due to more recent gain-of-function virology experiments, the virus now includes hybrid subtypes that can cross from birds to mammals, and potentially from birds to humans. (bigpharmanews.com)
  • Various pieces of the puzzle are coming together for this virus to become transmissible among humans, Sharif told Global News . (bigpharmanews.com)
  • The OIE is developing influenza surveillance guidelines that encompass birds, domestic mammals, wildlife, and humans. (nationalacademies.org)
  • surveillance focused on the subset of avian influenza viruses that pose significant risk of infecting humans, including certain viruses of low pathogenicity in poultry. (nationalacademies.org)
  • If that happens, it would make the COVID pandemic look like a bad joke in comparison, because the death rate for H5N1 in humans is extremely high. (shtfplan.com)
  • If H5N1 were to start spreading as widely as COVID has among humans, the death toll would be absolutely catastrophic. (shtfplan.com)
  • So let us hope that this current outbreak can be brought under control, and let us hope that H5N1 doesn't start spreading among humans any time soon. (shtfplan.com)
  • Human infections with H7N9 viruses occurred each year and the viruses gained virulence markers that potentially enhance the risk for humans and may have increased their spread into the human population, making this virus a notable pandemic threat 3 , 4 . (nature.com)
  • Humans are immunologically naive to H7 subtype viruses and possess little to no pre-existing, humoral immunity 12 . (nature.com)
  • Avian influenza is caused by strains of influenza A that normally infect only wild birds and domestic poultry. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Avian influenza infections are often asymptomatic in wild birds but may cause highly lethal illness in domestic poultry. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The initial spread of H5N1 in poultry, which saw the death or destruction of more than 120 million birds, was accompanied by 35 human cases, of which 24 were fatal. (who.int)
  • Massive control efforts were introduced in most countries with the aim of eliminating the virus from its poultry host. (who.int)
  • In November 2016, an influenza A(H5N8) outbreak caused deaths of wild birds and domestic poultry in Germany. (blogspot.com)
  • We describe a novel reassortant of HPAIV A(H5N8) within group B clade 2.3.4.4, which causes lethal infections in hundreds of wild birds and domestic poultry in Germany and elsewhere in Europe. (blogspot.com)
  • About a decade ago, scientists and public health officials feared that we might be on the brink of a pandemic caused by the so-called avian or bird H5N1 flu that began circulating among poultry, ducks, and geese in Asia and spread to Europe and Africa. (bcm.edu)
  • During our routine surveillance, 13 H5N1 viruses were isolated from 26,767 wild bird and poultry samples that were collected between September 2021 and March 2022 in China. (blogspot.com)
  • The G1 viruses are the most widely circulating strains having been detected in wild birds or domestic poultry in 22 countries across Europe, Africa, Asia, and North America. (blogspot.com)
  • Avian influenza virus was isolated from poultry farms with history of respiratory illness and increased mortality. (scialert.net)
  • H9N2 viruses circulate widely in the Middle East and are associated with serious disease in poultry. (scialert.net)
  • Avian influenza virus (AIV) has been proved to be able to contaminate all types of avian species, including commercial poultry farms, wild birds, backyard domestic animals, live poultry, game birds and mixed poultry. (animine.eu)
  • However, AIV also frequently infects domestic poultry and wild ducks in Europe and Africa and migrating wild birds that use the east Atlantic flyway may also risk introducing Eurasian strain viruses to North America via this route. (usgs.gov)
  • This chapter focuses on the global phenomenon of avian influenza, its impact on the poultry industry, and potential means to control influenza transmission among birds and mammals. (nationalacademies.org)
  • While avian influenza is an uncommon disease of poultry in the United States, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) recognizes the international importance of the disease and has developed considerable animal health policies to detect, prevent, and control avian influenza. (nationalacademies.org)
  • The chapter concludes with an example of a low-pathogen avian influenza outbreak in a group of commercial poultry farms and the steps the industry took to contain further spread of the virus, minimize the risk of exposure, and monitor and prevent further infections. (nationalacademies.org)
  • No cleavage site mutation as seen in virulent poultry influenza strains (e.g. (cdc.gov)
