OrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentDisciplines and OccupationsTechnology, Industry, AgricultureHealth Care
LegionellosisLegionella pneumophilaLegionellaLegionnaires' DiseaseHydrotherapyLung AbscessWater MicrobiologyAcanthamoeba castellaniiAir ConditioningHartmannellaAcanthamoebaWater SupplySanitary EngineeringImmunophilinsAmoeba
LegionnairesBacterialOutbreaksLungLegionellosisSpeciesSerogroupIdentified Legionella bacteriaPathogensDropletsExposureBacteriumRespiratorySymptomsSputumEffector proteinsSusceptibilityOpportunisticStrainsPreventionNaturallyIntracellularLongbeachaeLegionnaire'sLungsDisinfectionDiagnosisWaterClinicalNosocomialRiskGenomicViralInfectiousIllnessMicrobialInvestigationAcuteEnvironmentalCoccidioidomycosisAntibiotic therapyOrganismsAerosolizationOccurChronic
Legionnaires44
Bacterial9
  • Sections on the prevention of bacterial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated and/or critically ill patients, care of respiratory-therapy devices, prevention of cross-contamination, and prevention of viral lower respiratory tract infections (e.g., respiratory syncytial virus {RSV} and influenza infections) have been expanded and updated. (cdc.gov)
  • Intracellular replication of several bacterial pathogens, including Legionella pneumophila, is restricted by the retrograde trafficking pathway. (uzh.ch)
  • Bacterial, viral and other infections due to opportunistic pathogens, including Legionella and Listeria. (rxlist.com)
  • Autophagy is a well-conserved lysosomal degradation pathway that plays key roles in bacterial infections. (frontiersin.org)
  • Here, we review the many functions of autophagy in bacterial infections with a focus on macrophages, the first line of host defenses, and the replicative niche of numerous pathogens. (frontiersin.org)
  • There are close to 60 species of the bacterial genus Legionella, and Legionella pneumophilais is responsible for the majority of human cases. (cityofnapa.org)
  • The Philadelphia infection was traced back to bacterial populations in the air-conditioning system at the hotel where the convention was held. (huffpost.com)
  • The external origin of the DNA encoding these proteins is confirmed because it has a lower GC content than the clearly bacterial DNA in the Legionella genome . (huffpost.com)
  • Teicoplanin in the prophylaxis of surgical infections and bacterial endocarditis]. (bvsalud.org)
Outbreaks5
  • Most nosocomial infections and hospital outbreaks have been linked to contaminated hot water supply. (medscape.com)
  • It is essential that appropriate testing of water systems and patients is carried out to protect both patients and staff from unrecognised outbreaks of waterborne infections including those caused by Legionella . (escmid.org)
  • This eponymous outbreak prompted further investigation into Legionella and it was discovered that earlier unexplained pneumonia outbreaks were linked to the bacteria. (jrank.org)
  • L. longbeachae is highly adapted to the soil and is typically transmitted from potting soils and compost," said Diane Miskowski, MPH, Legionella Program Manager at EMSL Analytical, Inc. "LD outbreaks from this species are routinely monitored in Australia where many outbreaks annually are identified from exposure to potting soil. (emsl.com)
  • Multiple outbreaks of nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) infections have occurred in children who received pulpotomies in pediatric dental clinics where the dental treatment water contained high levels of bacteria. (cdc.gov)
Lung9
  • Purification of Legiobactin and Importance of This Siderophore in Lung Infection by Legionella pneumophila. (sci-hub.st)
  • CDC's disease detectives were called upon when people became sick with pneumonia, a serious lung infection, while attending an American Legion convention at a hotel in Philadelphia. (cdc.gov)
  • Signs of a serious Legionella lung infection include cough and chest pain. (articlecity.com)
  • However, those that had neuromuscular symptoms in the study from the Netherlands had lung infection (pneumonia) with Legionella. (legionella.org)
  • Pneumonia is a lung infection. (epnet.com)
  • The elderly, smokers and persons with chronic lung disease are at higher risk for infection. (cityofnapa.org)
  • Inhaling micro-droplets of water containing Legionella can lead to pneumonia , where the bacteria encase themselves in intracellular compartments called vacuoles in lung cells. (huffpost.com)
  • The section of lung tissue depicted here, was extracted from a patient, who had succumbed to a fatal case of legionellosis, a disease caused by the bacterium, Legionella pneumophila . (cdc.gov)
  • In severe cases of legionellosis, secondary scarring of the lung tissue may remain after the primary infection has undergone resolution. (cdc.gov)
Legionellosis6
