Learning and memory insect brain mushroom bodies. Medical search. Frequent questions

Recent research by other scientists has also shown that those circuits interact with other brain centers in strengthening or reducing the importance of a recollection as the animal gathers experiences from its environment. (sciencedaily.com)
A more evolutionarily "modern" group of crustaceans called Reptantia, which includes many lobsters and crabs, do indeed appear to have brain centers that don't look at all like the insect mushroom body. (sciencedaily.com)
One of the study's crucial findings was that neural connections link the reniform bodies to centers called mushroom bodies, iconic structures of arthropod brains that are required for olfactory learning and memory. (eurekalert.org)
In 2016, an Argentinian group discovered that, in crabs, what are now known as reniform bodies act as secondary centers for learning and memory. (eurekalert.org)
It turns out that the structure and function of brain centers responsible for learning and memory in a wide range of invertebrate species may possibly share the same fundamental characteristics, according to a new study published in the journal Current Biology and performed by University of Arizona neuroscientists Nicholas Strausfeld, Regents' Professor in the Department of Neuroscience, part of the UA's School of Mind, Brain and Behavior, and Gabriella Wolff. (medindia.net)
The brain centers in question are paired, lobed structures first discovered in insects and known as mushroom bodies. (medindia.net)
Archaeognathan brains are like those of higher malacostracans, which lack mushroom bodies but have elaborate olfactory centers laterally in the brain. (elsevierpure.com)
Brains are centers of information processing - analyzing and integrating input from the different senses - as well as playing roles in learning, memory, and regulating internal bodily functions like temperature and breathing. (databasefootball.com)
Using calcium imaging and optogenetic perturbations of specific neuronal populations, we reveal that edge-tracking relies on the mushroom body and central complex, two highly interconnected brain centers implicated in olfactory learning and spatial navigation. (rockefeller.edu)

The number of neurons and their relative abundance in different parts of the brain is a determinant of neural function and, consequently, of behavior. (wikipedia.org)
We can then ask whether particular changes in brain size or architecture are consistently associated with changes in the ecology or behavior of species: is brain structure most similar among close relatives, or alternatively, does brain evolution track changes in species' environments? (databasefootball.com)
A recent paper by O'Donnell and Bulova used comparative studies of social insects - paper wasps - to explore how species differences in size, ecology, and behavior relate to brain size and structure. (databasefootball.com)
Their social behavior, in my opinion, is the most human-like of any insect. (ucanr.edu)
The process of learning involves optimizing connection weights between nodes in successive layers to make the neural network exhibit a desired behavior ( Fig. 1 b ). (jneurosci.org)
But even these small insects, like all animals, can adjust their behavior according to experience, which is called learning. (researchpod.org)
On the other hand, several locomotor behaviors seem to be associated with extensive activity in the fly brain beyond those neurons that are directly involved in the behavior. (nature.com)
Journal of Insect Behavior. (illinois.edu)
In particular, the ongoing activity of dopaminergic neurons of the mushroom body previously implicated in associative learning shapes edge-tracking behavior over multiple timescales and is necessary for continued pursuit of the plume. (rockefeller.edu)
An Emerging System to Study Photosymbiosis, Brain Regeneration, Chronobiology, and Behavior: The Marine Acoel Symsagittifera roscoffensis. (unibas.ch)

Three of the nerve cell types assume various functions in mediating negative stimuli, while the fourth enables the fly to form positive memories. (neurosciencenews.com)
But even these small insects, like all animals, can learn behaviours in response to different stimuli. (researchpod.org)
The processing of odours in our brain occurs in much the same way as the processing of other sensory stimuli. (researchpod.org)
Information about sensory stimuli - like smell - is transmitted in a hierarchical manner between circuits within different brain regions. (researchpod.org)
Adult flies are trained en masse to differentially associate one of two visual conditioned stimuli (CS) (blue and green light as CS) with an appetitive or aversive chemical substance (unconditioned stimulus or US). (frontiersin.org)
This assay should: (1) produce reproducible associative memory, (2) be simple to set up and maintain, and (3) accommodate the application of different stimuli. (frontiersin.org)
We analyzed the effect of critical parameters for the formation of memories such as training repetition, order of reinforcement, interval between conditioned stimuli (CSs), motivation, and the impact of appetitive and aversive reinforcers on visual memory formation. (frontiersin.org)
As their name implies, the cells are located in the mushroom body, a part of the fruit fly brain critical for learned responses to sensory stimuli. (neurosciencenews.com)
Third, the animal has to be able to adapt to environmental changes and to form a sensory memory of new stimuli. (elifesciences.org)
Associating stimuli with positive or negative reinforcement is essential for survival, but a complete wiring diagram of a higherorder circuit supporting associative memory has not been previously available. (biorxiv.org)
Different flying and walking paradigms have been developed to investigate behavioural and neuronal responses to competing stimuli in insects such as bees and flies. (biologists.com)

We found that these particular nerve cells - the gamma lobe neurons of the mushroom bodies in the insect brain - are activated by odors. (uh.edu)

Researchers present evidence of synaptic plasticity in the fruit fly brain as the animal learns. (neurosciencenews.com)
Tyulmankov, D., Yang, G.R. and Abbott, L.F. (2022) Meta-Learning Local Synaptic Plasticity for Continual Familiarity Detection. (columbia.edu)
With the description of fundamental neural computations and principles of neural plasticity underlying learning and memory, the mushroom body has become paradigmatic also for vertebrate studies. (mushroom-body-meeting.org)
This meeting will provide a forum for the mushroom body community and beyond to share a broad range of exciting emerging aspects of mushroom body development, plasticity, function, and computation. (mushroom-body-meeting.org)
The goal was to extract a biologically plausible plasticity function from insect-neuronal data, use this to explain biological findings and compare it to more standard reinforcement learning models. (ed.ac.uk)
Consequently, a novel dopaminergic plasticity rule was developed to approximate the function of dopamine as the plasticity mechanism between neurons in the insect brain. (ed.ac.uk)
Modelling differential roles for identified dopaminergic and output neurons of the fruit-fly mushroom bodies combined with a novel dopaminergic plasticity rule explains neural and behavioural phenomena in olfactory learning tasks. (github.io)
As a fly lives its life and encounters a bunch of different odors, that olfactory experience may induce some plasticity in the circuit," Turner says, explaining that this could allow a fly's brain to adjust olfactory preferences. (neurosciencenews.com)
2022. Brain plasticity indicates key cognitive demands in an animal society: caste comparisons in dampwood termites. (ecitondude.net)