  • The United States Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) has confirmed the presence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in a non-commercial backyard flock (non-poultry) in Suffolk County, New York. (shtfplan.com)
  • Inspectors with a U.S. Department of Agriculture service have confirmed the presence of the avian influenza in what they describe as a "non-commercial backyard flock (non-poultry)" in Knox County. (shtfplan.com)
  • Avian influenza has been detected in a fourth commercial poultry flock in southern Indiana, state officials said Saturday. (shtfplan.com)
  • Avian influenza viruses, especially A/H5N1 and A/H7N9 viruses represent the latest threat for a lethal influenza pandemic. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
  • H7N9 avian influenza in China: Should we be worried? (outbreaknewstoday.com)
  • In this study the host transcriptomic response to emerging H7N9 influenza virus is characterized in mice and compared it with the responses to H7N7, H5N1 and H1N1 viruses. (usda.gov)
  • This work identifies host responses that could be targeted to treat severe H7N9 influenza and identifies two FDA-approved drugs that could potentially be repurposed as H7N9 influenza therapeutics. (usda.gov)
  • To this end, we characterized the transcriptomic response of BALB/c mice infected with H7N9 (A/Anhui/1/2013) virus and compared it to the responses induced by H5N1 (A/Vietnam/1203/2004), H7N7 (A/Netherlands/219/2003) or H1N1 (A/Mexico/4482/2009) viruses. (usda.gov)
  • H5N1, H7N7 and H7N9 viruses were pathogenic in mice, and this pathogenicity correlated with increased cytokine response, decreased lipid metabolism and decreased coagulation signaling. (usda.gov)
  • The deadly Asian H7N9 virus is a far cry from the relatively benign North American H7N9 virus that hit a few farms in 2017. (blogspot.com)
  • The vast majority of infections were with H7N9 (n=1,562) and H5N1 (n=238) viruses, and most (n=1583, 86%) were reported from December through April. (who.int)
  • In 2013, an avian H7N9 virus strain emerged in China that caused hundreds of human infections. (nature.com)
  • From 2013 to 2017, the H7N9 virus led to annual epidemics. (nature.com)
  • During the fifth wave of H7N9 epidemics the virus split into two phylogenetically distinct lineages, the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta clades 5 . (nature.com)
  • In China, cases of people co-infected with both H7N9 and seasonal influenza virus strains have been reported during the period of overlapping seasonal and H7N9 epidemics 10 . (nature.com)
  • However, H7N9 is quickly acquiring resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors 13 which is leading to an unreliable public health strategy to combat this virus. (nature.com)
  • One strain of HPAI A(H5N1) is spreading globally after first appearing in Asia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Many references to "bird flu" and H5N1 in the popular media refer to this strain. (wikipedia.org)
  • The birds could then fight the H5N1 strain of virus. (chinadaily.com.cn)
  • Additionally, every few decades a new strain of influenza emerges against which the human population has no pre-existing resistance, causing a flu pandemic. (asbmb.org)
  • Given the constantly changing nature of influenza viruses, the occurrence of pandemics defies precise predictions concerning timing, causative strain, and severity of the disease and its international impact. (who.int)
  • The study seeks to quantify the possible economic impact in terms of loss in work hours, death and hospitalization rates and cost to the economy if there were to be an outbreak of some strain of the H5N1 virus which is considered to be highly pathogenic and extremely lethal. (uwi.edu)
  • 3] "Creating a Mutant Strain of Streptococcus Free of All Integrated Viruses" (Press release). (toxovaccine.com)
  • The influenza A subtypes are further classified into strains, and the names of the virus strains include the place where the strain was first found and the year of discovery. (bcm.edu)
  • Two studies of newly isolated monoclonal antibodies against influenza virus suggest that the answer could be yes. (virology.ws)
  • The authors of one study identified human antibodies against influenza virus by phage display. (virology.ws)
  • In this technique, recombinant HA protein (the H5 subtype) was used to bind bacteriophage particles that bear on their surfaces variable chains of human antibodies. (virology.ws)
  • Ten antibodies were identified that neutralized the infectivity of H5 influenza viruses in cell culture. (virology.ws)
  • The key result is that the monoclonal antibodies neutralize infectivity not only of H5 viruses, but also viruses of 9 other HA subtypes. (virology.ws)