  • The following schemes are available:[citation needed] Typing and Identification Schemes Urinary Antigen Scheme Water Scheme Sequencing Proficiency Panels Microbiology Environmental microbiology Legionella Legionellosis Copper-silver ionization Heuner K, Swanson M (editors). (wikipedia.org)
  • Although several other species of the genus Legionella were subsequently identified, L pneumophila is the most frequent cause of human legionellosis and a relatively common cause of community-acquired and nosocomial pneumonia in adults. (medscape.com)
  • Although more than 70 Legionella serogroups have been identified among 50 species, L pneumophila causes most legionellosis. (medscape.com)
  • Legionellosis infections happen when people breathe in mist or small drops of water that contain the bacteria. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A disease that arises from infection by Legionella bacteria is referred to as legionellosis. (jrank.org)
  • Legionella genus includes aerobic, motile, gram-negative bacteria that are the etiological agents of legionellosis. (frontiersin.org)
Species6
  • The Legionella urinary antigen test only detects Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1, whereas Legionella culture can detect other serogroups of Legionella pneumophila or other species of Legionella . (fraserhealth.ca)
  • In this study, the anti-biofilm activity of previously fabricated polyamino-phenolic ligands and polyamidoamine dendrimers was investigated against legionella mono-species and multi-species biofilms formed by L. pneumophila in association with other bacteria that can be found in tap water ( Aeromonas hydrophila , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Escherichia coli , Klebsiella pneumoniae ). (frontiersin.org)
  • While Macrophen and Double Macrophen were the most active substances among polyamino-phenolic ligands, dendrimers were overall twofold more effective than all other compounds with a reduction up to 85 and 73% of legionella and multi-species biofilms, respectively. (frontiersin.org)
  • EMSL Analytical testing of commercial potting soil and compost has identified many types of Legionella species, so it was just a matter of time until this link was identified in North America. (emsl.com)
  • The most commonly detected species is Legionella pneumophila which causes about 90 percent of reported infections in the United States and in most other countries. (cdc.gov)
  • Brian Raphael] There are about 60 known species of Legionella and nearly half of these have been linked to human disease. (cdc.gov)
Serogroup2
  • To evaluate the genetic diversity of Legionella pneumophila in Southeast Michigan, we determined the sequence type (ST) and serogroup (SG) of the 18 residential isolates from Flint and Detroit, MI, and the 33 clinical isolates submitted by hospitals in three area counties in 2013 to 2016. (wayne.edu)
  • 1], of which serogroup 1 is responsible mosis in 19 different places and from 5 method [9] using Mueller-Hinton agar for the majority of human infections [2]. (who.int)
Identified Legionella bacteria1
  • In December 2010, NYSDH identified Legionella bacteria on a swab sample taken from a conveyor belt that exited the shredder and from water dripping from that same belt. (cdc.gov)
Pathogens3
  • We also present the strategies developed by pathogens to evade or to exploit this machinery in order to establish a successful infection. (frontiersin.org)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has acknowledged that opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens (OPPPs) such as Legionella are the primary cause of waterborne disease in the United States. (mswmag.com)
  • The pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus infection, the growing emergence of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms and the evolving public health threats from known and unknown disease pathogens, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome and viral haemorrgahic fevers, have underscored the urgency of the need for organization and implementation of infection prevention and control programmes in health care in coherence with other public health services and interventions. (who.int)
Droplets5
  • Swimmers are at risk for respiratory infections if they breathe in small droplets of water (mist) from a pool or hot tub that contains harmful germs. (cdc.gov)
  • The infection is often acquired by inhaling contaminated water droplets, as may be sprayed from shower heads or air-conditioning systems. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In such cases, people usually get the infection by inhaling contaminated water droplets that have been sprayed from shower heads, misters, decorative fountains, whirlpool baths, or water cooling towers for air-conditioning. (msdmanuals.com)