Crustaceans share a brain structure known to be crucial for learning and memory in insects, researchers have discovered. (sciencedaily.com)
New research shows that crustaceans such as shrimps, lobsters and crabs have more in common with their insect relatives than previously thought -- when it comes to the structure of their brains. (sciencedaily.com)
Both insects and crustaceans possess mushroom-shaped brain structures known in insects to be required for learning, memory and possibly negotiating complex, three-dimensional environments, according to the study, led by University of Arizona neuroscientist Nicholas Strausfeld. (sciencedaily.com)
In the current paper, the group provides evidence that neuro-anatomical features that define mushroom bodies -- at one time thought to be an evolutionary feature proprietary to insects -- are present across crustaceans, a group that includes more than 50,000 species. (sciencedaily.com)
Crustaceans and insects are known to descend from a common ancestor that lived about a half billion years ago and has long been extinct. (sciencedaily.com)
In addition to insects and crustaceans, other arthropods include arachnids, such as scorpions and spiders, and myriapods, such as millipedes and centipedes. (sciencedaily.com)
The second group split again to provide the lineage leading to modern crustaceans, including shrimps and lobsters, and six-legged creatures, including insects -- the most diverse group of arthropods living today. (sciencedaily.com)
Brain analysis of crustaceans has revealed that while the mushroom bodies found in crustaceans appear more diverse than those of insects, their defining neuroanatomical and molecular elements are all there. (sciencedaily.com)
A key player in memory and learning in insects, mushroom bodies have not previously been identified in crustaceans. (neurosciencenews.com)
According to Strausfeld, this suggests that the formation and storage of memories occurs in at least two different and discrete sites in the brain of the mantis shrimp and likely other members of malacostracans, the largest class of crustaceans. (eurekalert.org)
Strictly speaking, crustaceans aren't thought to have mushroom bodies , but stomatopods have something that for all purposes seems to serve the same purpose. (sciencealert.com)

We know of several proteins that are necessary for the establishment of learning and memory in fruit flies," Strausfeld said, "and if you use antibodies that detect those proteins across insect species, the mushroom bodies light up every time. (sciencedaily.com)
In both insect and vertebrate, at least some connectivity appears to be very precisely specified, nearly identical in members of a species. (nih.gov)
In invertebrate cognition, eusocial hymenopteran species such as honeybees, bumblebees, and ants are well-studied for their learning and memory abilities due to decades of research providing well-tested methods of training and assessing cognition. (springer.com)
In the current study, we assess the use of different conditioning methods on visual learning in a non-model hymenopteran species which is becoming increasingly used in learning and memory tasks, the European wasp ( Vespula vulgaris ). (springer.com)
In addition to mantis shrimp, malacostracans include crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill and other less familiar species that together account for about 40,000 living species and a great diversity of body forms. (eurekalert.org)
Because the commonalities between mushroom bodies in different species are so striking, there has been a debate about whether these structures evolved independently or whether they derive from a common ancestor. (medindia.net)
Strausfeld's and Wolff's analysis revealed a ground pattern organization that is common to mushroom bodies in all of the investigated species, suggesting its inheritance from an ancient ancestor, possibly 600 million years in the past. (medindia.net)
This ground pattern of mushroom bodies is ubiquitous across a broad range of species," said Wolff, a graduate student in the Neuroscience Graduate Interdisciplinary Program. (medindia.net)
Not only were the characteristics of individual mushroom body neurons the same across species, their organization among each other was the same as well. (medindia.net)
The researchers found that parallel bundles of neuronal fibers in the mushroom bodies in each species are arranged in similarly structured, orthogonal networks typical of learning circuits. (medindia.net)
If species differ in the size and structure of their brains, are there patterns to these differences? (databasefootball.com)
One approach to understanding how brain size and structure evolve is to measure and compare overall brain size, or the relative sizes of functionally distinct brain regions, among species. (databasefootball.com)
Paper wasps and their close relatives are attractive subjects for brain evolution studies: species relationships are well-understood, and wasps vary in social organization from solitary species to some of the largest, most complex animal colonies known. (databasefootball.com)
species analyzed in this study spanned an 18-fold difference in total brain volume. (databasefootball.com)
As expected, larger species have larger brains, but brain size does not increase in pace with body size: the smallest species have much larger brains relative to their body sizes. (databasefootball.com)
Different ant species get their protein from diverse insect prey, bird droppings, and even freshly cut leaves. (databasefootball.com)
However, solitary species make greater mushroom body investment than their social relatives. (databasefootball.com)
Decades of research have unearthed the central importance and broad functionality of the mushroom body with respect to multimodal sensory integration, sparse encoding, prediction error schemes, and navigation in a variety of different model species. (mushroom-body-meeting.org)
It will be important to extend these findings to other species of social insects,' says Gene E. Robinson, an entomologist at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. (ieltstuts.com)
Humans have been consuming mushrooms for health and nutrition for thousands of years, and there are literally hundreds of different medicinal uses for mushrooms of all different species. (vidacap.com)
The nutritional value of mushrooms varies, of course, depending on the species. (vidacap.com)
Most people can consume mushrooms without experiencing side effects, but it is possible to have a bad reaction to certain species of fungi. (vidacap.com)
Many different species of mushrooms have beneficial effects. (vidacap.com)
The fungus first selects the larvae of some insect species, then forms a parasite complex on it, which is formed from the larva and mycelium. (mightyfungi.com)