  • The 10 subtypes neutralized by the monoclonal antibodies comprise group 1, which includes H1, H2, and H5. (virology.ws)
  • When animals are immunized with influenza virus, most of the antibodies that are produced are directed against the membrane-distal, globular head of the HA molecule (top of image). (virology.ws)
  • As noted above, another epitope must still be identified that elicits neutralizing antibodies against viruses of the 6 other HA types. (virology.ws)
  • Cross-subtype neutralizing single domain antibodies against influenza present new opportunities for immunoprophylaxis and pandemic preparedness. (frontiersin.org)
  • A much more promising strategy is to use recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against influenza and several are currently in clinical development ( 9 - 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • In contrast, the stem region of HA, formed mostly by the HA2 subunit, is relatively conserved among different influenza A subtypes [19] and indeed could represent an universal target for the development of cross-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. (distantreader.org)
  • The panel of monoclonal antibodies that provide the test with virus subtype specificity were developed by scientists at the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) within the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and licensed by InDevR in 2017. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
  • This theory was based on the asymmetric nature of the antigenic cross reactions observed between parent viruses and their mutants selected in the presence of neutralising antibodies. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • The antibodies to influenza virus were detected using hemagglutination inhibition (HI). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), particularly those having cross-clade neutralizing activity, play a critical role in immunoprotection against various influenza A virus (IAV) infections, particularly those caused by the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus and any future unpredictable virus strains. (justia.com)
  • According to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, H5N1 pathogenicity is gradually continuing to rise in endemic areas, but the avian influenza disease situation in farmed birds is being held in check by vaccination, and there is "no evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission" of the virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hundreds of wild birds have died of avian influenza in central Thailand in the past two weeks. (chinadaily.com.cn)
  • Furthermore, this virus was shown to be highly pathogenic to both birds and mammals and demonstrate tropism for the nervous system. (nature.com)
  • Due to the geographical location of Sanmenxia, these novel H5N1 viruses also have the potential to be imported to other regions through the migration of wild birds, similar to the H5N1 outbreak amongst migratory birds in Qinghai Lake during 2005. (nature.com)
  • Despite measures to prevent HPAIV spread by vaccination or the culling of infected birds, several H5 influenza subtypes are already prevalent in Asia, Europe and Africa 4 . (nature.com)
  • In 2006, a Qinghai-like Clade 2.2 virus re-emerged in Qinghai Lake and caused more infections in wild birds, including bar-headed geese and great black-headed gulls. (nature.com)
  • The Qinghai-like Clade 2.2 virus was found to possess a high genetic relationship with viruses isolated from other countries on the migratory flyway of wild birds 4 , suggesting that the migration of wild birds played an important role in circulating H5N1 HPAIV viruses between the different avian populations. (nature.com)
  • Transcontinental spread of these strains and an earlier HPAI virus (HPAIV) of the goose/Guangdong lineage of subtype H5N1 has been linked to dissemination by migratory wild birds ( 4 ). (blogspot.com)
  • In late May 2016, a group B clade 2.3.4.4 H5N8 virus was detected in dead and hunted wild birds at Lake Uvs-Nuur, at the Russia-Mongolia border ( 5 ). (blogspot.com)
  • Direct or indirect contact with wild birds was the most likely route of virus introduction into the backyard holdings and zoos. (blogspot.com)
  • AIV is generally more lethal for farmed species than for wild birds. (animine.eu)
  • Intensification of local and global trade, and long-distance flights of infected migratory birds play a major role in the global geographical spread of avian influenza viruses. (animine.eu)
  • Global patterns of influenza a virus in wild birds. (who.int)
  • Wild birds, in particular certain species of waterfowl and shorebirds, are considered to be the natural reservoirs for avian influenza viruses. (usgs.gov)
