Left masseter muscle. Medical search. Frequent questions

This deep section of the masseter muscle is clearly distinguishable from the two other layers in terms of its course and function," first author Szilvia Mezey, a senior lecturer in the Department of Biomedicine at the University of Basel in Switzerland, said in a statement . (livescience.com)
While some historical anatomical studies describe the masseter muscle as having three layers, other individual studies from the early 2000s also reported three layers, but they divided the superficial section of the masseter into two layers and agreed with standard works in their description of the deeper section. (wionews.com)
In the scientific journal Annals of Anatomy, they propose that this layer be given the name Musculus masseter pars coronidea - in other words, the coronoid section of the masseter - because the newly described layer of muscle is attached to the muscular (or "coronoid") process of the lower jaw. (massagetherapycanada.com)

In view of these contradictory descriptions, we wanted to examine the structure of the masseter muscle again comprehensively," says Jens Christoph Türp from the University Center for Dental Medicine Basel (UZB). (wionews.com)
Now, researchers led by Dr. Szilvia Mezey from the Department of Biomedicine at the University of Basel and Professor Jens Christoph Türp from the University Center for Dental Medicine Basel (UZB) have described the structure of the masseter muscle as consisting of an additional third, even deeper layer. (massagetherapycanada.com)
A look at historical anatomy studies and textbooks reveals that the structure of the masseter muscle has already raised questions in the past. (massagetherapycanada.com)
In view of these contradictory descriptions, we wanted to examine the structure of the masseter muscle again comprehensively," says Türp. (massagetherapycanada.com)

Modern anatomy textbooks describe the masseter muscle as having two layers, one deep and one superficial. (livescience.com)
Anatomy textbooks generally describe the masseter as consisting of one superficial and one deep part. (wionews.com)
In a previous edition of Gray's Anatomy, from the year 1995, the editors also describe the masseter muscle as having three layers, although the cited studies were based on the jaw musculature of other species and partly contradicted one another. (massagetherapycanada.com)

Even if the hypertrophy is bilateral, asymmetry of the face may still occur due to unequal enlargement of the muscles. (wikipedia.org)
Hello, I suffer from a quite pronounced asymmetry of the masseter muscles and I would like to know the techniques to correct that. (sylvainchamberland.com)
Generally, if you perceive that your face is asymmetric, a "quite pronounced asymmetry" as you say, the masseter muscles are not the only asymmetric structures. (sylvainchamberland.com)
In most cases of masseter hypertrophy, it is bilateral and symmetric, but asymmetry is not unusual. (elegantplasticsurgery.com)
The analysis of the asymmetry index for two pairs of muscles during maximal voluntary contraction was based on the asymmetry index proposed by Naeije, McCarrol and Weijs (1989). (unicamp.br)
Conclusions: For the population of undergraduate students, there is no evidence that the presence and severity of TMD influence the EMG activity of masseter and temporalis muscles and the muscle asymmetry index at rest and maximal voluntary contraction. (unicamp.br)
Masseter muscle is frequently involved in TMD of muscular origin, and left/right fiber-type differences have been previously found in subjects with facial asymmetry. (temple.edu)
Other common, objective findings secondary to compensatory physical attempts to remain balanced over this unlevel pelvis include elevated anterior ribs on the left, lowered, depressed shoulder and chest on the right, posterior rib hump on the right, overdeveloped lower right back muscle, curvature of the spine and asymmetry of the head and face. (posturalrestoration.com)

musculus masseter. (wikipedia.org)
In their paper, the team proposed that the newfound muscle layer be named "Musculus masseter pars coronidea," meaning "coronoid part of the masseter. (livescience.com)

The action of the muscle during bilateral contraction of the entire muscle is to elevate the mandible, raising the lower jaw. (wikipedia.org)
Methods: Surface electromyography (EMG) of the right and left masseter and temporalis muscles was performed in 126 undergraduate students at rest and at maximal voluntary contraction. (unicamp.br)
This patient presented with facial tetany, involving contraction of the masseter and his neck muscles. (cdc.gov)