In addition, by using anatomical data of connections between neurons in the mushroom body neuropils of the insect brain, the neural incentive circuit of dopaminergic and output neurons was also explored. (ed.ac.uk)
The cells, called mushroom body output neurons (MBONs), appear to distill nuanced information about an odor into clear instructions: approach or flee. (neurosciencenews.com)
Mushroom body output neurons were discovered last year by Turner's collaborators, Gerald Rubin and Yoshinori Aso, at the Janelia Research Campus of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. (neurosciencenews.com)
Image shows path traced by one of 34 cells, called mushroom body output neurons (MBONs), present in every fly brain (the brain is stained purple). (neurosciencenews.com)
Stereotyped connections between output neurons could enhance the selection of learned responses. (biorxiv.org)

Now, researchers have found a new way through which pesticides are affecting bees: by hurting the brains of baby bees. (zmescience.com)
In the new study, researchers at the Imperial College of London explain that pesticides can also disturb the brain of baby bees, which suffer the effects of food contaminated with pesticides brought by worker bees in the colony. (zmescience.com)
When young bees feed on food contaminated with pesticides it leads to less growth of parts of the brain, a permanent and irreversible effect. (zmescience.com)
The team waited for the bees to become adults and then tested their learning skills , first after three days and then after 12 days. (zmescience.com)
The learning ability of the bees that had been fed with nectar enriched with pesticides was significantly impaired, the results showed. (zmescience.com)
The study also involved scanning the brains of up to 100 bees from different colonies, using a micro-CT scanning technology. (zmescience.com)
The results showed that the bees exposed to the pesticides had a smaller volume of an important part of the insect brain, known as the mushroom body -- a structure in insects brain known to be associated with olfactory learning and memory, among others. (zmescience.com)
Foraging insects such as bees, ants, and wasps visit a variety of food sources such as flowers, insect prey, and rotting fruit. (springer.com)
Absorbed by plants from the soil, they eventually reach the pollen and nectar, which is ingested by bees and other insects. (the-scientist.com)
But, did you know many birds, animals and even insects like bees solve a similar problem in their daily lives while searching for food? (researchmatters.in)
How do bees do such a complicated calculation in their tiny brains? (researchmatters.in)
Scientists are now trying to decode the neural networks behind the excellent mapping skills of the bees and their changing memory. (researchmatters.in)
Among the many things that we may want to learn from the 'busy' bees, perhaps, the solution to the age-old 'travelling salesman problem' could be one! (researchmatters.in)
Finally, to test whether the act of feeding on a reward containing sucrose during conditioning affected olfactory memory formation, we conditioned honey bees to associate an odor with antennal stimulation with sucrose followed by feeding on a water droplet. (silverchair.com)
Other insects, such as honey bees and hawk moths, have olfactory systems with a similar architecture and might also employ a similar spatial approach to encode information regarding the intensity and identity of odors. (elifesciences.org)
Impact of body size, but not age or acclimation time, on critical thermal maxima in female Centris pallida bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). (ecitondude.net)
Visual learning in a virtual reality environment upregulates immediate early gene expression in the mushroom bodies of honey bees. (cbi-toulouse.fr)
This line of argument also implies that current machine learning models, some of which use amounts of compute comparable to that of bee brains, should have similar task performance as bees. (lesswrong.com)
In this post, I compare the performance and compute usage of both bees and machine learning models at few-shot image classification tasks. (lesswrong.com)
This is broadly consistent with Cotra's claim that transformative models would have compute requirements similar to that of the human brain, as neither bees nor machine learning models are clearly superior at this task. (lesswrong.com)
On the one hand, bees are more sample-efficient than machine learning models, requiring orders of magnitude fewer examples of few-shot learning tasks in order to perform novel tasks and having impressive generalization capabilities, being able to transfer training in a task to perform well in related tasks. (lesswrong.com)
I then review the existing literature on the performance of bees and contemporary machine learning models on these tasks and observe that their accuracies are broadly comparable. (lesswrong.com)

Abdelrahman NY, Vasilaki E & Lin AC (2021) Compensatory variability in network parameters enhances memory performance in the Drosophila mushroom body . (sheffield.ac.uk)

The mushroom bodies are higher-order structures of arthropod brains that integrate incoming sensory information with positive or negative experiences, such as rewards or punishments. (researchpod.org)

Abbott, L.F. and Svoboda, K., editors (2020) Brain-wide Interactions Between Neural Circuits. (columbia.edu)
O'Donnell S. (2020) Caste, Social Insects. (ecitondude.net)
2020. Larval mannitol diets increase mortality, prolong development, and decrease adult body sizes in fruit flies ( Drosophila melanogaste r). (ecitondude.net)
To do so, she compares the size of a transformative model (defined as the number of FLOP/s required to run it) with the computational power of the human brain, as estimated in this Open Phil report (Carlsmith, 2020)[1]. (lesswrong.com)

