Leaves are lateral determinate structures formed in a predictable sequence (phyllotaxy) on the flanks of an indeterminate shoot apical meristem. (cfsscloud.hk)
To gain insight into the processes controlling leaf development, we characterized an Arabidopsis mutant, varicose ( vcs ), with leaf and shoot apical meristem defects. (biologists.com)
Leaf primordia arise as radial pegs on the flank of the shoot apical meristem (SAM), and become flattened early in development, indicating acquisition of abaxial/adaxial polarity. (biologists.com)
The control of plant stem cells is essential for sustaining the function of apical meristems, plant growth, and ultimately productivity 1 . (nature.com)
WUS is a homeodomain transcription factor (TF) produced in the organizing center (OC) domain of apical meristems and is transported via plasmodesmata into the apical domain (called central zone, CZ) to promote proliferation of stem cells 3 . (nature.com)
Root morphology is divided into four zones: the root cap, the apical meristem , the elongation zone, and the hair. (wikimili.com)
The apical meristem behind the root cap produces new root cells that elongate. (wikimili.com)
However, recent studies revealed that boundaries, like those between the shoot apical meristem and leaf primordia and those between leaflets, also serve as launching pads for secondary meristem formation and play an important role in determining plant architecture. (mpg.de)
the carpel margin meristem (arising from the carpel primordium ) produces the ovules , ovary septum, and the transmitting track, and plays a role in fusing the apical margins of carpels. (wikipedia.org)
While the shoot apical meristem (SAM) formed in the embryo only contributes to the main stem, the branched structure observed in many plants relies on axillary meristems (AMs) formed post-embryonically. (researchgate.net)
Axillary2
An effective chemical fruit thinning program reduces the number of fruit per tree or per spur, thereby increasing the probability that the terminal axillary meristem on a flowering or fruiting spur will develop reproductive structures. (ashs.org)
Meristems can be formed either during embryogenesis or during the plant's life such as, for instance, axillary meristems. (researchgate.net)
Inflorescence2
Hypersensitivity to cytokinin causes stem cell overproliferation and major rearrangements of Bif3 inflorescence meristems, leading to the formation of ball-shaped ears and severely affecting productivity. (nature.com)
Stage 1 is the formation of a bump at the periphery of the inflorescencemeristem, stage 2 begin at when a border appears between the meristem and the developing flower. (ens-lyon.fr)
Differentiate1
Stem cells reside at the growing tip of meristems, where they differentiate to produce new organs throughout the life of plant and maintain a constant reservoir of pluripotent stem cells. (nature.com)
LEAFY2
LEAFY ( LFY ) and APETALA 1 ( AP1 ) are genes that ensure that primordia adopt a flower fate [ 2 ]. (ens-lyon.fr)
Activation of CLV3 in the OC is prevented by the action of WUS in conjunction with the GRAS-transcription regulators HAIRY MERISTEMs (HAMs) 4 , 5 . (nature.com)
Regulation2
The regulation of WUS transcription is crucial for meristem homeostasis, whereby high WUS expression leads to enlarged meristems and low expression leads to the formation of small meristems 3 , 14 . (nature.com)
While the regulation of the stem cell population in an established meristem is well described, how it is initiated in newly formed meristems is less well underst. (researchgate.net)
Tissues4
A prominent feature of the leaf blade is its thick central midrib, which extends from the petiole and contains vascular tissues as well as enlarged supporting cells on the abaxial surface of the leaf. (biologists.com)
Plant Tissue culture is the in vitro aseptic culture of cells, tissues, organs, or whole plant under controlled nutritional and environmental conditions often to produce the clones of plants. (vasportsnutrition.com)
These models give tools to represent meristem or others plant tissues. (ens-lyon.fr)
Therefore, a review of fern leaf morphology, evolution and development is timely. (cfsscloud.hk)
Here we discuss the theories of leaf evolution in ferns, morphology, and diversity of fern leaves, and experimental results of fern leaf development. (cfsscloud.hk)
Reproductive3
it consists of (one or more) pistils and is typically surrounded by the pollen -producing reproductive organs , the stamens , collectively called the androecium . (wikipedia.org)
[note 1] A carpel is the female reproductive part of the flower-usually composed of the style, and stigma (sometimes having its individual ovary, and sometimes connecting to a shared basal ovary) -and usually interpreted as modified leaves that bear structures called ovules , inside which egg cells ultimately form. (wikipedia.org)
A particular organ (Reproductive or somatic) like root or shoot meristems or leaf primordia or floral buds is isolated and cultured. (cbsetuts.com)
Xylem1
The vascular cambium, a meristem , is located between the xylem and phloem, wherein the cells are divided by this tissue that will soon become additional xylem and phloem. (plant-biology.com)
Organs4
Perhaps the most striking characteristic of roots that distinguishes them from other plant organs such as stem-branches and leaves is that roots have an endogenous [5] origin, i.e. , they originate and develop from an inner layer of the mother axis, such as pericycle . (wikimili.com)
Leaves have been the center of many evolutionary and developmental studies, because they are the dominant, most conspicuous organs of most plants, including ferns. (cfsscloud.hk)
To improve crop quality and yield, breeders need to control the fertility of stamens, the male organs that produce pollen within sacs called anthers. (mpg.de)
Hydathodes are small organs located on the leaf margins of all vascular plants. (researchgate.net)
Stem5