  • In domestic birds, however, some AI viruses can be more pathogenic and mutation or recombination of a virus acquired from wild birds can increase disease potential. (usgs.gov)
  • Most AI strains are classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) and cause few clinical signs in infected birds. (usgs.gov)
  • On the other hand, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) strains frequently fatal to birds and easily transmissible between susceptible species. (usgs.gov)
  • AI viruses from both continents, as well as recombinations of both strains, were isolated in Iceland, sometimes from within a single flock of birds, showing that this region is a hotspot of virus movement and genetic reassortment. (usgs.gov)
  • Highly pathogenic AI viruses have been frequently found in wild and domestic European birds, significantly in 2006, and annually since then. (usgs.gov)
  • As of Saturday, over 240 wild birds in South and North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Georgia, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Delaware and Florida had been found to be infected with Eurasian H5 HPAI, with a number of cases specified as H5N1. (shtfplan.com)
  • The current therapeutic regimen for influenza A viruses is limited to two classes of drugs: the adamantanes (amantadine and rimantadine) and the neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir and zanamivir). (distantreader.org)
  • H1 describes the virus's HA subtype and N1 describes the neuraminidase subtype. (medscape.com)
  • Neuraminidase, or NA, is another influenza surface protein. (medscape.com)
  • Figure 1: Depiction of the Influenza virus protein (neuraminidase) structure, using the NASA Ribbons program. (ercim.eu)
  • It is characterised by an ability to constantly change its two surface proteins - haemagglutinin and neuraminidase - allowing the virus to cause successive epidemics every one or two years or more serious pandemics at irregular intervals. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Influenza virus is a pleomorphic, enveloped virus with two coat proteins on its surface, the haemagglutinin (HA) and the neuraminidase (NA). (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • The neuraminidase stalks regions in these viruses had no deletion as compared to that A/Dk/HK/ Y280/97 lineage (Ck/Bei-like viruses) and the 2 human isolates A/HK/1073/99, A/HK/1074/99. (scialert.net)
  • The hemadsorbing site of neuraminidase had up to 3 amino acid substitutions and is different from those of earlier Iranian viruses. (scialert.net)
  • Avain Influenza (AI) is a highly contagious disease caused by type A influenza viruses which have negative-sense, single-stranded genomes that encode at least ten proteins including two surface glycoproteins [haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA)], nucleoprotein (NP), three polymerase proteins [polymerase basic (PB1), (PB2) and polymerase acidic (PA)], two matrix (M1 and M2) proteins and two non-structural (NS1 and NS2) proteins. (scialert.net)
  • Preventive vaccination has historically been the most efficient measure of influenza control, but this approach presents important limitations due to the accumulation of antigenic mutations in the virus, known as antigenic drift. (distantreader.org)
  • antigenic drift which occurs within influenza virus subtypes and antigenic shift to new subtypes such as the emergence of Asian influenza in 1957 and Hong Kong influenza in 1968. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • While they cost pork producers an average of $3.23 per pig, the viruses, for which the animals can be immunized, only spill over into human populations during rare antigenic shifts. (asbmb.org)
  • Influenza virus undergoes rapid antigenic evolution by accumulation of mutations and through genetic reassortments of segments. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mice were challenged with 1.5× 10 4 50% lethal doses (LD 50 ) of A/PR/8. (cdc.gov)
  • The intranasal administration of the identified compounds enhanced survival rates and reduced lung viral loads in BALB/c mice infected with H1N1 virus. (hku.hk)
  • However, N1-7D3 lacked NA inhibition (NI) activity and the ability to protect BALB/c mice against a lethal challenge with a range of H1N1 viruses. (mssm.edu)
  • Moreover, N1-C4 could provide heterosubtypic protection in BALB/c mice against a lethal challenge with 2009 H1N1pdm or H5N1 virus. (mssm.edu)
  • Burioni, Roberto title: A Non-VH1-69 Heterosubtypic Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody Protects Mice against H1N1 and H5N1 Viruses date: 2012-04-04 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034415 sha: 6b51562f63de5739f2b7ebf5f9c34365ac6ee545 doc_id: 807 cord_uid: fcffl6m4 Influenza viruses are among the most important human pathogens and are responsible for annual epidemics and sporadic, potentially devastating pandemics. (distantreader.org)