Using crustacean brain samples, the researchers applied tagged antibodies that act like probes, homing in on and highlighting proteins that have been shown to be essential for learning and memory in fruit flies. (sciencedaily.com)
We use three simple animals, insects, each with specific and interlocking experimental advantages, as our experimental preparations: locusts, moths, and fruit flies. (nih.gov)
Roman and Zhang set about to unravel some of these mysteries by studying the brains of fruit flies (Drosophila). (uh.edu)
Training the flies to associate an odor with an electric shock changed how these cells responded to odors by developing a modification in gamma lobe neuron activity, known as a memory trace," he said. (uh.edu)
The significance of using fruit flies is that while their brain structure is much simpler with far fewer neurons, the mushroom body is analogous to the perirhinal cortex in humans, which serves the same function of sensory integration and learning. (uh.edu)
One might be surprised to learn that there are over 100,000 different kinds of flies identified by scientists worldwide, including common ones like house flies, horse flies, gnats, midges, and mosquitoes1. (whatsthatbug.com)
Do Flies Have Brains? (whatsthatbug.com)
Recent studies reveal that flies, specifically fruit flies, exhibit more advanced brain functions than previously thought. (whatsthatbug.com)
One such study conducted at the University of California San Diego's Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind demonstrates that fruit flies exhibit complex cognitive processes. (whatsthatbug.com)
So, the answer is yes, flies do have brains. (whatsthatbug.com)
In summary, flies do have brains with unique anatomical features that help them navigate and perceive their environment more effectively. (whatsthatbug.com)
Researchers have mapped the activity of brain cells in the mushroom body of flies conditioned to have Pavlovian behavioral responses to different odors. (neurosciencenews.com)
Microscopy technology allows researchers to discover new connections in brain areas associated with memory and learning in fruit flies. (neurosciencenews.com)
Doctor Josh Dubnau describes how he and his colleagues at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory devised an experiment that dissociated the encoding and retrieval of memory in fruit flies. (cshl.edu)
And an experiment that we did a number of years ago is to take a part of the brain of the fruit flies called the mushroom bodies â€" mushroom bodies are a known learning center in the flies. (cshl.edu)
Dr. Josh Dubnau introduces a technique for examining gene expression in the brains of fruit flies. (cshl.edu)
Many of the genes important for memory in flies are probably also important for memory in other animals, even humans. (cshl.edu)
Doctor Josh Dubnau explains how the T-maze is used to test memory in flies. (cshl.edu)
Prof André Fiala studies the learning behaviour of fruit flies, aiming to dig deeper into the computational principles underlying the encoding of learned information. (researchpod.org)
In this episode we will be looking at how nervous systems can learn and form memories, and how this is studied using the brain of fruit flies, a topic investigated by André Fiala at the University of Göttingen in Germany. (researchpod.org)
When thinking of tiny fruit flies, one doesn't usually have their ability to learn in mind. (researchpod.org)
For example, fruit flies can learn that an odour they have been exposed to is followed by a rewarding sugar stimulus. (researchpod.org)
Of course, the brains of flies and humans are quite different in size and complexity. (researchpod.org)
Can one actually compare the machinery that underlies learning in humans with that of flies? (researchpod.org)
We used swept, confocally-aligned planar excitation (SCAPE) microscopy to image all cells in a large volume of the brain of adult Drosophila with high spatiotemporal resolution while flies engaged in a variety of spontaneous behaviors. (nature.com)
In order to understand and compare the mechanisms underlying visual appetitive and aversive memories in Drosophila , we sought to establish a new behavioral paradigm for visual associative learning in adult flies. (frontiersin.org)
By genetically labeling and following the activity of the same MBONs in multiple flies (there are precisely 34 in each brain, situated in known locations), the scientists found that each cell had a characteristic response pattern in each individual. (neurosciencenews.com)
This suggests that MBONs may underlie individual odor preferences that develop as flies learn to associate smells with positive or negative experiences. (neurosciencenews.com)
To explore this idea, the team repeated their experiments, this time in flies that lacked a memory-related gene called rutabaga. (neurosciencenews.com)
MBONs in these learning-impaired flies still fired in response to odors, but the individuality of each cell's response was lost. (neurosciencenews.com)
Flies maintain idiosyncratic learning proficiency across odor-discrimination tasks. (cbi-toulouse.fr)
These studies highlight that instead of relying on simple sensory reflexes, flies use their sophisticated learning and navigational circuitry to track odor plumes, a feature likely to be shared between insect and mammalian brains. (rockefeller.edu)

Lists of animals Theory of mind in animals Brain size Brain-body mass ratio Encephalization quotient Connectome Connectomics Cranial capacity fr:Noogenèse Neuroscience and intelligence ^ = Estimated * = Optical fractionator ± standard deviation For the estimated values, the numbers of cortical neurons estimated from brain mass for different mammalian and bird orders are based on correlation observed between number of cortical neuron and brain mass per order Herculano-Houzel S (9 November 2009). (wikipedia.org)
The mushroom body is an incredibly ancient, fundamental brain structure," said Strausfeld, Regents Professor of neuroscience and director of the University of Arizona's Center for Insect Science. (sciencedaily.com)
The fact that we were now able to demonstrate that the reniform body is also connected to the mushroom body and provides information to it, suggests that olfactory processing may take place in the context of already established visual memories," said Strausfeld, Regents Professor of neuroscience and director of the Center for Insect Science at the University of Arizona. (eurekalert.org)

What that told us is that the release of the neurotransmitter from the mushroom bodies is required to retrieve a memory, but not to lay down the association between the foot shock and the odor. (cshl.edu)
Here, we investigate the extent to which a honey bee's ability to assess food quality affected the formation of association with an odor stimulus and the retention of olfactory memories associated with reward. (silverchair.com)
However, the memory of a conditioned odor decayed at a significantly greater rate for subjects experiencing antennal-only stimulation after either multiple- or single-trial conditioning. (silverchair.com)
While plume navigation has been conventionally described as a simple sensory reflex, animals may instead rely on their memories of past plume encounters and current assessment of the wind direction to pursue a dynamic odor source. (rockefeller.edu)