Intraoperative photographs of the dog in Figure 1 showing full-thickness incision of the temporalis fascia on the left side in a caudal to rostral direction (A) and bilateral fasciotomies of the temporalis muscles (B). (avma.org)
The patient initially presented with fever and headache and gradually developed ataxia, disturbance of consciousness, respiratory muscle paralysis, bilateral facial paralysis and quadriplegia accompanied by significant atrophy of limb, temporalis and masseter muscles. (nel.edu)
The thickness of Masseter muscle was measured by bilateral, transverse sections, in real time, through image ultrasonography, in thirty-five volunteers, from 19 to 45 years, who were classified in two groups: Group A - symptomatic patients (21 volunteers - 10 men and 11 women), and Group B - asymptomatic patients (14 volunteers - 7 of each gender). (bvsalud.org)

A-On initial examination, the dog had bilaterally elevated nictitating membranes, an inability to adduct the mandible, and severely swollen masticatory muscles. (avma.org)
B-By 24 hours after fasciotomy of the temporalis and masseter muscles, the nictitating membranes were no longer elevated and the masticatory muscle swelling was less severe. (avma.org)
Skull and face musculature demonstrate causes of temporomandibular disorders and other dysfunctional disturbances of the TMJ and masticatory muscles. (buyamag.com)
For this, masticatory muscles were reconstructed and craniomandibular shape variation assessed. (conicet.gov.ar)
While such reconstruction indicates that most masticatory muscles would have presented moderate development, both the masseter lateralis and posterior muscles were poorly developed. (conicet.gov.ar)
Clinical significance: Electromyography is a noninvasive exam which evaluates the masticatory muscle activity by facial application of electrodes on masseter and temporal muscles. (unimib.it)
Temporomandibular Dysfunction (TMD) is a set of disorders in- volving the masticatory muscles in the TMJ and associated structures. (bvsalud.org)

The most obvious muscle of mastication is the masseter muscle, since it is the most superficial and one of the strongest. (wikipedia.org)
The deep head of the muscle is partly concealed, anteriorly, by the superficial portion. (wikipedia.org)
The masseter parallels the medial pterygoid muscle, but it is stronger and superficial fibres can cause protrusion. (wikipedia.org)
An irregular cap-like contour of the contrast-enhanced portion of the temporalis muscle (white arrow) is superficial to the edematous deeper portion of the temporalis muscle. (avma.org)
Intraoperatively, the mass was found in the left parotid region, the pedicle was located in front of the left ear, and the base of the mass was located in the superficial lobe of the parotid gland and masseter muscle. (researchsquare.com)
All 8 patients showed changes in muscles of mastication, including superficial temporalis and deep temporalis, and in masseter muscles. (cdc.gov)

The coronoid head of the masseter's tendon and muscle fibers run posterolaterally from the coronoid process of the mandible towards the posterior third of the zygomatic arch. (wikipedia.org)
Brain MRI revealed abnormality in the left basal ganglia, thalamus, and rightside posterior limb of the internal capsule. (nel.edu)
Atlas posterior arch was prominent on the left. (laurasheehan.com)
Aim and objective: The purpose of this work is to investigate by electromyographic (EMG) surface analysis whether and how the variations in the occlusion due to the correction of the posterior crossbite using a rapid palatal expander (RPE) is accompanied by changes in the activity of the elevator muscles in the pediatric patients. (unimib.it)
They are composed of muscle that attaches to the costal cartilages and bone of ribs four through seven and xiphoid to the posterior, inferior occipital bone, anterior, inferior mandible and coracoid process of scapula. (posturalrestoration.com)
The right brachial chain muscle is opposed by the right posterior back muscles (PEC), lower trap, serratus anterior, external rib rotators and left internal abdominal obliques. (posturalrestoration.com)
The pattern that is most often prevalent involves the left anterior interior chain, right brachial chain and right posterior back muscles (PEC) of the body. (posturalrestoration.com)

In human anatomy, the masseter is one of the muscles of mastication. (wikipedia.org)
Along with the other three muscles of mastication (temporalis, medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid), the masseter is innervated by the anterior division of the mandibular division (V3) of the trigeminal nerve. (wikipedia.org)
The face and mastication muscles are illustrated on the right half of this skull and the face musculature can easily and precisely be differentiated from the mastication musculature by using two colors. (buyamag.com)
The essential role of the masseter muscle is for adequate mastication. (elegantplasticsurgery.com)