  • Furthermore, we describe its protective activity in mice after lethal challenge with H1N1 and H5N1 viruses suggesting a potential application in the treatment of influenza virus infections. (distantreader.org)
  • All three avian viruses were pathogenic in mice, and elicited a host transcriptomic signature that also occurs in response to the legendary 1918 influenza virus. (usda.gov)
  • This three-pronged signature has previously been observed in mice infected with pathogenic H1N1 strains such as the 1918 virus, indicating that it may be predictive of pathogenicity across multiple influenza strains. (usda.gov)
  • SPF BALB/c mice were intranasally infected with A/PR8 (H1N1) virus beforehand. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Six weeks later, the mice were immunized with plasmid DNA expressing H5N1 virus NP or M1, or with combination of the two plasmids. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Six weeks after the vaccination, the mice were challenged with a lethal dose of H5N1 influenza virus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The results showed that pre-exposure to H1N1 virus could offer mice partial protection against lethal H5N1 challenge and that single-dose injection with NP DNA or NP + M1 DNAs provided significantly improved protection against lethal H5N1 challenge in mice pre-exposed to H1N1 virus, as compared with those in unexposed mice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Sera were collected and pooled from mice infected with A/PR8 (H1N1) influenza virus six weeks before. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Following a challenge with influenza A/H1N1 virus, survival rates and lung index of mice were observed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In comparison with the group of mice given phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), the mice vaccinated with rL H5 showed reductions in lung index and viral replication in the lungs after a challenge with influenza A/H1N1 virus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • After the mice were vaccinated with rL H5, cross-protective immune response was induced, which was against heterosubtypic influenza A/H1N1 virus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The mice were then challenged with influenza A/H1N1 virus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • the G1 virus was highly lethal in mice . (blogspot.com)
  • The 13 H5N1 viruses isolated in China belong to the G1, G7, G9, and G10 genotypes, and viruses of all four of these genotypes replicated efficiently in multiple organs of mice, although their pathogenicity varied among strains. (blogspot.com)
  • The vaccination thus makes it impossible for ducks and geese to become the load of H5 subgroup bird flu virus. (chinadaily.com.cn)
  • DNA vaccination may be a quick and effective strategy for persons innaive to influenza A virus during H5N1 pandemic. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We found that vaccination with rL H5 provided cross-protection against a lethal challenge with an antigenically distinct influenza A/H1N1 virus and produced significant changes in the levels of some cytokines and the percentages of both IFN-γ + CD4 + and IFN-γ + CD8 + T cells in lung and spleen. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition to vaccination, other public health measures are also effective in limiting influenza transmission in closed environments. (medscape.com)
  • The Asian influenza viruses which circulated in man from 1957 to 1968 were H2N2 and the viruses preceding Asian influenza (including the lethal Spanish influenza of 1918) were H1N1, as was the swine influenza pandemic of 2009. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Where did the 1918 flu virus come from? (cdc.gov)
  • Genetic and phylogenetic analyses revealed that this Sanmenxia H5N1 virus was a novel reassortant, possessing a Clade 2.3.2.1c HA gene and a H9N2-derived PB2 gene. (nature.com)
  • Crossing the species barrier to mammals highlights the pandemic potential of H9N2 virus. (scialert.net)
  • In a pandemic, a new influenza virus emerges and infects the human population which has little or no pre-existing immunity ( 2 , 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Owing to the universal lack of pre-existing immunity to H5N1 virus in the population, pandemic caused by the virus may outbreak. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, it has been difficult to obtain MAbs which neutralize divergent strains of influenza viruses with sufficient cross-protective immunity. (justia.com)
  • The emergence of resistance to antiviral drugs in recent years further limits the options available for the control of influenza. (distantreader.org)