This information is passed to neurons that supply thousands of intersecting nerve fibers in the lobes that are essential for computing and storing memories. (sciencedaily.com)
Mushroom body (MB) extrinsic neurons leaving the output region of the MB, the lobes and the peduncle, are thought to be especially important in these processes. (uni-frankfurt.de)
Alternatively, they might be homologous to a structure found in insect brains called the lateral horn, which sits between the optic lobes and the mushroom bodies. (eurekalert.org)
Kenyon cells providing dendrites to the calyces supply a pedunculus and lobes divided into subdivisions supplying outputs to other brain areas. (elsevierpure.com)
In insects whose derived life styles preclude the detection of airborne odorants, there is a loss of the antennal lobes and attenuation or loss of the calyces. (elsevierpure.com)
Such taxa retain mushroom body lobes that are as elaborate as those of mushroom bodies equipped with calyces. (elsevierpure.com)
Mushroom bodies are not ubiquitous: the most basal living insects, the wingless Archaeognatha, possess glomerular antennal lobes but lack mushroom bodies, suggesting that the ability to process airborne odorants preceded the acquisition of mushroom bodies. (elsevierpure.com)

Understanding and assessing the capacity for learning, memory, and cognition in non-model organisms is a growing field. (springer.com)
Our results show similarities to learning behaviour in honeybees and bumblebees, and provide insight into the learning and cognition of a non-model invertebrate. (springer.com)
Our results show that similar to popular invertebrate cognition models, wasp learning is improved when an aversive outcome is introduced for incorrect choices. (springer.com)
Among insects, they have large brains, especially the mushroom bodies (learning/memory and cognition area of insect brain). (ucanr.edu)
Pollinator cognition: Framing bee memories in an ecological context. (cbi-toulouse.fr)

This rather limited menu stands in marked contrast to ants, social insect cousins of paper wasps. (databasefootball.com)
Old workers ants can do everything just as well as the youngsters, and their brains appear just as sharp. (ieltstuts.com)
She compared how well 20-day-old and 95-day-old ants followed the telltale scent that the insects usually leave to mark a trail to food. (ieltstuts.com)
But the elderly insects were all good caretakers and trail-followers - the 95-day-old ants could track the scent even longer than their younger counterparts. (ieltstuts.com)
Then Giraldo compared the brains of 20-day-old and 95-day-ole ants, identifying any cells that were close to death. (ieltstuts.com)
Ants and other insects have structures in their brains called mushroom bodies, which are important for processing information, learning and memory. (ieltstuts.com)
Again, the answer was no. what was more, he old ants didn't experience any drop in the levels of either serotonin or dopamine - brain chemicals whose decline often coincides with aging. (ieltstuts.com)

The following table gives information on the number of neurons estimated to be in the sensory-associative structure: the cerebral cortex (aka pallium) for mammals, the dorsal ventricular ridge ("DVR" or "hypopallium") of the pallium for birds, and the corpora pedunculata ("mushroom bodies") for insects. (wikipedia.org)
Therefore, inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters from these neurons through the actions of the G(o) protein is key to forming the memory trace and associative memories. (uh.edu)
Associative memory is measured based on altered visual preference in the test. (frontiersin.org)
Associative learning allows animals to predict important events using correlations between the appearance of a signal and a salient outcome such as food or danger. (silverchair.com)

In insects, these are the Kenyon cells, in the mushroom bodies. (nih.gov)
From there, information is transduced to so-called Kenyon cells in the mushroom bodies. (researchpod.org)
Decades of research have revealed that in the insect brain, odours evoke activity in small groups of Kenyon cells of the mushroom body. (researchpod.org)
One could say that the exact group or "pattern" of Kenyon cells that is activated tells the brain which odour is smelled. (researchpod.org)
We reconstructed one such circuit at synaptic resolution, the Drosophila larval mushroom body, and found that most Kenyon cells integrate random combinations of inputs but a subset receives stereotyped inputs from single projection neurons. (biorxiv.org)
We also report a novel canonical circuit in each mushroom body compartment with previously unidentified connections: reciprocal Kenyon cell to modulatory neuron connections, modulatory neuron to output neuron connections, and a surprisingly high number of recurrent connections between Kenyon cells. (biorxiv.org)

The research, published in the open-access journal eLife , challenges a widely held belief in the scientific community that these brain structures -- called "mushroom bodies" -- are conspicuously absent from crustacean brains. (sciencedaily.com)
An eLife study reveals mantis shrimps have mushroom bodies in the brains. (neurosciencenews.com)

And further, the relatively small neural networks of insects are ideal for tightly constrained computational models that test and explicate fundamental circuit properties. (nih.gov)
Though smaller and simpler than human brains, fly brains reveal fascinating neural networks that contribute to their complex cognitive abilities. (whatsthatbug.com)
Although a complete characterization of the neural basis of learning remains ongoing, scientists for nearly a century have used the brain as inspiration to design artificial neural networks capable of learning, a case in point being deep learning. (jneurosci.org)
In these poems Petra Kuppers slides words into unexpected spaces following rivers of conscious memories and neural networks of unconscious motions. (wayne.edu)

The pair says all their experience to date suggests the molecules and logic will translate to most animals, including humans, leading to a more complete understanding of how memories form in humans, both at the level of molecules and through the activity of neural circuits. (uh.edu)
Therefore, mantis shrimp have much more spectral information entering their brains than humans do. (eurekalert.org)
Learning and memory are crucial to our functioning as humans. (medindia.net)

In 2017, Strausfeld's team reported a detailed analysis of mushroom bodies discovered in the brain of the mantis shrimp, Squilla mantis. (sciencedaily.com)

A new study shows how dopamine can help change the flow of information in the brain. (neurosciencenews.com)
Interestingly, the transmitter substance that informs the neuronal circuits about rewarding or punishing experiences is the same in the insect brain and the mammalian brain - namely dopamine. (researchpod.org)
If an odour is smelled and at the same time dopamine is released to indicate a reward or a punishment, a memory for that odour is formed. (researchpod.org)