  • To get infected, you must breathe in contaminated droplets from a source of Legionella bacteria. (tbdhu.com)
  • Typically, people can be exposed to Legionella by inhaling aerosols or water droplets containing the bacteria from various man-made systems, such as cooling towers associated with large building air conditioning systems, showers, decorative fountains, and whirlpool spas. (cdc.gov)
Exposure10
  • Health care-associated infection caused by water exposure at the hospital was also evaluated as a potential source of infection and was found to be unlikely. (cdc.gov)
  • At the time, exposure to Legionella was not suspected, and no testing for Legionella was performed on any donor specimens before or after organ recovery. (cdc.gov)
  • Exposure to the Legionella bacteria doesn't necessarily lead to infection . (jrank.org)
  • According to some studies, an estimated 5-10% of the American population show serologic evidence of exposure, the majority of whom do not develop symptoms of an infection. (jrank.org)
  • Exposure to legionella bacteria. (dailymail.co.uk)
  • EMSL Analytical offers Legionella testing to assist with possible occupation exposure. (emsl.com)
  • Sources of exposure at gym or health center are many, as legionella bacteria can grow and become aerosolized through a number of different sources where water is being heated. (articlecity.com)
  • Increasing the temperature of hot water systems and ensuring proper biocide treatment of cooling towers may limit exposure to Legionella. (cityofnapa.org)
  • Residential customers can reduce or eliminate potential exposure to Legionella by setting their water heater at or above 140 F (60 C ). This is in accord with U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) guidelines and Standard 188 by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), which specifies how to set up and implement a water management program to control Legionella. (cityofnapa.org)
  • Previous studies have shown that the route of exposure appears to be different for Legionella longbeachae, which has been linked with the use of compost or potting soil. (cdc.gov)
Bacterium1
  • I became aware that DNA transfer can be a two-way process a couple of months ago when my University of Chicago colleague Howard Shuman told me about some of his work on Legionella pneumophila , the bacterium that unexpectedly caused Legionnaire's Disease in 1976 at an American Legion convention in Philadelphia. (huffpost.com)
Respiratory9
  • EWGLI is based at the Health Protection Agency - Centre for Infections, Department of Respiratory Diseases (Legionella Section), 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom External Quality Assessment (EQA) schemes are an important component in the operation of EWGLI. (wikipedia.org)
  • A respiratory disease caused by the germ Legionella is one of the most common waterborne diseases in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Lower respiratory tract infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is not addressed in this document. (cdc.gov)
  • Traditional preventive measures for nosocomial pneumonia include decreasing aspiration by the patient, preventing cross-contamination or colonization via hands of personnel, appropriate disinfection or sterilization of respiratory-therapy devices, use of available vaccines to protect against particular infections, and education of hospital staff and patients. (cdc.gov)
  • Obtaining a lower respiratory sample for Legionella culture in addition to urinary antigen test is of particular importance. (fraserhealth.ca)
  • May 31, 2023 Influenza epidemics, caused by influenza A or B viruses, result in acute respiratory infection. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The best way to detect Legionella is by culture of lower respiratory tract secretions, like sputum or aspirates, taken when patients undergo bronchoscopy. (cdc.gov)
  • Our laboratory also tests respiratory secretions using PCR to detect Legionella DNA, which is indicative of infection. (cdc.gov)
  • In humans, several coronaviruses are known to cause respiratory infections ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases. (jewishhome.org)
Symptoms4
  • Legionella pneumophila and most often affect the lungs, causing pneumonia and flu-like symptoms. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Patients should be closely monitored for the development of signs and symptoms of infection during and after treatment with RENFLEXIS, including the possible development of tuberculosis in patients who tested negative for latent tuberculosis infection prior to initiating therapy. (rxlist.com)
  • Does Legionella cause the other symptoms I experienced? (legionella.org)
  • I assume that you have undergone a thorough medical examination since a number of infections and other illnesses can precipitate arthritis symptoms. (legionella.org)