  • Seasonal influenza is a perpetual public health challenge, and we continually face the possibility of an influenza pandemic resulting from the emergence and spread of novel influenza viruses," Anthony S. Fauci, MD, director of NIAID, said in a news release. (medscape.com)
  • Their data showed conclusively that the emergence of new influenza virus epidemics was associated with the accumulation of point mutations in the virus coat proteins. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Conditions favouring the emergence of a pandemic virus are, however, well known, and are increasingly being met. (who.int)
  • On September 29, 2005, David Nabarro, the newly appointed Senior United Nations System Coordinator for Avian and Human Influenza, warned the world that an outbreak of avian influenza could kill anywhere between 5 million and 150 million people. (wikipedia.org)
  • The causative agent behind this outbreak was identified as H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV). (nature.com)
  • Every few decades or so, a new version of the influenza virus emerges in the human population that causes a serious global outbreak of disease called a pandemic . (bcm.edu)
  • In addition, an avian H7N2 virus caused an outbreak in cats in an animal shelter in New York that led to one human case 11 . (nature.com)
  • The global HPAI situation significantly improved in the first half of 2008, but the FAO reports that imperfect disease surveillance systems mean that occurrence of the virus remains underestimated and underreported. (wikipedia.org)
  • HPAI A(H5N1) is considered an avian disease, although there is some evidence of limited human-to-human transmission of the virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] Due to the high lethality and virulence of HPAI A(H5N1), its endemic presence, its increasingly large host reservoir, and its significant ongoing mutations, in 2006, the H5N1 virus has been regarded to be the world's largest pandemic threat, and billions of dollars are being spent researching H5N1 and preparing for a potential influenza pandemic. (wikipedia.org)
  • Avian influenza is a viral disease caused by various strains of avian influenza viruses that can be classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) or highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). (usgs.gov)
  • The USGS National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) in collaboration with multiple partners conducts research into the ecology of avian influenza virus and surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses leading to several significant findings towards early detection and response to HPAI. (usgs.gov)
  • China developed advanced bird flu virus test technology (RT-PCR reagent kit) last April. (chinadaily.com.cn)
  • Can bird flu viruses infect horses? (thehorse.com)
  • it first appeared in 1963, and its genetic ancestors seem to have been bird flu viruses. (thehorse.com)
  • More than all, the H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus called, Bird Flu, is the fear of mankind . (biblesearchers.com)
  • According to Mercola.com , "Kawaoka mixed bird flu virus with the Spanish flu virus, resulting in a highly lethal respiratory virus with human transmission capability. (bigpharmanews.com)
  • I have been watching the H5N1 bird flu for a very long time. (shtfplan.com)
  • In this study, we describe a human monoclonal antibody (PN-SIA49) that recognizes a highly conserved epitope located on the stem region of the HA and able to neutralize a broad spectrum of influenza viruses belonging to different subtypes (H1, H2 and H5). (distantreader.org)
  • Regional analyses of human infections with avian influenza subtypes revealed distinct patterns and variations in epidemiology across countries, age, and time. (who.int)
  • In the temperate zones, the epidemic spread of influenza is strongly governed by forces that coincide with season, with epidemic activity usually peaking in winter. (ercim.eu)
  • We hypothesise that a unification of the micro-, meso-, and macro- modelling within a single model would give new insights into the social dynamics involved in the spread of influenza. (ercim.eu)
  • Enhanced surveillance with daily temperature taking and prompt reporting with isolation through home medical leave and segregation of smaller subgroups decrease the spread of influenza. (medscape.com)
  • AI strains are divided into two groups based on the pathogenicity of the virus, or the ability of the virus to produce disease. (usgs.gov)
  • The best way to prevent influenza is by immunization. (virology.ws)
  • Genetically and antigenically, AIV exist as multiple subtypes based on the two glycoproteins (HA and NA) on the virion surface. (scialert.net)