Researchers traced neural connections in a newly discovered brain region of mantis shrimp, gaining new insights into how the fierce predators are able to make sense of a breathtaking amount of visual input. (eurekalert.org)
A study involving scientists at the University of Arizona and the University of Queensland provides new insight into how the small brains of mantis shrimp - fierce predators with keen vision that are among the fastest strikers in the animal kingdom - are able to make sense of a breathtaking amount of visual input. (eurekalert.org)
The research team discovered a region of the mantis shrimp brain they called the reniform ("kidney-shaped") body. (eurekalert.org)
Mantis shrimp seem to be able to process all of the different channels of information with the participation of the reniform body, a region of the animal's brain found in the eye stalks that support its two protruding eyes. (eurekalert.org)
Mantis shrimp most likely use these subsections of the reniform body to process different types of color information coming in and organize it in a way that makes sense to the rest of the brain," said lead author Thoen. (eurekalert.org)
The discovery of the reniform body, however, is not limited to mantis shrimp. (eurekalert.org)
The researchers used classical staining and microscopy techniques to follow the pathways of nerves connecting the reniform bodies in mantis shrimps (seen in the box below) to other brain parts, creating a kind of functional map for their visual system. (sciencealert.com)
For mantis shrimp, that could mean a duplication of memory centres. (sciencealert.com)
Given we're separated by hundreds of millions of years of evolution, it's hard to say just what the mantis shrimp's visual super powers can tell us about our own brains. (sciencealert.com)
But given the kinds of technologies this amazing little animal has inspired, from cancer-hunting cameras to robust new materials , it might pay to learn as much as we can about how the mantis shrimp thinks as well. (sciencealert.com)

What Exactly Are Functional Mushrooms Good For? (vidacap.com)
This article explores common uses of functional mushrooms and highlights a few of the key reasons why they are so special. (vidacap.com)
Functional mushrooms contain antioxidant compounds, meaning they help rid the body of inflammation-producing oxidative stress. (vidacap.com)
Reishi ( Ganoderma lucidum ) is among the most recognizable functional mushrooms in the world. (vidacap.com)
What Are Functional Mushrooms? (trumeta.com)
But what exactly are functional mushrooms and what makes them so special? (trumeta.com)
Functional mushrooms are a type of fungi that offer many health benefits, from supporting the immune system and potentially boosting your energy levels. (trumeta.com)
In this post, we'll delve into the definition and purpose of functional mushrooms, explore the various types and their effects on the human body, and even discover a unique fusion of functional mushrooms with coffee. (trumeta.com)
Get ready to unlock nature's secrets and learn all about the fascinating world of functional mushrooms. (trumeta.com)
Functional mushrooms are a type of mushroom that are known for their unique properties and health benefits. (trumeta.com)
Unlike your typical mushrooms that you find in the grocery store, functional mushrooms are not meant for culinary purposes. (trumeta.com)
Functional mushrooms have been used for centuries in traditional medicine practices, particularly in Asian cultures. (trumeta.com)
There are various types of functional mushrooms, each with its own set of benefits. (trumeta.com)
One fascinating trend that has emerged in recent years is the combination of functional mushrooms with coffee. (trumeta.com)
This unique fusion combines the health benefits of functional mushrooms with the beloved morning ritual of enjoying a cup of coffee. (trumeta.com)
Functional mushrooms in coffee [2] have gained popularity for their ability to provide a natural energy boost, support focus and concentration. (trumeta.com)
The benefits of functional mushrooms in coffee are attributed to their adaptogenic properties [3] , which help the body adapt to stress and promote balance. (trumeta.com)
By incorporating functional mushrooms into your coffee routine, you might experience the benefits of both the mushrooms and coffee in one delicious cup. (trumeta.com)
Functional mushrooms come in various types, each with its own unique set of benefits and effects on the human body. (trumeta.com)

Essentially intact insect preparations perform robustly following surgical manipulations, and insects can be trained to provide behavioral answers to questions about their perceptions and memories. (nih.gov)
The complex behaviors allow us to examine many behavioral processes like learning, attention, aggression and addiction-like behaviors, while the simplicity allows us to dissect the crucial neural activities down to single cells. (uh.edu)
She became interested in both fields after enrolling in a "behavioral ecology of insects" course taught by Edwin Lewis , associate dean for agricultural sciences in the College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, and professor and former vice chair, UC Davis Department of Entomology and Nematology. (ucanr.edu)

Lion's mane ( Hericium erinaceus ) is another popular mushroom in East Asia culture. (vidacap.com)
Lion's Mane mushrooms [8] are named for their shaggy appearance, resembling the mane of a lion. (trumeta.com)
Lion's Mane mushrooms may also help reduce symptoms of stress. (trumeta.com)

Decades of research has untangled arthropods' evolutionary relationships using morphological, molecular and genetic data, as well as evidence from the structure of their brains. (sciencedaily.com)
they show up in the brains of other arthropods, including centipedes, millipedes and some arachnids. (sciencedaily.com)
Researchers believe their finding could shed light on how brain structures evolved in arthropods. (neurosciencenews.com)

Interestingly, there are very similar neuronal connections and circuits in the much smaller brains of insects. (researchpod.org)

That mushroom bodies persist in brains of secondarily anosmic insects suggests that they play roles in higher functions other than olfaction. (elsevierpure.com)
The lateral horn (LH) of the insect brain is thought to play several important roles in olfaction, including maintaining the sparseness of responses to odors by means of feedforward inhibition, and encoding preferences for innately meaningful odors. (jneurosci.org)

Numerosity categorization by parity in an insect and simple neural network. (cbi-toulouse.fr)
Cope AJ, Vasilaki E, Minors D, Sabo C, Marshall JAR & Barron AB (2018) Abstract concept learning in a simple neural network inspired by the insect brain. . (sheffield.ac.uk)

2022. N est architecture, prey, and body size in grass-carrying wasps Isodontia auripes (Fernald) at two sites in New York (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). (ecitondude.net)
2022. The evolution of head size hypoallometry: biomechanical implications and brain investment as a possible cause. (ecitondude.net)
2022. Body size correlations with female aggression and physiology suggest pre-adult effects on caste in an independent-founding eusocial paper wasp ( Mischocyttarus pallidipectus Hymenoptera: Vespidae). (ecitondude.net)
Whelan MT, Jimenez-Rodriguez A, Prescott TJ & Vasilaki E (2022) A robotic model of hippocampal reverse replay for reinforcement learning. . (sheffield.ac.uk)