Sputum6
  • Legionella tests look for these bacteria in urine, sputum, or blood. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Legionella tests may be done in urine, sputum, or blood. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Sputum is a thick type of mucus made in your lungs when you have an infection. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Doctors identify the infection by analyzing samples of sputum, fluids from the lungs, or urine. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Lab tests from sputum samples revealed an infection caused by Legionella longbeache . (emsl.com)
  • Also, contacts of persons with sputum-positive smears have an increased prevalence of infection as opposed to contacts of those with sputum-negative smears. (medscape.com)
Effector proteins4
  • During the infection, Legionella injects more than 300 effector proteins into host cells. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Some of the molecules Legionella injects into a microbial or mammalian eukaryotic host cell are called "effector proteins. (huffpost.com)
  • Legionella effector proteins contain functional "domains" (segments) that are not found among other bacteria but rather among eukaryotes. (huffpost.com)
  • The presence of eukaryotic domains in these effector proteins indicates that Legionella acquired them from eukaryotic hosts, most probably their amoebal and other microbial hosts. (huffpost.com)
Susceptibility1
  • This guidance is aimed at care homes, nursing homes and other residential settings where there are patients and residents being treated for COVID-19 or for patients with increased susceptibility to infections such as those transferred from hospitals to make way for COVID-19 patients. (escmid.org)
Opportunistic3
  • Prevention of opportunistic infections (OI) in patients with HIV has since significantly reduced morbidity and mortality in these patients. (medscape.com)
  • Opportunistic infections are defined as infections that are either more severe because of HIV-related immunosuppression, or more frequent. (medscape.com)
  • [ 9 ] This is similar to observed CDC data of a reduction in 14 opportunistic infections from 15.1 per 100 person-years to fewer than 2 per 100 person-years. (medscape.com)
Strains1
Prevention8
  • This revised guideline addresses common problems encountered by infection- control practitioners regarding the prevention and control of nosocomial pneumonia in U.S. hospitals. (cdc.gov)
  • Part I, 'An Overview of the Prevention of Nosocomial Pneumonia, 1994,' provides the background information for the consensus recommendations of the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC) in Part II, 'Recommendations for Prevention of Nosocomial Pneumonia. (cdc.gov)
  • According to data compiled by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), approximately 1 in 31 (3.2%) of U.S. hospital patients contract a healthcare-associated infection (HAI). (qlaboratories.com)
  • One of the best ways to reduce the risk of Legionella growth and spread is to design, implement and regularly update an overall water safety plan for an entire water supply system, taking into account any potential hazardous conditions for a particular system and including industry best practices for prevention. (mswmag.com)
  • Despite a number of World Health Assembly and Regional Committee resolutions urging Member States to recognize safe health care practices as fundamental to quality of care in health systems, none of these resolutions have addressed the multi-directional and cross-cutting scope of infection prevention and control programmes in health care. (who.int)
  • The implementation of evidence-based infection control measures needs more public health actions and organizational control for universal application of evidence-based prevention and control practices, compliance with those practices, behavioural change, risk management, standardized surveillance methods, sterility assurance and generation of more reliable estimates of the burden of HAI through clinical audit. (who.int)
  • All these interventions need to be embedded and sustained in a comprehensive strategy for infection prevention and control. (who.int)
  • Despite the availability of low-cost interventions for infection prevention and control, the compliance with standard infection control practices remains very low, particularly in low-income and middle- income countries. (who.int)
Naturally5
  • Legionella is found naturally in freshwater environments, like lakes and streams. (cdc.gov)
  • The donor's cause of death was freshwater drowning in a river, raising suspicion of potential donor-derived transmission, because Legionella bacteria naturally live in fresh water. (cdc.gov)