To perform an extraoral examination, stand near the patient and visually inspect and bilaterally palpate the muscle. (wikipedia.org)
The temporalis (star), masseter (polygon), and pterygoid (black arrow) muscles appear bilaterally and symmetrically enlarged. (avma.org)
Electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded bilaterally from the masseter and temporalis muscles during the pre-infusion, early phase of infusion (from 120 to 480 s), late phase of infusion (from 540 to 900 s) and post-infusion. (nih.gov)

These two tracks of muscles, one on each side of the sternum, are anterior to the medial/upper mediastinum and upper thoracic cavity. (posturalrestoration.com)

Dissection, showing salivary glands of right side (Masseter visible at center) Left temporal bone, outer surface Left temporal bone, inferior surface Left zygomatic bone, temporal surface Mandible, outer surface, side view The arteries of the face and scalp. (wikipedia.org)
Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) refers to pain and dysfunction of the chewing muscles and temporomandibular joints (TMJ), which connect the temporal bones of the skull with he jawbone (mandible). (ehealthstar.com)
The surgery to access the masseter muscles and the mandible (jawbone) is performed through incisions on the inside of the mouth, between the gum and cheek (lower buccal sulcus area), leaving no visible scarring. (elegantplasticsurgery.com)

And in fact, the newfound muscle layer is the only part of the masseter that can pull the jawbone backward, Mezey said. (livescience.com)
The discovery could be important in a clinical context, because knowing about the muscle layer could help doctors to both better perform surgeries in that region of the jaw and better treat conditions involving the joint that joins the jawbone to the skull, they noted. (livescience.com)
The jawbone is held in place by a combination of ligaments, tendons, and muscles. (encyclopedia.com)

Problems with the teeth, ear, chewing and neck muscles, salivary glands, jaw bone, nerves and arteries usually cause pain on ONE side and problems arising from the sinuses or systemic infections, such as tetanus, on BOTH sides of the jaw. (ehealthstar.com)

Tensive pain in temporal muscles, when opening jaws. (legatum.sk)

Horizontal MRI scan of a head, at the level of the mandibular teeth, showing the masseter muscle and neighbors. (wikipedia.org)
In conclusion, it has been found that complete dentures with sliding plates occlusal splint enable to increase the mandibular movements, improve painful symptoms, however showed no changes in condylar position, and promote significantly change the activity in of the muscle in rest protrusion. (usp.br)
This bulky muscle is located laterally to the mandibular ramus and thus plays a vital role in facial aesthetics. (elegantplasticsurgery.com)
The present study aimed to examine the relationship between genioglossus (GG) muscle activity and mandibular position, considering both anterior and vertical displacements during sleep. (lovemysleep.ca)
The activity of the left GG was recorded using two silver ball electrodes attached to the lingual edge of the mandibular OA. (lovemysleep.ca)
This directional, rotational influence on the low back and spine to the right, mandates compulsive compensatory movement in one or more areas of the trunk, upper extremities and cervical-cranial-mandibular muscle. (posturalrestoration.com)

Based on the arrangement of the muscle fibers, the muscle layer likely helps stabilize the lower jaw by "elevating and retracting" the coronoid process, the team wrote in their report. (livescience.com)
The human masseter muscle revisited: First description of its coronoid part. (massagetherapycanada.com)

Four additional electrodes were attached to monitor eye movements and muscle activity, and to serve as reference (mastoid). (aasm.org)
One of the currently available automatic scoring systems, Michele Sleep Scoring (MSS), requires only one central electrode, along with ocular and muscle electrodes, to perform comprehensive sleep staging. (aasm.org)
Respiratory status and right masseter muscle activity were measured by an airflow sensor and surface electrodes, respectively. (lovemysleep.ca)

A human transcriptome microarray was used to evaluate whether genes involved with height, pain, or inflammation were differentially expressed in masseter muscle from facially asymmetric patients with and without TMD. (temple.edu)
Muscle affected showed asymmetric high signal intensities on T2-weighted short T1 inversion recovery, consistent with inflammatory edema. (cdc.gov)