We present how our novel dopaminergic learning rule and the incentive circuit predict the responses of mushroom body neurons from the fruit fly brain and create similar behaviour to the one observed in the animals. (github.io)
Food wanting is mediated by transient activation of dopaminergic signaling in the honey bee brain. (cbi-toulouse.fr)

Like most mushrooms, reishi contains beta-glucans for immune system support. (vidacap.com)
Reishi mushrooms [5] , also known as the "mushroom of immortality," have been used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine. (trumeta.com)
Reishi mushrooms are also believed to support immune function, enhance sleep quality, and promote longevity. (trumeta.com)

In this talk I present how our anatomically accurate incentive circuit predicts the responses of mushroom body neurons from the fruit fly brain and how they can be used to create similar behaviour to the one observed in the animals. (github.io)

In this article we highlight the origin, growth process and possible uses of the medicinal mushroom Cordyceps. (mightyfungi.com)
Cordyceps mushrooms [6] are unique in that they are a parasitic fungus that grows on insects. (trumeta.com)
Cordyceps mushrooms are believed to improve athletic performance, enhance lung function, and support kidney health. (trumeta.com)

Many fungi also contain a group of compounds called beta-glucans , which are responsible for most of the medicinal properties of mushrooms. (vidacap.com)
These mushrooms contain bioactive compounds [1] , such as beta-glucans and polysaccharides, which are responsible for their health-promoting effects. (trumeta.com)

The mushroom bodies contain networks where interesting associations are being made that give rise to memory," Strausfeld said. (sciencedaily.com)
Strausfeld pointed out that fruit fly research done by other groups showed that the lateral horn is crucial in assigning values to learned olfactory information. (eurekalert.org)
A couple of years ago , Strausfeld and his colleagues showed the reniform bodies in crabs served as centres for learning and memory. (sciencealert.com)

Most of the benefits of medicinal mushrooms come from their potent effects on the body's immune system. (vidacap.com)

The nervous and visual systems of onychophorans and tardigrades: learning about arthropod evolution from their closest relatives" (PDF). (wikipedia.org)
Our findings provide important comparative data to aid in understanding the evolution of learning and memory in hymenopterans. (springer.com)
The study first showed that wasp body size is an important factor in brain evolution. (databasefootball.com)
The necessity to function with resource constraints has led evolution to design animal brains (and bodies) to be optimal in their use of computational power while being adaptable to their environmental niche. (jneurosci.org)
The evolution of reinforcement learning during the past few years was rapid but substantially diverged from providing insights into how biological systems work, opening a gap between reinforcement learning and biology. (ed.ac.uk)
Brain development and brain evolution. (ecitondude.net)
Head-to-body size allometry in wasps (Vespidae): does brain housing constrain the evolution of small body sizes? (ecitondude.net)

Our mechanistic understanding of mushroom body function has deepened tremendously, driven by advances in the detailed anatomical reconstruction of its circuits and microcircuits, improved imaging techniques, optogenetic manipulation techniques, and novel computational approaches. (mushroom-body-meeting.org)
Incorporating these principles may not just improve deep learning but also expose common computational constraints. (jneurosci.org)

Paper wasp brains are divided into separate regions that process odors and vision, and they even have a "higher processing" brain center that governs learning and memory: the mushroom bodies. (databasefootball.com)
In general, food smells elicited response patterns that were distinct from those elicited by repellant odors, suggesting that although mushroom body output cells probably don't identify specific odors, they may communicate each odor's most essential quality-whether it is "good" or "bad. (neurosciencenews.com)
shows that certain qualities of odors are contained in a spatial map in a specific brain region of the fly. (elifesciences.org)

It is prized in East Asian medicine, where it is commonly referred to as the "Mushroom of Immortality. (vidacap.com)

Reniform bodies have not been identified in insects and may be uniquely crustacean attributes, the researchers say. (eurekalert.org)

Some key components within the insect brain have evolved to perform specific tasks. (whatsthatbug.com)
Like all brains, insect brains have different structures that accomplish specific tasks. (cshl.edu)
Finally, the proposed model was challenged in delayed reinforcement tasks, suggesting that it might take the role of an adaptive critic in the context of reinforcement learning. (ed.ac.uk)

In an attempt to close this gap, this thesis studied the insect neuroethology of reinforcement learning, that is, the neural circuits that underlie reinforcement-learning-related behaviours in insects. (ed.ac.uk)
The identification of these circuits has suggested a view of the fly brain as a collection of specialized microcircuits. (nature.com)
Responding appropriately to the smell of food or the scent of danger can mean life or death to a fruit fly, and dedicated circuits in the insect's brain are in place to make sure the fly gets it right. (neurosciencenews.com)
In studies designed to better understand how the brain processes information, scientists led by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) Associate Professor Glenn Turner have identified an important component in these circuits: the point at which incoming sensory information begins to be transformed into a neural signal that instructs a fly's response. (neurosciencenews.com)

There's also more work to be done in understanding the implications of having such discrete memory units. (sciencealert.com)

Additionally, the connectome of an insect brain was mapped, revealing intricate networks of interconnected neurons in the Drosophila larva. (whatsthatbug.com)

Can these patterns tell us something about the evolutionary forces that affect brain architecture? (databasefootball.com)
Animals' brains are key to their evolutionary success. (databasefootball.com)
Investment in costly brain tissue likely comes at the expense of other bodily functions, so evolutionary biologists expect the amount of brain tissue to be strictly limited. (databasefootball.com)

Compared to the vertebrate, the insect nervous system contains relatively few neurons, most of which are readily accessible for electrophysiological study. (nih.gov)