Leaves are composed of a leaf blade, a broad flat structure that is specialized for photosynthesis, and a petiole, a stem-like structure that attaches the blade to the stem. (biologists.com)
Among these are traits that depend on functional meristems, populations of stem cells maintained by the CLAVATA-WUSCHEL (CLV-WUS) negative feedback-loop that controls the expression of the WUS homeobox transcription factor. (nature.com)
[6] In contrast, stem-branches and leaves are exogenous , i.e. , they start to develop from the cortex, an outer layer. (wikimili.com)
This technique primarily involves the isolation of meristem by applying a V-Shape cut in the stem. (vasportsnutrition.com)
[4] The first root in seed producing plants is the radicle , which expands from the plant embryo after seed germination. (wikimili.com)
Besides the zygotic embryo is produced like lemons and oranges. (cbsetuts.com)
Stamens1
Then one finds six stamens which produce the pollen, and in the fourth whorl, the gynoecium, composed of two carpels which produce ovules. (ens-lyon.fr)
Interestingly, establishment of boundary zones during shoot branching and complex leaf development is regulated by homologous genes. (mpg.de)
The term gynoecium is also used by botanists to refer to a cluster of archegonia and any associated modified leaves or stems present on a gametophyte shoot in mosses , liverworts , and hornworts . (wikipedia.org)
The formation of new meristems is essential for the plastic expansion of the highly branched shoot and root systems. (researchgate.net)
Formation2
Taken together, these observations suggest a role for VCS in leaf blade formation. (biologists.com)
Efforts in many labs to identify the molecules that are essential for normal leaf development are beginning to elucidate the pathways that are required for formation of a normal leaf, however, much information is still lacking. (biologists.com)
Secondary1
Temperature shift experiments indicated that VCS is required throughout leaf development,but normal secondary vein patterning required low temperature early in leaf development. (biologists.com)
Organ2
Being the main conspicuous organ of nearly all vascular plants and often easy to recognize as such, it seems surprising that leaves have had multiple origins. (cfsscloud.hk)
introduce hydathodes, an oft-overlooked plant organ that acts as a pressure valve to expel excess guttation sap at the leaf margin, typically visible at dawn. (researchgate.net)
Tissue2
Plant tissue culture is used to produce clones of plant in a method called micopropagation. (vasportsnutrition.com)
Surprisingly it can be fairly easy to produce some plants through tissue culture in the average home. (vasportsnutrition.com)
Molecular2
More recently, molecular genetic studies have provided insight into leaf evolution and development mainly within angiosperms and, to a lesser extent, lycophytes. (cfsscloud.hk)
We summarize what is known about the molecular genetics of fern leaf development and what future studies might tell us about the evolution of fern leaf development. (cfsscloud.hk)
Floral2
Wenatchee, WA) at ≈14-day intervals beginning 50 days after bloom indicated that the time of floral transition (doming of the meristem apex) occurred during the period from 65 to 105 days after bloom at each location. (ashs.org)
Only a few genes are necessary to confer floral meristem identity. (ens-lyon.fr)
Plant3
These controversies along with the phylogenetic position of ferns as sister to seed plants, and the fact that fern leaves display a great morphological diversity, make ferns a key plant lineage for comparative studies on how leaves and vascular plants evolved. (cfsscloud.hk)
The plant will continuously grow stouter as long as the vascular cambium continues to produce new cells. (plant-biology.com)
Plant aerial development relies on meristem activity which ensures main body plant axis development during plant life. (researchgate.net)
Vascular plants1
The origin and evolution of leaves in vascular plants has been widely debated. (cfsscloud.hk)
Size2
These findings establish ZmWUS1 as an essential meristem size regulator in maize and highlight the striking effect of cis-regulatory variation on a key developmental program. (nature.com)
Examples of the diversity of size and shape in fern leaves. (cfsscloud.hk)
Ultimately1
gynoecia ) is most commonly used as a collective term for the parts of a flower that produce ovules and ultimately develop into the fruit and seeds . (wikipedia.org)
Flower1
The gynoecium is often referred to as the " female " portion of the flower, although rather than directly producing female gametes (i.e. egg cells ), the gynoecium produces megaspores , each of which develops into a female gametophyte which then produces egg cells. (wikipedia.org)
Typically1
Although typically envisioned as compound, the leaves of ferns actually display great morphological diversity (Figures 2 , 3 ). (cfsscloud.hk)
Development2
Fig. 5 Organism development does not just include process that 'enlarge' an organism, it usually also involves processes that diminish parts of the organism (e.g., leaves) and sometimes the organism as a whole. (geneseo.edu)
While development may include changes in a variety of aspects of an organism, from structure to physiology to behavior, we will focus here on how development produces and changes the structure and form of an organism throughout its lifetime. (geneseo.edu)
Species1
There has been recent interest in extending leaf evolutionary developmental studies to other species and lineages, particularly in lycophytes and ferns. (cfsscloud.hk)
High1
low temperature growth largely suppressed defects, whereas high growth temperatures resulted in severe leaf and meristem defects. (biologists.com)
Seeds1
Recent research has demonstrated that sexual reproduction can be avoided to produce clonal seeds maintaining the hybrid state. (mpg.de)
Proliferate1
For most familiar organisms the starting point is a special cell that has the ability to proliferate, develop a complex structure, and grow to produce an 'end point', a specific form that characterizes that particular creature. (geneseo.edu)