TMJ syndrome, which is also sometimes called TMJ disorder, results from pressure on the facial nerves due to muscle tension or abnormalities of the bones in the area of the hinge joint between the lower jaw and the temporal bone. (encyclopedia.com)
Abnormalities were also observed in back muscles in 4 patients and in calf muscles in 2 patients. (cdc.gov)

Locations of the left temporalis muscle (asterisk) and left masseter muscle (arrow) are shown. (avma.org)
The deep portion of the temporalis muscle appears hypoattenuated with no contrast enhancement. (avma.org)
The pterygoid and masseter muscles have a heterogeneous enhancement pattern that is subtler than that of the temporalis muscle. (avma.org)
Photomicrograph of a temporalis muscle specimen from the dog in Figure 1 . (avma.org)
In contrast, we found that the temporalis muscle was well developed, while conspicuous postorbital constrictions, postorbital processes, and superior temporal lines revealed a substantial orbital portion of this muscle. (conicet.gov.ar)
A biopsy specimen was obtained from the temporalis muscle of 1 of these patients. (cdc.gov)

The practitioner strategically injects specific forehead muscles responsible for the formation of wrinkles. (enrichedmedspa.com)

These two tracts of muscles, one on each side of the interior thoraco-abdominal-pelvic cavity, are composed of the diaphragm and the psoas muscle. (posturalrestoration.com)
Since the fibers from our diaphragm that attach to the front of low spine and our diaphragm in general is stronger on the right, we all have a tendency to shift and rotate our spine to the right sooner and more often than to the left. (posturalrestoration.com)
The carcasses of 399 pigs from 51 small-scale abattoirs were checked for cysticerci, while tongue, liver, masseter muscles, diaphragm and heart were sliced and examined. (cdc.gov)

Although it's generally assumed that anatomical research in the last 100 years has left no stone unturned, our finding is a bit like zoologists discovering a new species of vertebrate," senior author Dr. Jens Christoph Türp, a professor and clinician at the University Center for Dental Medicine Basel, said in the statement. (livescience.com)
Although it's generally assumed that anatomical research in the last 100 years has left no stone unturned, our finding is a bit like zoologists discovering a new species of vertebrate. (wionews.com)

Singers often experience various kinds of masseter tension, which is often treated with transdermal massages or stretches as a vocal warm-up. (wikipedia.org)
Causes include increased tension in the chewing muscles due to their overuse (gum chewing, eating hard-to-chew foods, nail biting, singing), poor posture, psychological stress (anxiety), sleep apnea or sleep deprivation, and disorders of the temporomandibular joints [57] . (ehealthstar.com)
Tension in muscles of face. (legatum.sk)
Muscle tension. (encyclopedia.com)

This week I'm getting masseter muscle Botox to relax my jaw and allow the muscle to reduce, which should help with my clenching and restore some symmetry, too. (daniellemorrill.com)
Injection of botulinum toxin type A (Botox) into the masseter muscle was considered as a less invasive modality for the treatment of muscle hypertrophy. (elegantplasticsurgery.com)
Local injection of tiny doses of the Botox into a muscle produces local paralysis, and therefore, specific muscles can be selectively weakened, and atrophy of the muscle occurs. (elegantplasticsurgery.com)
Botox works by temporarily paralyzing the underlying muscles responsible for wrinkles. (enrichedmedspa.com)
Utilizing a fine needle, the practitioner injects small amounts of Botox into the orbicularis oculi, the muscle that encircles the eye and is responsible for squinting and producing crow's feet. (enrichedmedspa.com)

1,500 limb muscle biopsy specimens in the past 20 years for various muscle diseases at the University of Malaya Medical Centre did not yield any sarcocyst-positive tissues (K.T. Wong, unpub. (cdc.gov)

The arrangement of the muscle fibers, she says, suggests that this layer is involved in the stabilization of the lower jaw. (massagetherapycanada.com)

An irregular exophytic mass was observed on the left cheek of the patient. (researchsquare.com)

The electromyographic activity of the masseter and temporalis muscles was significantly in rest position for right masseter and right temporalis and left masseter for protrusion. (usp.br)

Tetanus is characterized by painful muscular contractions, primarily of the masseter, and other large muscles. (cdc.gov)

Drawing in facial muscles. (legatum.sk)
For women, Jawzrsize can help tone and firm the jawline and activate all of the facial muscles, creating a more youthful appearance. (holisticmeaning.com)