  • Legionella bacteria are found naturally in freshwater environments. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Legionella bacteria are found naturally in the environment usually in water. (tbdhu.com)
  • Legionella are naturally occurring bacteria found in freshwater sources, such as rivers and lakes, where the bacteria generally are present in low amounts and do not lead to disease. (mswmag.com)
Intracellular4
  • When assessed for infection of U937 macrophages, both lsp mutants exhibited a 10-fold reduction in intracellular multiplication and a diminished cytopathic effect. (northwestern.edu)
  • These results suggest the existence of a novel pilD-dependent mechanism for promoting L. pneumophila intracellular infection of human cells. (northwestern.edu)
  • In water supplies, Legionella can live either as multicellular biofilms on inorganic surfaces or as intracellular endosymbionts or parasites of amoeba and other eukaryotic microbes. (huffpost.com)
  • It is not yet clear whether free-living or intracellular Legionella is the infectious agent . (huffpost.com)
Longbeachae1
  • Case patients whose infection was determined to be caused by Legionella longbeachae by culture, PCR, or by an increase in their titer of specific antibodies were given a questionnaire. (cdc.gov)
Legionnaire's1
  • COVID-19 patients are at increased risk of secondary infections, including those derived from water such as Legionnaire's disease. (escmid.org)
Lungs4
  • Epidemiologic, environmental, and laboratory evidence suggest that the source of infection was likely the transplanted lungs. (cdc.gov)
  • Although laboratory testing did not confirm the source of recipient infections, available data suggest that the most likely source was the donor lungs. (cdc.gov)
  • This cluster highlights the need for increased clinical awareness of possible infection with Legionella in recipients of lungs from donors who drowned in fresh water before organ recovery. (cdc.gov)
  • Overview of Pneumonia Pneumonia is an infection of the small air sacs of the lungs (alveoli) and the tissues around them. (msdmanuals.com)
Disinfection3
  • In man-made water systems microbial biofilms increase the resistance of legionella to disinfection, posing a significant threat to public health. (frontiersin.org)
  • Disinfection methods currently used in water systems have been shown to be ineffective against legionella over the long-term, allowing recolonization by the biofilm-protected microorganisms. (frontiersin.org)
  • Superheat-and-Flush and Disinfection of Taps for Legionella Disinfection: Lessons Learned from Failure. (legionella.org)
Diagnosis1
  • The reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay is the test of choice for the definitive diagnosis of an acute mumps infection . (fraserhealth.ca)
Water29
  • Legionella can also be found in other human-made water systems such as cooling towers, plumbing systems, and decorative fountains. (cdc.gov)
  • Transmission occurs by means of aerosolization or aspiration of water contaminated with Legionella organisms. (medscape.com)
  • Clinicians caring for patients who received organs from donors who drowned in fresh water should consider infection with Legionella in patients who develop postoperative complications. (cdc.gov)
  • Hospital water quality parameter measurements collected during May-June 2022 were within expected ranges and no water disruptions were noted, although no testing for Legionella was performed during this period. (cdc.gov)
  • Legionella bacteria are often present in soil and fresh water. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Thus, a Legionella outbreak often begins in a building's water supply. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Routine environmental sampling is not usually advised, except for water quality determinations in hemodialysis settings and other situations where sampling is directed by epidemiologic principles, and results can be applied directly to infection-control decisions. (nih.gov)
  • Where dental settings have been closed or had reduced use over the past few months because of COVID-19 it is important that water systems are managed so they do not pose a risk of infection. (escmid.org)
  • An additional water sample obtained in May 2011 from the same conveyor belt also contained Legionella. (cdc.gov)
  • We collected air, water, and swab samples at multiple locations around the facility to be tested for Legionella bacteria. (cdc.gov)
  • Legionella was identified in water dripping from the exterior of the shredder onto the exit conveyor belt that contained the shredded material and in multiple puddles of water. (cdc.gov)
  • We also discussed the possibility of Legionella in the standing water which could be aerosolized during shoveling activities and while driving or walking through the puddled water. (cdc.gov)