  • In 1997, the most lethal form of influenza ever known, H5N1, emerged in Hong Kong, and infected a small number of people who had been in direct contact with chickens. (vegetarianfriends.net)
  • We are pleased to report our H1N1 preclinical results using pigs, a more natural model for the current influenza pandemic. (medicineandtechnology.com)
  • Therefore, it can cut a key link for the highly pathogenic avian influenza to spread," said the ministry statement. (chinadaily.com.cn)
  • This has led to a growing concern regarding the pandemic potential of the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses. (justia.com)
  • Horimoto T, Kawaoka Y. Pandemic threat posed by avian influenza A viruses. (who.int)
  • Elsewhere in Asia, the Cambodian Ministry of Health and the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed on Saturday a 25-year-old woman from Kampot Province, who died of respiratory illness in Viet Nam on January 30, was infected with avian influenza. (chinadaily.com.cn)
  • Over time, dozens of clades can emerge for a given subtype, and while some are supplanted by more ` biologically fit' strains, multiple clades can co-circulate. (blogspot.com)
  • Evidence from animal models shows that T cells can provide heterosubtypic protection and are crucial for immune control of influenza virus infections. (mdpi.com)
  • The only influenza subtypes that have been confirmed to infect horses naturally are H3N8 and H7N7, and the horse-adapted H7N7 viruses appear to have disappeared from horses nearly 40 years ago. (thehorse.com)
  • This is the first human case of avian influenza in Cambodia, according media reports. (chinadaily.com.cn)
  • Because all influenza viruses are capable of rapid genetic change, avian strains could possibly acquire the ability to spread more easily from person-to-person via direct mutation or via reassortment of genome subunits with human strains during replication in a human, animal or, avian host. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Since influenza A viruses contain eight separate segments of RNA, genetic re-assortment can occur when cells are infected simultaneously by two or more influenza viruses resulting in progeny viruses that contain some (1, 2, 3 or 4) RNA segments from one parent virus and the remaining (7, 6, 5 or 4) RNA segments from the second virus. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • The World Health Organization scientists also continue to caution that this slim chance to stop this pandemic is due only to one small genetic link that is yet to be made by this virus. (biblesearchers.com)
  • To investigate the origin of these Chinese isolates and understand their genetic relationship with the globally circulating H5N1 viruses, we performed a detailed phylogenic analysis of 233 representative H5N1 strains that were isolated from 28 countries. (blogspot.com)
  • The resolution urged Member States to draw up and implement national preparedness plans, and requested the Director-General to continue to provide leadership in pandemic preparedness, particularly by strengthening global influenza surveillance. (who.int)
  • Flu, or influenza, is a contagious respiratory illness that spreads from person to person through the air via coughs or sneezes or through contact with infected surfaces. (bcm.edu)
  • Some avian H9 viruses have acquired receptor binding characteristics typical of human strains, increasing the potential for reassortment in both human and pig respiratory tracts ( Suzuki, 2005 ). (scialert.net)
  • Influenza, one of the most common infectious diseases, is a highly contagious airborne disease that occurs in seasonal epidemics and manifests as an acute febrile illness with variable degrees of systemic symptoms, ranging from mild fatigue to respiratory failure and death. (medscape.com)
  • Parainfluenza virus (PIV) is second in importance only to RSV as a cause of lower respiratory tract disease in children and pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants younger than 6 months. (medscape.com)
  • The novel virus, commonly called swine flu, is named influenza A (H1N1). (bcm.edu)
  • Unlike the avian H5N1 flu, the H1N1 swine flu is capable of being transmitted easily from person to person. (bcm.edu)
  • Kawaoka also tinkered with mixtures of H5N1 and the 2009 H1N1 (swine flu) virus in a biosafety level 2 lab. (bigpharmanews.com)
  • This study underscores the medical importance of polymerase functional domains as druggable targets, which may be due to the fact that these targeted areas are not only highly conserved among virus subtypes but also key to viral fitness. (hku.hk)
  • The strains change every year because influenza is highly prone to mutations caused by errors during viral replications. (asbmb.org)
  • B virus) and other highly biohazardous agents are under consideration. (scienceopen.com)