The masseter muscle can become enlarged in patients who habitually clench or grind (with bruxism) their teeth and even in those who constantly chew gum. (wikipedia.org)
The muscle function may also be impaired, thus resulting in conditions such as trismus, protrusion, and bruxism. (elegantplasticsurgery.com)

The masculine Masseter measured were shown to be bigger than the feminine ones in both the groups. (bvsalud.org)
The masculine face of Gisele (on the left in the pictures) is obvious. (femininebeauty.info)

As for its indicators, temporal muscle thickness (TMT) and temporal muscle area (TMA) on the head computed tomography are useful, and TMT and TMA were reported as potential prognostic factors for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). (surgicalneurologyint.com)
To evaluate the occurrence of alterations in the thickness of Masseter, through non-invasive technique of image ultrasonography, in subjects with temporomandibular joint disorder. (bvsalud.org)
However, no differences were found in the thickness of this muscle between the subjects with or without temporomandibular disorders. (bvsalud.org)
The measurement of the Masseter muscle thickness, by Ultrasonography images, is not conclusive for temporomandibular disorders (TMD). (bvsalud.org)
The ultrasonography of the Masseter muscle is shown to be simple, fast, non-invasive and technically reproductive, reliable in its measuring of the muscle's thickness 5-6 . (bvsalud.org)

It is said to be the strongest muscle in the human body , pound for pound, the masseter muscle in my jaw was completely atrophied. (holisticmeaning.com)

They are composed of muscles that attach to the costal cartilage and bone of rib seven through 12 to the lateral patella, head of the fibula and lateral condyle of the tibia. (posturalrestoration.com)

Right atlas challenge temporarily evened short right leg, relaxed masseter muscle and temporarily relaxed paraspinal musculature. (laurasheehan.com)

Human anatomy still has a few surprises in store for us: researchers at the University of Basel have discovered a previously overlooked section of our jaw muscles and described this layer in detail for the first time. (massagetherapycanada.com)

The newly discovered muscle layer runs from the back of the cheekbone to the anterior muscular process of the lower jaw. (livescience.com)
In many studies, this technique has been utilized in order to measure, through transverse sections, the Masseter muscle and co-relate such findings with the temporomandibular joint dysfunction, pain in muscular palpation, facial morphology, bite strength, and occlusal factors 7-8 . (bvsalud.org)

Burning like from pepper near left edge of tongue. (legatum.sk)

28 , 32 ] To measure the total body skeletal muscle mass, psoas muscle cross-sectional area at the level of the third lumbar vertebra on the abdominal computed tomography (CT),[ 18 ] gait speed, and handgrip strength is usually used. (surgicalneurologyint.com)

Unlike surgical excision of muscle tissue that reduces the actual number of muscle cells, botulinum toxin type A only reduces muscle volume temporarily. (elegantplasticsurgery.com)

Scientists recently uncovered a part of the body that had never been described before: a deep layer of muscle in the masseter, which raises the lower jaw and is critical for chewing. (livescience.com)
Coronary heart disease can cause pain on the LEFT side of the lower jaw. (ehealthstar.com)
It also appears to be the only part of the masseter that can pull the lower jaw backwards - that is, toward the ear. (massagetherapycanada.com)
The examination might include pressing on (palpating) the jaw muscles for soreness or asking the patient to open and close the jaw in order to check for misalignment of the teeth in the upper and lower jaw. (encyclopedia.com)

Place the fingers of each hand over the muscle and ask the patient to clench his or her teeth several times. (wikipedia.org)
U is upper jaw and L is lower, and this chart goes front teeth (right side of chart) to back (left side of chart) on only ONE side of the mouth. (orielladigitaljournalism.com)
If you place your fingers on the back of your cheeks and press your teeth together, you'll feel the muscle tighten. (wionews.com)

Muscle tightness in the temporomandibular joint usually results from overuse of muscles. (encyclopedia.com)

Therefore, identifying critical illness polyneuropathy for patients with respiratory muscle paralysis and tracheal extubation difficulties at early stages is clinically important. (nel.edu)
Respiratory dysfunctions associated with asthma or daily, occupational or repetitive work positions can also influence pelvic balance and lead to a compensatory pattern of an anteriorly tipped and forwardly rotated pelvis on the left. (posturalrestoration.com)