Arranged in pairs, each mushroom body consists of a column-like portion, called the lobe, capped by a dome-like structure, called the calyx, where neurons that relay information sent from the animal's sensory organs converge. (sciencedaily.com)
Its compact yet complex brain structure offers insights into the function of neurons and brain organization. (whatsthatbug.com)
Their brain size and structure can be measured using special neuroanatomical methods and microscopy. (databasefootball.com)
Nocturnality evolved independently in the Southeast Asian social wasp genus Provespa , inviting future brain structure comparisons. (databasefootball.com)
Professor David Anderson explains that the mushroom body is a structure in the insect brain involved in learning and memory. (cshl.edu)
2019. Brain structure differences between solitary and social wasps are independent of body size allometry. (ecitondude.net)
Another seemingly significant connection is with a neurological structure commonly found in insects called a mushroom body . (sciencealert.com)
Structure and development of the subesophageal zone of the Drosophila brain. (unibas.ch)

For example, the complete wiring map of a larval fruit fly brain can provide valuable data for studies involving network architecture and machine learning. (whatsthatbug.com)

As seen, the insect brain may be smaller and simpler than a mammalian brain, but it still exhibits complex functions like learning, memory, and decision-making. (whatsthatbug.com)
This principle is very similar to how odours are encoded in parts of the cortex of the mammalian brain, but at a much smaller size. (researchpod.org)

A recent achievement by scientists includes the completion of the first map of an insect brain for the fruit fly larva. (whatsthatbug.com)
Researchers recently localised and identified the most important types of nerve cells involved in forming positive and negative memories of a fruit fly. (neurosciencenews.com)
Researchers have constructed a detailed brain map of the mushroom body in the fruit fly brain. (neurosciencenews.com)
HHMI researchers used electronic microscopy technology to generate a high resolution digital snapshot of the adult fruit fly brain. (neurosciencenews.com)
The insect mushroom body has been established early on as a brain circuit for learning, memory formation and memory recall with groundbreaking work, especially in the honeybee and in the fruit fly. (mushroom-body-meeting.org)
We illustrate how animals integrate these learning principles using the fruit fly olfactory learning circuit, one of nature's best-characterized and highly optimized schemes for learning. (jneurosci.org)
In this talk we present our recent work building an anatomically accurate neural circuit that allow memory dynamics in the fruit-fly brain. (github.io)
To compare appetitive and aversive visual memories of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster , we developed a new paradigm for classical conditioning. (frontiersin.org)

However, when trained with appetitive differential conditioning or appetitive-aversive differential conditioning, wasps were able to learn to discriminate between two similar colours, although they performed best when an aversive reinforcement was provided during training. (springer.com)
In this viewpoint, we advocate that deep learning can be further enhanced by incorporating and tightly integrating five fundamental principles of neural circuit design and function: optimizing the system to environmental need and making it robust to environmental noise, customizing learning to context, modularizing the system, learning without supervision, and learning using reinforcement strategies. (jneurosci.org)
Historically, reinforcement learning is a branch of machine learning founded on observations of how animals learn. (ed.ac.uk)
We demonstrate critical parameters for the formation of visual appetitive memory, such as training repetition, order of reinforcement, starvation, and individual conditioning. (frontiersin.org)
Eleni and her team take inspiration from biological principles to design novel, machine learning techniques, and in particular reinforcement learning and reservoir computing methods. (sheffield.ac.uk)

From childhood to our adult life we use our neural abilities to remember, learn and sometimes unlearn. (medindia.net)

Finally, some numbers are the result of estimations based on correlations observed between number of cortical neurons and brain mass within closely related taxa. (wikipedia.org)

We trained individual wasps to learn to discriminate between perceptually similar colours using absolute conditioning (reward on target stimulus in the absence of distractors), appetitive differential conditioning (reward on target stimulus and no outcome for incorrect stimulus), or appetitive-aversive differential conditioning (reward on target stimulus and aversive outcome for incorrect stimulus). (springer.com)
Wasps were best able to learn to discriminate between the similar colours when trained with appetitive-aversive differential conditioning, where a reward is provided for a correct choice and an aversive outcome was providing for an incorrect choice. (springer.com)
Furthermore, we show that formic acid can act as an aversive chemical reinforcer, yielding weak, yet significant, aversive memory. (frontiersin.org)
However, appetitive and aversive visual memories have never been compared in the same setup. (frontiersin.org)
Few conditioning paradigms in insects are versatile enough to succeed in the direct comparison of mechanisms underlying appetitive and aversive memories. (frontiersin.org)
appetitive and aversive memories can be directly compared in the same setup. (frontiersin.org)

Anatomy26

Organisms26

Diseases8

Chemicals and Drugs13

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment8

Psychiatry and Psychology42

Phenomena and Processes22

Disciplines and Occupations1

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena4

Information Science2

Health Care3

Centers9

Behavior10

Stimuli11

Neurons of the mushroom1

Plasticity9

Crustaceans11

Species24

Output neurons5

Bees22

Drosophila Mushroom Body1

Structures of arthropod brains1

20204

Flies32

Neuroscience3

Odor4

Lobes7

Cognition5

Ants7

Associative4

Kenyon6

ELife2

Neural networks4

Humans3

20171

Dopamine3

Mantis10

Functional mushrooms19

Behavioral3

Lion's Mane3

Arthropods3

Neuronal1

Olfaction2

Simple neural network2

20224

Dopaminergic2

Reishi3

Responses1

Cordyceps3

Beta-glucans2

Strausfeld3

Medicinal1

Evolution7

Computational2

Odors3

Immortality1

Reniform bodies1

Tasks3

Circuits4

Implications1

Connectome1

Evolutionary3

Vertebrate1

Structure8

Larval1

Mammalian brain2

Fruit8

Reinforcement5

Adult1

Taxa1

Aversive6