  • So, for example, a virus with version 1 of the HA protein and version 2 of the NA protein would be called influenza A subtype H1N2 (A H1N2, for short). (bcm.edu)
  • Infectious disease is the cause of more human deaths than any other individual factor, and influenza kills a larger number of people than any other infectious disease. (ercim.eu)
  • Even in less severe years, more than a million deaths worldwide can be attributed to influenza. (ercim.eu)
  • As of 31 March 2015, H5N1 virus caused at least 826 laboratory-confirmed human infections, including 440 deaths across 16 countries 2 . (nature.com)
  • An estimated 19,000 to 58,000 deaths have been attributed to influenza since October 2022. (medscape.com)
  • The CDC documented that seasonal influenza was responsible for 5,000 to 14,000 deaths during the 2021-2022 season. (medscape.com)
  • The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that seasonal influenza is responsible for an average of more than 20,000 deaths annually. (medscape.com)
  • Some 864 human infections and 456 deaths with the H5N1 subtype have been reported in 19 countries since 2003. (shtfplan.com)
  • Influenza viruses infect millions of people worldwide and result in ~290,000-650,000 influenza-related deaths each year 1 . (nature.com)
  • The human "influenza season" in North America is now about to begin again, while in South America spring is approaching and their influenza season is almost over. (thehorse.com)
  • In only a few short weeks after emerging in North America, the new H1N1 virus reached around the world. (bcm.edu)
  • It has been thought that Eurasian strains of avian influenza viruses enter the United States through the Pacific Flyway (Alaska to Baja California) and that this route is the most likely avenue for emerging Eurasian AIV strains to enter North America. (usgs.gov)
  • This research has demonstrated the importance of the migratory bird flyways in this region to the intercontinental movement of viruses between Europe and North America. (usgs.gov)
  • Most subtypes of avian influenza that have caused human infections are H5, H7, and H9 viruses. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Emerging avian influenza viruses are of global concern because the human population is immunologically naïve to them. (usda.gov)
  • Probable limited human-to-human spread of H5N1 subtype virus is believed to have occurred as a result of prolonged and very close contact [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Since January 2004, events affecting both human and animal health have brought the world closer to an influenza pandemic than at any time since 1968. (who.int)
  • As of mid-March 2005, the H5N1 virus has caused 74 confirmed human cases, of which 49 were fatal. (who.int)
  • Since 2003, less than 1000 human infections of H5N1 have been reported at world scale, with approximately 50% of mortality rate. (animine.eu)
  • Hammond A, Fitzner J, Collins L, Ong S, K V. Human cases of influenza at the human-animal interface, January 2015-April 2017. (who.int)
  • Influenza causes significant loss of workdays, human suffering, and mortality. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza is thought to have entered human experience about 4500 years ago, when the Chinese first domesticated wild ducks, and to have become a seasonal problem for us since then. (vegetarianfriends.net)
  • To test this we engineered the Gram-negative bacterium Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (Bt), a prominent member of the intestinal microbiota of all animals, to incorporate bacteria-, virus- and human-derived proteins into its OMVs. (uea.ac.uk)
  • Shayan Sharif, a professor and associate dean with the Ontario Veterinary College recently warned the virus is 'gathering momentum' and becoming more of a human threat. (bigpharmanews.com)
  • He effectively created an airborne hybrid of these viruses, a hybrid that can evade the human immune system. (bigpharmanews.com)
  • To address the threat that avian influenza (AI) poses to human health, it is necessary to recognize its broader agricultural and economic implications and to integrate this knowledge into disease control strategies. (nationalacademies.org)
  • In addition to seasonally occurring human infections, zoonotic infections caused by avian influenza A viruses are a major public health concern and pose a pandemic threat. (nature.com)
  • Clade 2.3.4.4 virus was closely related to viruses detected at the Russia-Mongolia border in 2016 but had new polymerase acidic and nucleoprotein segments. (blogspot.com)
  • All of which brings us to a fascinating, and detailed, look at the growing diversity of avian H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses around the world. (blogspot.com)