So the team decided to check whether the prominent jaw muscle might have a hidden, super-deep layer, as the historical texts suggest. (livescience.com)
The masseter muscle is the most prominent of the jaw muscles. (wionews.com)

Nine healthy subjects participated experiment 3 where remote muscle pain was induced in the left tibialis anterior muscle. (nih.gov)
A 51-year-old male, reported a mass in the anterior and inferior part of the left earlobe, about the size of a broad bean on January 15, 2020. (researchsquare.com)
They are composed of the triangular sterni, sternocleidomastoid, scalene, pectoralis minor, intercostals and muscles of the pharynx and anterior neck. (posturalrestoration.com)

Para spinal musculature was hypertonic at left upper dorsal longissimus group. (laurasheehan.com)

Drawing of head to right side, later to left. (legatum.sk)

Pains now in right, then in left ear. (legatum.sk)

Finally, the muscle undergoes spasm with malignant hyperthermia as do other skeletal muscles, but this one is easily noted, since it is on the face. (wikipedia.org)
Skeletal muscle mass is an important factor for various diseases' outcomes. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
Low skeletal muscle mass due to low nutrition or aging (sarcopenia in the broadest sense[ 5 , 8 , 27 , 31 ]) is clinically important in the various diseases both in the elderly[ 6 , 38 , 45 ] as well as young and middle-aged populations. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
39 , 40 ] In stroke patients, including those with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), total body skeletal muscle mass is important so that they can obtain better functional outcomes after rehabilitation. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
Masseter muscle samples were collected from ten orthognathic surgery patients treated to correct skeletal malocclusions. (temple.edu)

However, notice how the chin deviates to the left (green arrow). (sylvainchamberland.com)

Recognizing the importance of reduction for proper healing, du Verney took advantage of the mechanical forces of the masseter and temporalis muscles on the zygoma in his approach to closed reduction techniques. (medscape.com)

At the same time, the electrical activity of their left masseter muscle was recorded to confirm clenching. (improbable.com)
A study that evaluated the activity of the genioglossus (GG) muscle during sleep showed that subjects with OSAS had significantly greater activity reductions than normal subjects [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In the last 10 years, several studies demonstrated the effectiveness and reproducibility of surface EMG in the objective evaluation of temporal muscle and masseter activity and how this evidence can bean interesting aid in dental clinical practice. (unimib.it)
In this case report, EMG was used to evaluate the temporal muscle and masseter activity immediately before, immediately after, and 4 months after the RPE protocol. (unimib.it)

Conservative management of the idiopathic masseter hypertrophy includes psychological counselling, use of mouth guards, muscle relaxant, anxiolytic drugs, analgesics, physical therapy, dental restorations, and occlusal adjustments to correct premature contacts. (elegantplasticsurgery.com)

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of tonic experimental jaw-muscle pain versus remote muscle pain on the short-latency (ES1) and long-latency (ES2) reflex in the jaw-closing muscles. (nih.gov)

Anatomy27

Diseases5

Chemicals and Drugs4

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment7

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes5

Health Care1

Section of the masseter3

Structure of the masseter muscle4

Describe the masseter3

Asymmetry8

Musculus2

Contraction3

Bilateral3

Masticatory7

Superficial6

Posterior7

Mastication4

Bilaterally3

Medial1

Mandible3

Jawbone3

Neck muscles1

Temporal muscles1

Mandibular6

Coronoid2

Electrodes3

Asymmetric2

Abnormalities2

Temporalis muscle6

Forehead1

Diaphragm3

Anatomical2

Tension4

Botox5

Limb1

Arrangement of the muscle fibers1

Cheek1

Electromyographic1

Tetanus1

Facial Muscles2

Bruxism2

Masculine2

Thickness5

Strongest1

Lateral1

Right leg1

Anatomy1

Muscular2

Tongue1

Psoas muscle1

Temporarily1

Lower jaw4

Teeth3

Temporomandibular joint1

Respiratory2

Prominent2

Anterior3

Musculature1

Drawing1

Pains1

Skeletal5

Chin1

Reduction1

Activity4

Psychological1

Examine1