  • Anyone involved in monitoring and managing hot and cold water systems to ensure the risk presented by legionella bacteria is minimised. (spiraxsarco.com)
  • Home A/C units do not use water to cool, so these home units do not aerosolize water and are not a risk for Legionella growth. (nj.gov)
  • A team from the Universities of Edinburgh and Glasgow, Public Health Scotland and the Scottish Legionella Reference Laboratory conducted a comparison of the entire genome or genetic code of more than 3,000 Legionella bacteria samples found in patients and water sources from Scotland and around the world. (ed.ac.uk)
  • Our study indicates that regular sampling of water systems and genome sequencing of Legionella could be used to identify the source of new pathogenic variants before they become a clinical problem. (ed.ac.uk)
  • Britain is removing 39 asylum seekers from a barge moored in southern England after environmental samples showed legionella bacteria in the water system. (ksn.com)
  • LONDON (AP) - Britain's plan to house asylum seekers on a barge moored off the south coast of England ran into another hurdle on Friday as authorities were forced to evacuate the first residents after legionella bacteria was found in the water system. (ksn.com)
  • Legionella is ubiquitous in the environment and is found in hot and cold water taps, creeks, ponds, and surrounding soil. (cityofnapa.org)
  • The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has an established Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG) of zero for the presence of Legionella in drinking water. (cityofnapa.org)
  • Legionella was discovered in 1976 in the building water supply system at a hotel in Philadelphia during a meeting of the U.S. Bicentennial Convention of the American Legion. (mswmag.com)
  • How Can Water Supply Systems Become Contaminated with Legionella? (mswmag.com)
  • Legionella contamination can occur when water supply systems are improperly maintained, leading to an environment that feeds Legionella growth. (mswmag.com)
  • Recent research by Dr. Marc Edwards, a professor of civil engineering at Virginia Tech, has shown that OPPPs like Legionella are more likely to grow when water aging problems occur in pipes leading to the tap. (mswmag.com)
  • Parts of a water system with insufficient circulation or lukewarm temperature can provide the ideal environment for Legionella growth. (mswmag.com)
  • Any source that generates aerosol or a fine mist of water has the potential to transmit Legionella. (mswmag.com)
  • CDC provides guidelines on infection control in dental settings which contain recommendations to treat dental unit waterlines and monitor water quality. (cdc.gov)
  • Disease-causing microorganisms found in untreated dental unit water can include Legionella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM). (cdc.gov)
  • The M. abscessus isolates recovered from the water were found to be identical to eight isolates from tissue samples from seven of the patients, suggesting that water was the source of the infections. (cdc.gov)
Clinical5
  • Despite the heterogeneity in the pathogenesis of immune defects, common cutaneous manifestations and typical infections can provide clinical clues in diagnosing this pediatric emergency. (medscape.com)
  • Epidemiological investigations and microbiological analysis of clinical and environmental samples excluded a single source but rather implicated several accommodation sites as sources of sporadic infection. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Many of the children developed severe infections with clinical diagnoses such as cervical lymphadenitis and mandibular or maxillary osteomyelitis, and required hospitalization, treatments such as intravenous antibiotics, and surgical procedures. (cdc.gov)
  • However, translation of evidence into reliable and sustainable practice in health care remains a major challenge despite increasing clinical awareness of ways and means to reduce and prevent infections acquired during health care. (who.int)
  • Low genomic diversity of Legionella pneumophila within clinical specimens. (cdc.gov)
Nosocomial2
  • Pneumonia is the second most common nosocomial infection in the United States and is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. (cdc.gov)
  • Although patients receiving mechanically assisted ventilation do not represent a major proportion of patients who have nosocomial pneumonia, they are at highest risk for acquiring the infection. (cdc.gov)
Risk11
  • Make sure disinfectants in hot tubs/spas (like chlorine) are kept at the level and pH needed to reduce the risk of spreading germs like Legionella . (cdc.gov)
  • Comorbidities, including recent organ transplantation, increase the risk for infection. (cdc.gov)
  • CDC, as a member of DTAC, led the investigation to determine whether the infections were transmitted through transplanted organs and to identify other patients who were potentially at risk. (cdc.gov)
  • Immunosuppression resulting from HIV places a patient at risk for infection from organisms that are otherwise relatively mildly hazardous and that would normally be cleared by a competent immune system. (medscape.com)
  • [ 2 ] Patients should be aware of their CD4 count and their risk for specific infections and should begin ART. (medscape.com)
  • Patients treated with infliximab products are at increased risk for developing serious infections that may lead to hospitalization or death [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS and ADVERSE REACTIONS ]. (rxlist.com)
  • Empiric anti-fungal therapy should be considered in patients at risk for invasive fungal infections who develop severe systemic illness. (rxlist.com)
  • About 5%-10% of patients admitted to acute care hospitals in developed countries acquire health care-associated infections at any given time but the risk of acquiring infection is 2-20 times higher in developing countries. (who.int)
  • For patients with HIV infection, the risk of developing TB is 7-10% per year. (medscape.com)
  • In fact, infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is one of the most significant risk factors for TB infection. (medscape.com)
  • Case rates for persons who are dually infected with HIV and M tuberculosis exceed the lifetime risk of persons with TB infection who are not infected with HIV. (medscape.com)
Genomic1
  • The measures could also inform public health measures to limit the spread of infection, according to a genomic study of the Legionella bacteria that causes the disease. (ed.ac.uk)
Viral2
  • RSV infection usually occurs after viral inoculation of the conjunctivae or nasal mucosa by contaminated hands. (cdc.gov)
  • Mumps is a viral infection caused by the mumps virus. (fraserhealth.ca)
Infectious2
  • Legionella pneumophila interest is epidemiologic investigation and surveillance measures of infectious diseases. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, she helps out with other infectious diseases cases such as TB, Legionella, etc. (gvsu.edu)
Illness4
  • Legionella can also cause Pontiac fever, a milder illness without pneumonia. (cdc.gov)
  • Legionella bacteria can also cause a milder, flu-like illness called Pontiac fever. (medlineplus.gov)
  • and Legionella , a bacteria that causes a pneumonia-like illness. (sciencenews.org)
  • Individuals who have an underlying illness or weakened immune system are most susceptible to Legionella infections. (mswmag.com)
Microbial1
  • Karin, M., Lawrence, T. & Nizet, V. Innate immunity gone awry: linking microbial infections to chronic inflammation and cancer. (nature.com)
Investigation1
  • Because of the possibility of a transplant-associated infection with Legionella , the hospital notified the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) and initiated an investigation by OPTN's ad hoc Disease Transmission Advisory Committee (DTAC). (cdc.gov)
Acute2
  • Legionella causes acute pneumonia which generally requires hospitalization. (legionella.org)
  • 5%-10% of patients admitted to acute care hospitals in developed countries, acquire one or more infections. (who.int)
Environmental4
  • Guidelines for environmental infection control in health-care facilities. (nih.gov)
  • Environmental infection-control strategies and engineering controls can effectively prevent these infections. (nih.gov)
  • In addition to diagnostic and treatment relevance, testing for legionella can help Public Health in investigating and addressing environmental sources of Legionella . (fraserhealth.ca)
  • Environmental factors also contribute to the likelihood of acquiring the infection. (medscape.com)
Coccidioidomycosis1
Antibiotic therapy1
  • Ketek, Biaxin, Tequin and Z-pak are highly effective against Legionella , so you need no further antibiotic therapy. (legionella.org)
Organisms1
  • Legionella organisms are aerobic, motile, and nutritionally fastidious pleomorphic gram-negative rods. (medscape.com)
Aerosolization1
  • Consequently, a key element for controlling Legionella is the design and maintenance of cooling towers and on-site plumbing systems to limit Legionella growth and aerosolization. (cityofnapa.org)
Occur1
  • Health care-associated infections occur worldwide and affect both developed and resource-limited countries. (who.int)
Chronic2
  • The risks and benefits of treatment with RENFLEXIS should be carefully considered prior to initiating therapy in patients with chronic or recurrent infection. (rxlist.com)
  • You may have a chronic fatigue-like syndrome associated with a past infection and it may be prolonged for about a year. (legionella.org)